Average Heterozygosity Values Research Articles

Development of novel genome‑wide simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers in Bunium persicum

Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch or Kala jeera is an economically important medicinal spice that grows in cold temperate regions of Central Asia and Northern India. It is mainly used as spice and condiment in various food preparations. However, its high aroma and richness in essential oils make it industrially important. The bioactivity and pharmacological activities of its phytochemicals have been well elucidated. Due to limited cultivation and huge harvest pressure on natural resources, this species is under severe threat of diversity loss. Further, genetics and molecular breeding studies are lagging for this important crop plant due to a dearth of efficient genome wide molecular markers. In the present study, genomic resources for B. persicum have been generated for the first time through de novo sequencing. In addition, novel genomic SSRs from these resources are identified for their use in future diversity analysis and breeding programs. A total of 177029 perfect and 5915 compound SSR motifs were identified in 212585 assembled sequences. Mononucleotide repeats were the most abundant (55.18%) followed by di- (32.35%), tri- (7.21%), tetra- (3.15%) and hexa- nucleotide (0.76%) repeats. Total 101519 and 2649 primers were successfully designed for sequences containing perfect and compound SSR repeat motifs, respectively. For validation, 88 primer pairs were synthesized for perfect SSR motifs, from which 68 pairs gave scorable amplification. From these, 16 primer pairs were found monomorphic and 52 were polymorphic. These 68 primer pairs altogether yielded 101 alleles with an average of 1.71 alleles per loci. Overall average allele frequency (0.7908), PIC value (0.213), heterozygosity value (0.2995), and gene diversity (0.2680) was recorded for the evaluated Bunium accessions. UPGMA tree constructed based on Nei genetic distances successfully distinguished the evaluated B. persicum accessions. Low genetic diversity recorded in the present study emphasizes the need for restoration and maintenance of effective B. persicum population sizes in situ for its future sustenance.

Genetic Structure and Gene Flow of Octopus maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the States of Yucatan and Campeche, Mexico / Estrutura genética e fluxo gênico do polvo maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) nos Estados de Yucatan e Campeche, México

It was determined the population genetic structure of the red octopus Octopus maya in the states of Campeche and Yucatan in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, through the expression of isozymes in polyacrylamide gels. Mantle samples from 25 octopuses, captured in nine sites of the Yucatan Peninsula, were used to characterize the genotypic expression revealed by the expression of 26 loci in thirty enzyme systems. Program TFPGA version 1.3 (Tools for Population Genetic Analyses), was used to process data of allozyme gene frequencies of the studied populations. The parameters determined were: descriptive statistics, F statistics, genetic distances, Hardy - Weinberg, UPGMA and the number of migrants as an indicator of gene flow. The average number of alleles per locus, percentage of polymorphic loci, average and direct and direct heterozygosity were: 1.08 ± 0.05 to 1.15 ± 0.04. P95 26.9231% to 34.6154, Have 0.1142 to 0.1390 and Hdir = 0.0354 to 0.0938 respectively. Heterozygosity values in a range of 0.3506 to 0.4793 and G6PDH for ARGK with an average heterozygosity value of 0.1824, Fisher average value of 0.5313 and 0.0140 Fst indicates a heterozygous deficiency but it is within the ranges reported for marine invertebrate species. The number of migrants derived from the Slatkin equation is 1824 per generation, globally indicates some degree of variability between sites and is consistent with the low values of Nei genetic distance found, particularly the node showing the separation of the population of Lagartos River and Dzilam Bravo from the other locations with an obtained value of 0.0004. From the results of this study, it is concluded that locations of Octopus maya have a certain level of interpopulation genetic variability that does not reflect its fragility.

Peopling of Rajasthan, India: Evaluating the gene flow from east and west

Rajasthan is a state located in the north-western part of India and it has been cited as a major route of human migration since ancient times. The present study was conducted to find out the genetic affinity of Rajasthani population with the population living in its east as well as the west. In particular, we compared them with the population of Pakistan which shares the common geographical boundary with the Rajasthan while also having a look at their inter and intra population affinities with the population belonging to other Indian states. We investigated the genetic structure and population parameters of Rajasthani populations obtained for twenty polymorphic autosomal STR loci from 669 unrelated individuals belonging to its three population groups including Mina, Gujjar and the admixed population of Rajasthan. The studied populations showed a wide range of genetic diversity and besides the genetic structure of the studied populations, it was found that the average heterozygosity value was highest among the populations of Rajasthan, possibly, because of gene flow from different directions. Various statistical analyses suggested that the Rajasthani populations had a higher affinity with the North Indian populations rather than with the Pakistani population.

