Biological Oxygen Demand Values Research Articles

Impact of untreated tannery wastewater in the evolution of multidrug-resistant bacteria in Bangladesh

The tannery industry produces one of the worst contaminants, and unsafe disposal in nearby waterbodies and landfills has become an imminent threat to public health, especially when the resulting multidrug-resistant bacteria and heavy metals enter community settings and animal food chains. In this study, we have collected 10 tannery wastewater (TWW) samples and 10 additional non-tannery wastewater (NTW) samples to compare the chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), chromium concentration, bacterial load, and antibiotic resistance profiles. While COD, pH, and chromium concentration data were previously published from our lab, this part of the study uncovers that TWW samples had a significantly higher bacterial load, compared to the non-tannery wastewater samples (5.89 × 104 and 9.38 × 103 cfu/mL, respectively), higher BOD and TDS values, and significantly lower DO values. The results showed that 53.4, 46.7, 40.0, and 40.0% of the TWW isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and azithromycin, respectively. On the other hand, 20.0, 30.0, 50.0, and 40.0% of the NTW isolates were resistant to the same antibiotics, respectively. These findings suggest that the TWW isolates were more resistant to antibiotics than the NTW isolates. Moreover, the TWW isolates exhibited higher multidrug resistance than the NTW isolates, 33.33, and 20.00%, respectively. Furthermore, spearman correlation analysis depicts that there is a negative correlation between BOD and bacterial load up to a certain level (r = − 0.7749, p = 0.0085). In addition, there is also a consistent negative correlation between COD and bacterial load (r = − 0.7112, p = 0.0252) and TDS and bacterial load (r = − 0.7621, p = 0.0104). These findings suggest that TWW could pose a significant risk to public health and the environment and highlight the importance of proper wastewater treatment in tannery industries.

Economic valuation and characterization of heavy metal contamination in Dal Lake Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Dal Lake, the world-famous tourist attraction has been polluted by allochthonous and autochthonous sources, as a result the heavy metal (HMs) concentrations within the water body has reached the toxic levels which is endangering the lives of the people. A study was carried out during the year 2021 (i) to determine the concentration of HMs (molybdenum: Mo, arsenic: Ar, cadmium: Cd, lead: Pb) at the four designated sites of Dal Lake, and (ii) a public survey (400 persons) involving economic valuation of water body in terms of recreational use and other benefits. The highest values of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) within the Dal Lake were recorded at site A, which were 31 ± 1.10 mg/l and 76 ± 0.64, respectively. Similarly, maximum nitrate nitrogen was found at site A (865 ± 0.86 μg/l). The highest value of Pb was reported (6.828 ± 0.003 ppb) from site A whereas, the lowest from site B (2.492 ± 0.002 ppb). The mean values of Mo concentrations (in ppb) were found to be 2.538 ± 0.002, 1.703 ± 0.003, 3.627 ± 0.004 and 4.787 ± 0.002 at the four sites respectively. The observed values of HMs (in ppb) were much higher than the permissible values (WHO, 2006) and those reported earlier. A huge amount of money (Rs 16,18,66,000/) is being generated from the floating gardens of Dal Lake, calculated by TCM and CVM methods. During the survey, 68 % of people showed a willingness to pay (WTP) for the restoration of the Dal Lake and improved services (mean value: Rs 62,852.20/). Thus, the monitoring and assessment were done to find out how the Dal Lake contributes to the economy of the state by way of its different services and the major attraction for tourists besides the possible reasons for the deterioration of water quality, in order to find a long-lasting solution for the sustainable conservation of Dal Lake.

The diversity of indigenous and potential bacteria as bioremediator of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by metagenomics assessment