Hybridity testing of tomato F1 progenies derived from parents with varying fruit quality and shelf life using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)

The demand for tomato is increasing day by day mostly because of the increased per capita fresh fruit consumption. Nonetheless as a perishable fruit crop, it has relatively short life after ripening thus experiences remarkable post-harvest losses. The study was to select true F1 hybrids using SNPs for the development of inbred lines with long shelf life character through marker assisted backcrossing. Nine out of the one hundred and forty SNP markers failed, 93 were uninformative and 38 were polymorphic and spread across the 12 chromosomes. The major allele frequency, gene diversity, heterozygosity and Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) for each locus were calculated for SNP markers using Power Marker 3.5. The mean value of the major allele frequency was 0.673, ranging between 0.529 and 0.794. The average gene diversity and Heterozygosity values were 0.419 and 0.125 respectively. The PIC ranged from 0.273 (Sly11-Rx4) to 0.375 (Sly04-9) with a mean of 0.329. Of the 31 polymorphic SNPs, two SNPs (Sly04-9 and Sly07-2) exhibited the maximum PIC and a gene diversity value of 0.50. The markers Sly11-13 and Sly11-Rx4 were found to be the least informative with PIC and gene diversity values equaling 0.327 and major allele frequency of 0.794. The maximum heterozygosity was observed with SNP markers Sly03-8, Sly06-7, Sly08-1, Sly08-8, while the minimum heterozygosity was observed with SNPs marker Sly02-9, Sly06-1, Sly10-4, Sly10-5, Sly11-13, Sly11-Rx4, and Sly12-9.The SNPs tested for shelf life genes rin (Sly05-rin1 and Sly05-rin2) and nor (Sly10-nor) were monomorphic within the seven different plants (parentals). The SNP (Sly10-alc) tested for the alc gene was however, polymorphic within the seven lines. The result indicates that only one SNP (Sly10-alc) is a functional SNP to detect a long shelf life gene. Tomato genotypes CSIR/CRI-P002 and CSIR/CRI-ATS064 were however, polymorphic for alc. The other SNPs for rin and nor were not useful and new SNPs are needed to be redesigned. The molecular test revealed two superior F1 hybrids which were selected for evaluation as lines for improvement. The advantage is the reduction in cost, time, labor and field space requirement.

A compilation of tri-allelic SNPs from 1000 Genomes and use of the most polymorphic loci for a large-scale human identification panel

In a directed search of 1000 Genomes Phase III variation data, 271,934 tri-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified amongst the genotypes of 2,504 individuals from 26 populations. The majority of tri-allelic SNPs have three nucleotide substitution-based alleles at the same position, while a much smaller proportion, which we did not compile, have a nucleotide insertion/deletion plus substitution alleles. SNPs with three alleles have higher discrimination power than binary loci but keep the same characteristic of optimum amplification of the fragmented DNA found in highly degraded forensic samples. Although most of the tri-allelic SNPs identified had one or two alleles at low frequencies, often single observations, we present a full compilation of the genome positions, rs-numbers and genotypes of all tri-allelic SNPs detected by the 1000 Genomes project from the more detailed analyses it applied to Phase III sequence data. A total of 8,705 tri-allelic SNPs had overall heterozygosities (averaged across all 1000 Genomes populations) higher than the binary SNP maximum value of 0.5. Of these, 1,637 displayed the highest average heterozygosity values of 0.6-0.666. The most informative tri-allelic SNPs we identified were used to construct a large-scale human identification panel for massively parallel sequencing, designed for the identification of missing persons. The large-scale MPS identification panel comprised: 1,241 autosomal tri-allelic SNPs and 29 X tri-allelic SNPs (plus 46 microhaplotypes adapted for genotyping from reduced length sequences). Allele frequency estimates are detailed for African, European, South Asian and East Asian population groups plus the Peruvian population sampled by 1000 Genomes for the 1,270 tri-allelic SNPs of the final MPS panel. We describe the selection criteria, kinship simulation experiments and genomic analyses used to select the tri-allelic SNP components of the panel. Approximately 5 % of the tri-allelic SNPs selected for the large-scale MPS identification panel gave three-genotype patterns in single individual samples or discordant genotypes for genomic control DNAs. A likely explanation for some of these unreliably genotyped loci is that they map to multiple sites in the genome - highlighting the need for caution and detailed scrutiny of multiple-allele variant data when designing future forensic SNP panels, as such patterns can arise from common structural variation in the genome, such as segmental duplications.

Outcrossing Rate and Genetic Variability in Mexican Race Avocado

The blooming behavior of the avocado Persea americana Mill. is a sophisticated mechanism that prevents effective self-pollination, enables close pollination, and encourages cross-pollination. However, there is no information on outcrossing rate among Mexican race avocado genotypes (P. americana var. drymifolia Schltdl. & Cham.). Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the outcrossing rate and genetic variability in progenies of Mexican race avocado genotypes by simple sequence repeat (SSR) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. SSR marker analysis showed a considerable genetic differentiation among avocado families [total expected heterozygosity (He) = 0.540], whereas the total heterozygosity value observed (Ho = 0.098) showed the presence of genetic structure per family. The total Nei’s unbiased average heterozygosity (nHe) value found with ISSR markers was 0.482. The results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) combining both type of markers showed that genetic variation within avocado families was 58.6%, and among families was 41.6% (P < 0.0001). The outcrossing population rate in P. americana var. drymifolia was 0.774 ± 0.091 (sd), and the ‘Criollo 3’ and ‘Plátano Temprano’ families showed the lowest (–0.083 ± 0.031) and highest (0.814 ± 0.060) outcrossing rates, respectively. Variability in outcrossing rate depends on many factors, including edaphoclimatic, agronomic, and genetic, and needs to be considered to define strategies for the conservation and genetic improvement of outstanding native genotypes. SSR and ISSR markers are useful for estimating genetic variability within and among families of avocado, as well as for determining the outcrossing rates among closely related individuals and with a rather small sample size.

Towards inclusion of genetic diversity measures into IUCN assessments: a case study on birds

The IUCN Red List categorizes species based on their geographical distribution and population size. However, attributes such as genetic information are not yet considered. We compiled information on genetic diversity (HE, HO) and inbreeding coefficient (f) along with their ecological attributes (IUCN category, migratory habit, forest dependence and habitat type) from a literature survey to assess whether bird species categorized as being of highest conservation concern display the lowest genetic diversity. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) to test whether avian species with less inclusive characteristics (e.g., taxa with small geographical distributions or low dispersal capability) display lower genetic diversity than those classified as Least Concern (LC). We used hylogenetic generalized least squares (pGLS) to account for phylogenetic independence of predictor variables and to verify robustness of GLMMs (generalized linear mixed models). In general, GLMM revealed more significant relationships among ecological attributes and genetic diversity patterns. After accounting for phylogenetic independence, the highest average heterozygosity values were observed in species falling under the LC category; non–migratory birds showed lower HO and HE average values than migratory birds, while non–forest birds showed lower heterozygosity than forest birds. Hence, we corroborate our hypothesis that genetic diversity of birds is lower in species of high conservation concern. We hope our results promote further studies on genetic diversity of bird populations. Lastly, we propose the incorporation of genetic data as metrics in the assessment of bird conservation status.

De novo assembly of white poplar genome and genetic diversity of white poplar population in Irtysh River basin in China.