Abstract. Karno R, Arisoesilaningsih E, Mustafa I, Siswanto D. 2024. The diversity of indigenous and potential bacteria as bioremediator of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by metagenomics assessment. Biodiversitas 25: 1194-1200. This study aimed to identify the indigenous bacteria for potential bioremediation agents of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). Samples were obtained from the secondary pond of palm oil mill treatment. The bacterial diversity on the POMSE water samples was revealed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results showed that the high abundance of bacteria phylum was Pseudomonadota or Proteobacteria (50%), Bacillota (31%), Bacteroidota (5%), and Thermotogae (3%). A photosynthetic sulfur bacterium, Allochromatium humboldtianum, was the most abundant species detected in the POMSE, with more than 8% of the total Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) detected. It was followed by Allochromatium phaeobacterium (6%), Allochromatium sp. (6%), and Macromonas bipunctata (6%). Meanwhile, the level of physicochemical parameters in POMSE were relatively high for several main parameters of the quality standard of palm oil industry waste, such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). In contrast, oil and fat are low and meet the quality standards. The value of POMSE physicochemical parameters, including COD, BOD, and oil and fat, were 2,492.46, 852.96, and 6.20 mg/L, respectively. Metagenomic analysis showed that the bacterial community at POMSE was highly diverse. Nine dominant and codominant species found are Allochromatium humboldtianum, Allochromatium phaeobacterium, Allochromatium sp., Allochromatium vinosum, Macromonas bipunctata, Tepidibaculum saccharolyticum, Rhodocyclus purpureus, Comamonas nitrativorans, and Fervidobacterium riparium. Several indigenous bacterial species found in this research were bacteria that have potential as bioremediation agents for palm oil wastewater.

Bacterial Contamination of Drinking Wells in Makurdi Metropolis

This study was carried out to assess the bacterial contamination of drinking wells in Makurdi metropolis. Fifteen (15) untreated water samples, five (5) each were collected from wells in High Level, Wurukum and Wadata areas for physicochemical and bacteriological analysis was done using pour plating and the bacteriological quality was assessed by measuring the total viable, total coliform and fecal coliform counts of bacteria in the samples using Mac Conkey agar and Nutrient agar. The results of the analysis showed that the pH ranged from 6.70 ± 0.16 to 7.40± 0.87, the temperature levels ranged from 28.72 ± 0.04 to 28.87 ±0.05; biological oxygen demand values ranged from 0.02 ±0.04 to 0.02 ± 0.41; the dissolved oxygen values ranged from 1.50 ±0.16 to 170 ± 0.14 while the Electrical conductivity values ranged from 599.20 ±88.98 to 1582.80±199. The results also showed the total viable count, total coliform count and fecal coliform counts ranging from 75.80±16.01cfu/ml to 117.40±34.45cfu/ml; 5.60±5.13cfu/ml to 6.60±6.88cfu/ml and 0.40±0.89cfu/ml to 4.20±3.77cfu/ml respectively. The total viable counts ranged from 75.80±16.01 to 117.40±34.4 (Wadata having the highest and Wurukum having the least), the total coliform counts ranged from 5.60±2.61 to 6.60±6.88 while the fecal coliform count ranged from 0.40±0.89 to 4.20±3.77. The variation in Total Viable Count (TVC) across locations could be as a result of localized factors influencing microbial populations and geographical differences such as land use, anthropogenic activities, and environmental conditions. The bacterial isolates were Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, and Staphylococcus spp. The frequency of occurrence and prevalence percentages of the bacteria isolated from the well water samples show that Klebsiella spp had the highest percentage (23.33%) while Enterobacter spp and Escherichia coli had the least prevalence percentage, representing 10.00% each. Overall, High Level had the highest contamination rate, accounting for 43.33% of the total contamination while Wurukum had the least contamination, representing 23.33% of the total contamination. The distribution patterns of bacterial isolates among the studied locations illuminate discernible trends. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in well water sources could be possibly linked to higher urbanization and population density, highlighting the dynamic and site-specific nature of microbial communities. The study highlights the importance of using specific plans to manage water quality. These plans should take into account the special features of each area.

Water Quality Assessment of a Hydro-Agricultural Reservoir in a Mediterranean Region (Case Study—Lage Reservoir in Southern Portugal)