The white poplar (Populus alba) is widely distributed in Central Asia and Europe. There are natural populations of white poplar in Irtysh River basin in China. It also can be cultivated and grown well in northern China. In this study, we sequenced the genome of P. alba by single-molecule real-time technology. De novo assembly of P. alba had a genome size of 415.99 Mb with a contig N50 of 1.18 Mb. A total of 32,963 protein-coding genes were identified. 45.16% of the genome was annotated as repetitive elements. Genome evolution analysis revealed that divergence between P. alba and Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) occurred ~5.0 Mya (3.0, 7.1). Fourfold synonymous third-codon transversion (4DTV) and synonymous substitution rate (ks) distributions supported the occurrence of the salicoid WGD event (~ 65 Mya). Twelve natural populations of P. alba in the Irtysh River basin in China were sequenced to explore the genetic diversity. Average pooled heterozygosity value of P. alba populations was 0.170±0.014, which was lower than that in Italy (0.271±0.051) and Hungary (0.264±0.054). Tajima's D values showed a negative distribution, which might signify an excess of low frequency polymorphisms and a bottleneck with later expansion of P. alba populations examined.

Genetic signatures of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Ambiguous silver pomfret, Pampusargenteus (Teleostei, Stromateidae).

Pampusargenteus is a broadly exploited pelagic fish species, commonly misidentified as Pampusechinogaster. Genetic variation and population structure in Pampusargenteus was studied based on seven microsatellite loci. The observed high average allele number, heterozygosity values, and polymorphism information content of P.argenteus suggested high genetic diversity. No population genetic differentiation was detected based on the results of pairwise Fst, three-dimensional factorial correspondence analysis (3D-FCA) and STRUCTURE analysis, which implied continuous gene flow. Wilcoxon signed rank tests did not indicate significant heterozygosity excess, and recent genetic bottleneck events were not detected. Coupled with previous mitochondrial DNA results, the findings presented here indicate that high gene flow characterizes the current phylogeographic pattern of the species.

Genetic signatures of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Ambiguous silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Teleostei, Stromateidae)

Pampusargenteus is a broadly exploited pelagic fish species, commonly misidentified as Pampusechinogaster. Genetic variation and population structure in Pampusargenteus was studied based on seven microsatellite loci. The observed high average allele number, heterozygosity values, and polymorphism information content of P.argenteus suggested high genetic diversity. No population genetic differentiation was detected based on the results of pairwise Fst, three-dimensional factorial correspondence analysis (3D-FCA) and STRUCTURE analysis, which implied continuous gene flow. Wilcoxon signed rank tests did not indicate significant heterozygosity excess, and recent genetic bottleneck events were not detected. Coupled with previous mitochondrial DNA results, the findings presented here indicate that high gene flow characterizes the current phylogeographic pattern of the species.

Is population genetic structure of vascular plants shaped more by ecological or geographic factors? A study case on the Mediterranean endemic Centaurea filiformis (Asteraceae).

All known populations of the Sardinian endemic Centaurea filiformis Viv. (Asteraceae) were studied in order to understand the impact of both geographic and ecological factors on the genetic structuring of this species. Fourteen populations and 234 individuals were sampled. The demographic structure of the populations and the reproductive ecology were estimated in 28 plots. Population genetic analyses were based on SSR markers. Genetic structure was investigated by spatial Bayesian methods. Average densities of 0.51 individuals m-2 were detected, with a prevalence of adults. Ten species of pollinators were identified; C.filiformis ability to self-pollinate and myrmecochory were demonstrated experimentally. The populations displayed an average heterozygosity value of He =0.576 and high genetic differentiation (overall FST =0.218). Bayesian analysis suggests that five is the most probable number of gene pools of origin. A strong correlation between geographic distances and genetic distances among populations was highlighted. The demographic population structure of C.filiformis is dominated by adults, suggesting that it is a stable-regressive or senile species, investing more in local persistence than colonisation ability. Despite the scattered distribution, the populations studied do not present evidence of genetic erosion. The analysis of genetic differentiation reveals very high differentiation levels among populations, thus indicating that effective barriers exist against gene flow. A general conclusion is that population distribution results in a clear genetic structure for the populations studied, and that geography and not ecology is shaping the present distribution of this species.