In regions where drought has become a common occurrence for most of the year and where agriculture is the main economic activity, the development of hydro-agricultural systems has made it possible to improve water management. Despite this, the intensification of agriculture combined with climate change leads to a potential decrease in water quality and water management practices are essential to improve agro-environmental sustainability. The aim of this study was to assess the water quality for irrigation and potential ecological status of the reservoir (using support chemical parameters). The results showed biological oxygen demand values above the maximum stipulated for an excellent ecological potential in all sampling periods except April 2018 and December 2020 (with the highest values of 10 mg L−1 O2 in dry periods). Most of the total nitrogen concentrations (TN) surpassed those stipulated for a good ecological potential (0.96 ≤ TN ≤ 2.44 mg L−1 N). In fact, TN and total suspended solids were the main parameters used for water classification. From the perspective of irrigation and according to FAO guidelines regarding infiltration rate, these waters presented light to moderate levels of restrictions. Thus, the results revealed that the decrease in the water quality status and its possible impact on the soil infiltration rate can be related, in part, to the meteorological conditions and to the intensive agricultural practices developed around the drainage basin. Despite that, as the Lage reservoir is part of Brinches–Enxoé hydraulic circuit, the water recirculation is also an important factor that may have affected the results obtained. Furthermore, the experimental design, integrating ecological status, irrigation parameters, and the impact on soil systems; using the same parameters from different perspectives; allowed us to have a global idea of water contamination and its impact on agroecosystems, improving river basin management processes.

The Efficiency of Biological Treatment Plants in Some Private Hospitals in the City of Basra, Iraq

This study aimed revealing the qualitative characteristics of medical wastewater in large health institutions and its potential effects on freshwater rivers. Due to the lack of studies in this field, the research focused on the current treatment reality in two private hospitals, Al-Saadi and Al-Mawaddah. The objectives were to assess the liquid waste management, detect the efficiency of treatment units, evaluate the handling of liquid medical waste on fresh waterways, and compare the results with the required treatment levels. The study analyzed water properties from the sewage systems of the targeted hospitals. Samples were collected in 2022 from direct sources of discharged water and the treatment plant before mixing with public sewage. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, including pH, suspended solids, oxygen demand, nitrates, and phosphates, were measured before and after treatment. The highest removal efficiency was observed in the chemical and biological oxygen demand values, recorded at 83.73% and 84.39% for Al-Saadi Hospital, and 89.99% and 87.89% for Al-Mawaddah Hospital.

Bacterial Contamination of Drinking Wells in Makurdi Metropolis

This study was carried out to assess the bacterial contamination of drinking wells in Makurdi metropolis. Fifteen (15) untreated water samples, five (5) each were collected from wells in High Level, Wurukum and Wadata areas for physicochemical and bacteriological analysis was done using pour plating and the bacteriological quality was assessed by measuring the total viable, total coliform and fecal coliform counts of bacteria in the samples using Mac Conkey agar and Nutrient agar. The results of the analysis showed that the pH ranged from 6.70 ± 0.16 to 7.40± 0.87, the temperature levels ranged from 28.72 ± 0.04 to 28.87 ±0.05; biological oxygen demand values ranged from 0.02 ±0.04 to 0.02 ± 0.41; the dissolved oxygen values ranged from 1.50 ±0.16 to 170 ± 0.14 while the Electrical conductivity values ranged from 599.20 ±88.98 to 1582.80±199. The results also showed the total viable count, total coliform count and fecal coliform counts ranging from 75.80±16.01cfu/ml to 117.40±34.45cfu/ml; 5.60±5.13cfu/ml to 6.60±6.88cfu/ml and 0.40±0.89cfu/ml to 4.20±3.77cfu/ml respectively. The total viable counts ranged from 75.80±16.01 to 117.40±34.4 (Wadata having the highest and Wurukum having the least), the total coliform counts ranged from 5.60±2.61 to 6.60±6.88 while the fecal coliform count ranged from 0.40±0.89 to 4.20±3.77. The variation in Total Viable Count (TVC) across locations could be as a result of localized factors influencing microbial populations and geographical differences such as land use, anthropogenic activities, and environmental conditions. The bacterial isolates were Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, and Staphylococcus spp. The frequency of occurrence and prevalence percentages of the bacteria isolated from the well water samples show that Klebsiella spp had the highest percentage (23.33%) while Enterobacter spp and Escherichia coli had the least prevalence percentage, representing 10.00% each. Overall, High Level had the highest contamination rate, accounting for 43.33% of the total contamination while Wurukum had the least contamination, representing 23.33% of the total contamination. The distribution patterns of bacterial isolates among the studied locations illuminate discernible trends. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in well water sources could be possibly linked to higher urbanization and population density, highlighting the dynamic and site-specific nature of microbial communities. The study highlights the importance of using specific plans to manage water quality. These plans should take into account the special features of each area.

Development of Microbial Fuel Cell in Tofu Liquid Waste in Producing Clean Energy

The high need of Indonesian people for electrical energy has led to an increase in energy demand. This has triggered research efforts based on renewable technologies that are efficient and environmentally friendly. One of the renewable energy sources that is widely developed is Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). MFC works by utilizing organic matter used by microbes as an energy source in carrying out metabolic activities. This study aims to determine the effect of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria with different concentrations of 10% (v/v) and 15% (v/v) on the electrical energy generated from the tofu liquid waste substrate and observe changes in pH and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the MFC system. This research method consists of several steps, namely the preparation of electrolysis equipment, electrodes, substrates, bacterial cultures, electrolytes and MFC processes. The maximum value of voltage and current in Bacillus subtilis bacteria occurred at the 10 hours with 15% (v/v) bacterial concentration which amounted to 394 mV and 10.6 mA with a bacterial population of 16.15 × 109 CFU/mL and a power density value of 126.67 × 10-4 watt/m2. Furthermore, the maximum value for Escherichia coli bacteria occurred at the 10 hours with a voltage and current of 266 mV and 5.3 mA with a bacterial population of 15.60 × 109 CFU/mL and a power density value of 55.67 × 10-4 watts/m2. The pH value of the substrate variations with the addition of Bacillus subtilis bacteria ranged from 5-6, while with the addition of Escherichia coli bacteria variations ranged from 4-5. This system also reduces the value of biological oxygen demand.

Groundwater quality assessment of aba urban area

This work presents groundwater quality assessment of Aba Urban area and its sources of Contaminants within Aba Urban Area. Aba area was divided into nine parts using a 3x3 grid. Water samples were taken from each of these 9 parts of Aba. Five water samples were taken from household boreholes while four samples were taken from boreholes drilled and cased at the remaining four parts in the course of carrying out this research. Site and laboratory tests were conducted to determine the values water parameters in the samples. The parameters analysed in the laboratory include the Phosphate, ammonium, Lead, cadmium, Manganese, Copper, Mercury, Chromium, and magnesium, Electric conductivity (EC), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Total dissolved solid (TDS), Acidity, Turbidity, Alkalinity, oxidation- reduction potential (ORP), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and E-Coli. It was discovered that more than 75% of the water samples are contaminated by EColi. Umuagu sample has Manganese value of 0.775mg/l. This more than the limiting value of 0.4mg/l. The values 252, 524 and 472 mg/l of Magnesium in samples from Estate, Abia Polytechnic and Osisio Ngwa respectively are more than the limiting value of 150mg/l. The DO (mg/l) values of 6,4 and 9 from Ariaria Junction and Abia Polytechnic are outside the range limiting of 6.5mg/l – 8.0 mg/l. The values of TDS, ORP and BOD recorded in all the samples are below the limiting values of 600 mg/l, 357 mV and 1mg/l respectively.

Peningkatan Produktivitas Dengan Metode Green Productivity Pada PT. Bangun Tenera Riau Desa Pantai Raja Kabupaten Kampar

PT Bangun Tenera Riau is a company engaged in the processing of oil palm fresh fruit bunches, located in Pantai Raja Village, Perhentian Raja District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The problem faced by PT Bangun Tenera Riau is that the company has not maximally utilized the by-products produced in the form of waste. This research aims to improve the production process by selecting alternative solutions to increase and enhance the initial green productivity index value so that productivity can increase and the impact on the environment can be reduced. The method used in this research is the green productivity method. Based on the environmental performance indicator (EPI) calculation, it is known that the value of biological oxygen demand (BOD) liquid waste has a deviation of -0.63% and an EPI value of -0.16 which exceeds the waste quality standard based on Kep-51 / MENLH / 1995 so that it is necessary to improve the quality of waste through alternative solutions. The alternative solution chosen is an anaerobic biogas reactor and rotating biological contactor (RBC) used to improve waste quality and company productivity. The study's results using the green productivity method obtained an average final total productivity of 1.31 with the initial value of the average productivity in each month being 1.17. The productivity value of the company increased by 0.21 with the efficiency of improving the quality of waste by BOD by 96.81% and converting liquid waste into biogas which is beneficial to the community

Efisiensi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik pada IPAL Komunal Di Kabupaten Bone Bolango