Genetic diversity between exotic and Nigerian indigenous Turkey at different structural loci

Poultry genetic resources in general are considered to be the most endangered and under-conserved, detailed attention is therefore needed on the existing genetic resources to reduce or prevent the increasing genetic erosion of local livestock. This study was conducted to characterize and estimate genetic diversity in Nigerian indigenous turkey and exotic turkey using blood proteins (Haemoglobin, Transferrin and Albumin) and enzyme (Carbonic Anhydrase and Esterase 1) markers. A total of 110 turkeys comprising 50 Nigerian indigenous turkeys and 60 exotic turkeys were used for the analysis. Separation of blood protein genotypes was achieved using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The populations were characterized for their genetic variability using allele frequencies, observed heterozygosity, F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST), test for Hardy-Weinberg and Genetic distance. Eleven variants were found at the five loci studied, two co-dominant allele A and B controlling three genotypes AA, AB, and BB were observed at Haemoglobin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin and Esterase1 loci for both indigenous and exotic turkey breeds, a third allele C was observed in Transferrin locus. Allele A was the most frequency at the Hb, CA, Alb and Es1 locus in Nigerian indigenous turkey with frequencies 0.541, 0.541, 0.520, and 0.520 respectively and exotic turkey at Hb, Alb, and Es1 with frequencies 0.508, 0.617, and 0.508 respectively. Chi Square result indicated deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in the two populations. The average heterozygosity values were 0.56 and 0.477 indicating high genetic variability, heterozygote excess FIT was estimated at -0.050 while within breed excess as evaluated by FIS ranged from 0.370 to -0.336. The fixation index FST revealed that genetic diversity within the studied population was slightly differentiated. Genetic distance among the populations quantified through calculation of Nei’s Genetic distance was 0.008 while the identity was 0.992. Similarity in the estimated genetic variability parameters between the breeds indicates that the populations are closely related and there were no appreciable differences among them. This result obtained may be used as an initial guide in defining objectives for further investigations of genetic diversity and developing conservation strategies.Keywords: Electrophesis; Genetic distance; Polymorphism; Structural loci

Evaluation of the Microhaplotypes panel for DNA mixture analyses

The identification of a suspect in a DNA mixture typed with the standard short tandem repeat polymorphism (STR) kits has faced challenges. Several improved methods or technologies have been introduced to address this issue. However, some complex situations in the process remain elusive. In the present study, we presented a panel of 26 tiny microhaplotypes, each generating a relatively high (>3.0) effective number of alleles (Ae) and possessing low (<50 bp) sequence lengths. The average Ae and heterozygosity values among the 9 populations of 26 microhaps were in ranges from 2.60 to 4.54 and 0.59 to 0.96, respectively. Power of discrimination and power of exclusion values were ranged from 0.49 to 0.87 and 0.29 to 0.94, respectively. Significant positive correlations have been found between Ae values and heterozygosity (r = 0.43, p = 0.02) or power of discrimination values (r = 0.55, p = 0.003), respectively. The cumulative probability of detecting a mixture of two unrelated individuals could reach 0.9999998 when using a panel of 26 microhaps with Ae = 3. We further tested the panel by using massively parallel sequencing, and 14 out of 26 microhaps were successfully genotyped in a single multiplex system. 60 unrelated Chinese Han individuals and 2 artificially prepared samples mixed by two unrelated contributors (in duplicate, ie. 4 mixtures) were sequenced. Approximately 32.14% of the 14 loci presented three or four alleles in the two mixtures. The likelihood ratio values to cognizance the mixtures’ contributor were in a range from 1.95 × 106 to 1.10 × 107. The results demonstrated that the present panel could offer a valuable complementary tool in forensic applications.

Haplotype and Allelic Variations at Dopamine Receptor Gene (DRD2) among six Austro-Asiatic Speaking Tribal Groups of Central India