Waste water needs to be managed properly based on its characteristics to reduce the levels of contaminants contained therein. Communal IPAL or Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) is a centralized wastewater treatment system. Several Communal WWTPs in Bone Bolango Regency have been built, but monitoring is rarely carried out. The purpose of this research was to determine the processing efficiency of communal WWTPs in Kabila District (Dutohe Barat Village and Tanggilingo Village), and Tilongkabila District (Butu Village and Iloheluma Village). The parameters measured were Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform, Ammonia, and fatty oil tests from inlet and outlet water samples from WWTP. The values obtained are then compared with the quality standards based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 6989.59:2008 concerning Water and Wastewater. The research method uses non-experimental with a quantitative descriptive approach. Sampling using a purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of observations, it was found that there were differences in the results of the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment, namely the highest TSS removal efficiency in Butu Village (82.9); total coliform in all locations (0); the highest removal in efficiency values were in Iloheluma Village, namely BOD (100), Ammonia (86.95), COD (65.53) and fatty oil efficiency values (98.11) in Tanggilingo Village. The results of this research can be used as a reference for the Regional Government of Bone Bolango Regency to improve the Communal WWTP sustainably to overcome environmental pollution.

PERFORMANCE OF BUBBLE COLUMN BIOREACTOR TO PRODUCE LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER (LOF) FROM COW URINE AND SLURRY ORGANIC WASTE

This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various diffusers in a bioreactor for producing liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) using cow urine and slurry organic waste as materials. LOF was produced by treating the organic waste with Urine-Single Orifice Diffuser (USOD), Urine-Coarse Bubble Diffuser (UCBD), Urine-Fine Bubble Diffuser (UFBD), Slurry-Single Orifice Diffuser (SSOD), Slurry-Coarse Bubble Diffuser (SCBD), and Slurry-Fine Bubble Diffuser (SFBD) in a bioreactor equipped with a water pump and an external aerator unit. The pump circulated and agitated the biomass at a discharge of 10 L/min. Meanwhile, the external aerator unit pumped air into the bioreactor, which the biomass absorbed at a discharge of 45 L/min. The discharge of biomass and water also caused agitation of the fermented biomass. Several variables were observed during the fermentation process, including temperature, acidity (pH), total dissolved solids (TDS), C/N ratio, electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), microbial population, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and other chemical properties. LOF produced had a pH, temperature, total organic matter content, EC, TDS, BOD, microbial population, and CEC values of 6.3–6.8, 28.0–37.0°C, 20.77–22.46%, 54630–62369.24 µmS, 7543–11700 ppm, 1.2–2.6 mg/L, 3.2–7.5 log CFU, 12.3–14.1, and 29.98 me/100 g, respectively. The macro and micro nutrient contents of bio-urine were 12.72–12.96%, and 3.09–3.25%. Meanwhile, those of the bio-slurry were 12.35–12.99% and 2.39–2.72%. These characteristics of LOF were in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI).

Reduction of Oxidizable Pollutants in Waste Water from the Wadi El Bey River Basin Using Magnetic Nanoparticles as Removal Agents

Many of the current strategies for removing pollutants from water are based on nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Lower values of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in water results in reduction in the amount of oxidizable pollutants. We present a study on the reduction of COD and BOD5 in water from Wadi El Bey River (Tunisia), using magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetic fields. The COD and BOD5 removal reached values higher than 50% after 60 min, with optimum efficiency at pH values of ≈8 and for MNPs concentrations of 1 g/L. The use of a permanent magnetic field (0.33 T) showed an increase of COD and BOD5 removal from 61% to 76% and from 63% to 78%, respectively. This enhancement is discussed in terms of the MNPs coagulation induced by the magnetic field and the adsorption of ionic species onto the MNPs surface due to Fe3O4 affinity.

K-Means Clustering for Grouping Rivers in DIY based on Water Quality Parameters

The Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) has rivers that cross rural and urban areas that are still used by the community and industry. However, cases of river water pollution in DIY are a major issue in 2021. It is very important to classify rivers according to class so that further analysis and action can be carried out. This study conducted a grouping analysis of rivers in DIY based on water quality parameters such as Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Phosphate, Fecal Coli, and Total Coliform. The grouping method uses the K-means algorithm. The data source is secondary data from the DIY Provincial Environment and Forestry Service. The data is in the form of 56 river samples observed in November 2020. The description of the data shows that the average of the 56 river water samples is 24.95 for TSS, 8.84 for DO, 4.33 for BOD5, 20.36 for COD, 0 .54 for Phosphate, 22.820 for Fecal Coli, and 59.210 for Total Coliform. The results of grouping with k=6 are the best compared to k = 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8. The number of members in this grouping is n1 = 14, n2 = 1, n3 = 1, n4 = 5, n5 = 18, and n6 = 17. The cluster that has the highest average TSS, BOD, and COD values is the 3rd cluster (Rivers in Bantul and Sleman Regencies). The cluster that has the highest DO value is the 6th cluster (Rivers in Bantul Regency). The cluster that has the highest average Phosphate value is the 2nd cluster (Rivers in Bantul, Sleman, and Gunungkidul Regencies). The cluster that has the highest average Fecal Coli and Total Coliform values are the 4th cluster (Rivers in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta City, and Sleman Regency).

Analysis of River Water Quality Based on Pollution Index Water Quality Status, Lombok District, NTB

Leneng River is one of the rivers in Praya City, Central Lombok Regency, which receives domestic, agricultural, and household industrial waste. Various community activities along the banks of the Leneng River have affected river water quality. Some communities on the banks of the Leneng River, from upstream to downstream, still use river water for their daily needs. This study aims to 1) analyze the water quality of the Leneng River in terms of environmental parameters (Physical, chemical, and biological) and 2) Determine the level of pollution of the Leneng River water using the Pollution Index (IP) method. River water quality measurements were carried out at 3 (three) sample points. Parameters measured and observed were physical parameters, namely Total Solid Suspend (TSS); chemical parameters, namely pH, Total Phosphate (T.PO4), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and biological parameters namely Total coliform and Fecal Coliform. This type of research is survey research with a quantitative descriptive approach. The results showed that the TSS value at sample point 1 (upstream) exceeded the required quality standard; the highest TSS concentration value was 54 mg/L, and the lowest at sample point 2 (middle section) was 2.50 mg/L. Value parameter concentration pH 7.7-8.7, T.PO4 value 0.05 mg/L-0.29 mg/L, BOD value 0.17-0.42 mg/L, COD concentration value 8 mg/L -9mg/L, and DO value of 6.07 mg/L-7.57 mg/L, this shows that the concentration for chemical parameters still meets the class I water quality standards according to PP 22 of 2021, while the total coliform parameter value and Facel coliform have exceeded class I water quality standards. The total coliform concentration value is 10,000 - 20,000 MPN/100 mL, and the Fecal coliform value is 600 MPN/100 mL – 2,500 MPN/100 mL, while based on the Pollution Index (IP) quality status water in the upstream with a value of 2.84, the middle part of 1.97, and the downstream part of 2.84, this shows a decrease in water quality from upstream to downstream of the river, with a level of pollution in the lightly polluted category.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDY OF OUTLET WATER FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF ALKASSIK REFINERY

This study was conducted on the water outlet of treatment station of AL-Kassik refinery, samples collected in the rate of on sample per month and covered the period from October 2013 to May 2014. Physical and chemical parameters were measured for each sample the analysis involved (Water Temperature, Turbidity, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solid, pH, Total hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, biological oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulfate, Nitrate, Phosphate).the study results shown that the Oxygen demand values ranged between (2.95-6.0) mg/l with average concentration (5.15) mg/l, The Biological oxygen demand values ranged between (1-1.2) mg/l with average value of (1.5) mg/l. whereas Chemical oxygen demand results shows the concentration average of COD (132.2)mg/l these results indicates that the water was in polluted and organic cleaned. The total hardness range between (180.1-230.2) mg/l these indicators that water flow for treatment station was very hard, finally, the obtained results indicates that the treatment station of AL-Kassik refinery has a good efficiency to the standard values of water quality to (EPA).

Palm oil mill effluent processing via hybrid plasma and acoustic treatment

The large quantities of palm oil mill effluent (POME) that need to be processed daily to meet global palm oil demand creates a significant pollution problem. The two-stage anaerobic–aerobic process conventionally used to treat POME before its discharge to minimize its environmental impact, however, involves long retention times. We demonstrate in this work that it is possible to significantly reduce such treatment times through the introduction of plasma and MHz-order sound waves in the form of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) to the second stage aerobic treatment process, which, considerably improve the reduction of the POMEs' total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD); the plasma exposure enhances oxygen dissolution and the dissolution of the organic compounds, whereas the SAW promotes convective mass transfer and decomposition of the bacteria. With plasma pretreatment alone before aerobic treatment, it is possible to achieve a twofold reduction in the total treatment time to achieve target TSS, COD and BOD values, whereas irradiating the POME with the SAWs during aerobic treatment was found to reduce treatment times by up to fourfold. Combining both methods into a serial treatment process was then observed to lead to overall reduction in the total treatment duration by up to fivefold, therefore highlighting the promise of the hybrid technology for adoption in industry-scale treatment systems, particularly given the simplicity and cost effectiveness of plasma generation and the low cost and chip-scale dimensions of the SAW devices that facilitate ease of scale-up through massive parallelization.

A study on microbiota isolated from olive mill wastewater disposal ponds, with emphasis on filamentous fungi and their biodegradative potential in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt

The microbial composition of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) from six disposal ponds at three localities in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt has been studied. Such OMWW samples contained a variable (but high) number of bacteria, yeasts, and mold. Eighty-one isolates related to 9 bacterial species were recovered, and seven common bacterial species were isolated from Bir al Abd, Al-Arish, and Rafah sites sources namely Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. In addition to these species, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella species were isolated from the Bir al Abd site. One hundred and twenty isolates related to 13 fungal species were recovered. Seven members of different fungal genera (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Alternaria, Chaetomium, and Rhizopus) were recorded. Four genera were widely distributed, and they were able to grow efficiently in undiluted OMWW as a sole source of nutrients. Strains of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Paecilomyces showed a marked capacity for OMWW detoxification. The physicochemical studies further revealed the presence of relatively low levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. Nitrate concentration was relatively high, 70.13 mg/L. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) recorded high values that ranged between 2210-2270 mg/L and 22760-22800 mg/L, respectively. High BOD and COD values are important indicators of high organic and inorganic components of OMWW and possible negative environmental consequences. The presence of fungal and bacterial species implied possible degradation of the effluent.

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Water Pollution in Indian Rivers-A Case Study

Some of the important critical parameters for assessing the water quality like pH (Hydrogen ion concentration), DO (Dissolved Oxygen), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), etc., were monitored at different locations in some major Indian rivers. The results obtained from the study reveals that the critical parameters had increasing values in some monitoring locations, decreasing values, and no variation in values at some other places. It is recommended to have a pH value above 7, higher values of DO, lower values of BOD & FCC (Faecal Coliform Content) for improved water quality. Overall, the water quality improved in most Indian rivers. There was no discharge of industrial wastes, hotels/restaurants wastes, immersing of idols during religious festivals, etc., to the rivers during the COVID-19 lockdown. Therefore, enforcement of strict regulations by the Government of India for disposal of wastes produced from industrial & domestic activities can significantly reduce the water pollution levels in the Indian rivers.

Evaluating the impact of Nalla Lai contamination on drinking quality of groundwater in Rawalpindi city, Pakistan

Abstract The scientific report assessed the impact of Nalla Lai wastewater on the groundwater quality of Rawalpindi city, Pakistan. A total of 19 wastewater and 49 groundwater samples were collected during September and October 2016 and have been analyzed in the laboratory to detect different water quality parameters. The results revealed that BOD (biological oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), iron, and cadmium values in many wastewater samples were beyond the recommended value of the National Environmental Quality Standards 1997 (NEQs, 1997). In groundwater samples, the results of iron, cadmium, manganese, zinc, TDS (total dissolved solids), pH, color, and hardness were found elevated from the standard values in one or more samples as compared with the National Standard for Drinking Water Quality, 2010 (NSDWQ, 2010). The decreasing metal concentration order in groundwater samples was iron > zinc > manganese > copper > cadmium. Very interestingly, hardness was found at elevated levels in 75% of investigated groundwater samples. Microbiological contamination was detected in 83% of the analyzed groundwater samples. The study revealed the percolation of heavy metals and microbial contamination in the bore water, tube wells, hand pumps, springs, and hand-dug wells located nearby the Nalla Lai wastewater stream.