Central India is mainly constituted by two states, namely; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh that are homeland of several caste and tribal groups speaking diverse language belongs to Indo-European, Dravidian and Austro-Asiatic thus makes it an important place for testing several language-gene interaction models. Various archaeological evidences indicated that the Narmada region has played a significant role in initial peopling of the Asian subcontinent. There is a necessity to fill the big lacuna by inclusion of this region to reveal a continuous picture of the origin and genetic affinity of the Indian population. It is hypothesized that Austro-Asiatic speaking tribes are autochthonous to India. The present study was conducted to examine the haplotype variations at Dopamine Receptor Gene (DRD2) in the Austro-Asiatic Speaking Tribal Groups of Central India. Haplotypes provide information on evolutionary histories, beyond what can be learned from individual marker. A total of 327 unrelated samples belonging to Birhor, Gadaba, Kol, Hill korwa, Saora and Baiga were analyzed for three selected TaqI sites of DRD2 gene using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All the loci were found to be polymorphic among the studied populations. The frequency of ancestral allele B2 is less than 50% in all six populations (41.4-49.2%) while D2 allele exhibit frequency of 15.3-44.8%. A1 allele observed with a frequency ranging from 36.2-48.2%. The average heterozygosity ranged from 0.417 in Baiga to 0.501 in Kol. The ancestral haplotype (B2D2A1) in all six populations exhibit 0% frequency. LD values calculated for the three bi-allelic sites, TaqIB, TaqID, and TaqIA are low, i.e., below 0.8 with respect to all populations in each pair. Overall, allele frequency distribution patterns and high average heterozygosity values, suggest a genetic proximity among the studied populations. Low recurrence of genealogical alleles and nonattendance of familial haplotype in the examined populace bunches, demonstrating towards indigenous inception of Central Indian Austro-Asiatic talking tribes.

Molecular characterization of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers

Quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow) is a pseudocereal of Amaranthace family which originated from the Andes of South America. Quinoa is an interesting plant whose capacity to tolerate adverse environmental factors and exceptional nutritional qualities warrant further research in all fields of plant biology, agronomy, ecology and biotechnology. Presently, it is an underutilized crop, which has the potential become a major crop. It has increases in importance in the world due to the nutritional quality of its grains and crop adaptability to diverse climatic conditions. In Colombia, more accurately in the Department of Narino, Cauca, Cundinamarca y Boyaca currently Quinua has had a huge boost due to their agronomic potential and different benefits derived from the production, processing and marketing of its products. The objective of this research was to characterize the genetic diversity of a collection of 82 materials of with seven microsatellite markers [inter-simple sequence repeats, (ISSRs)]. The analysis by the coefficient of Nei-Li at the level of similarity of 0.65 divided the population into four groups according to the site of origin of the materials. The value of average heterozygosity was 0.38 which is considered low compared to other studies of genetic diversity in Chenopodium. Molecular Analysis of Variance (AMOVA) and Fst demonstrate the existence of genetic variability at the intraspecific level that should be used in breeding programs of the species lead to obtaining new and better materials of quinua. Key words: Genetic diversity, microsatellites, Andean cereal.

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DE UNA COLECCIÓN DE QUINUA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

Quinua (C. quinoa W.) is considered a cereal with excellent nutritional properties, including high protein contein, because it has all amino acids, trace elements and significant amounts of vitamins. In Colombia more accurately in the department of Narino, Cauca, Cundinamarca y Boyaca currently has had a huge boost due to their agronomic potential and different benefits derived from the production, processing and marketing of its products. Therefore, the objective of this research was to characterize the genetic diversity of a collection of 55 materials quinoa with seven microsatellite markers RAMs. The analysis by the coefficient of Nei-Li at the level of similarity of 0,65 divided the population into four groups according the site origin materials. The value of average heterozygosity was 0,34 which is considered low compared to other studied of genetic diversity in Chenopodium. Molecular Analysis of Variance (AMOVA) and Fst demonstrate the existence of genetic variability at the intraspecific level. The parameters of genetic diversity found in this study show that the quinoa materials of the Boyaca governance collection are very homogeneous, however the variability that exists must be exploited in the breeding programs of the species leading to the production of new and better quinoa materials.

CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DE LA PITAHAYA AMARILLA(Selenicereus megalanthus Haw) EN LA PROVINCIA DE LENGUPÁ,BOYACA-COLOMBIA

In the last years, the fruit cultivation in Colombia has positioned as an option for growth and agricultural reactivation, within these the yellow pitahaya (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw.) which is a wild, native cactus in the Andean region has become an important sector for the economy of Boyaca. The current investigation seeks to identify the genetic diversity in producers municipalities the province of Lengupa. For that, were selected 12 yellow pitahaya materials it was characterized with seven markers RAMs. A total of 154 bands with molecular weights from 300 to 1450 Kb were generated. A similarity coefficient of 0,60, two groups of very lax manner were formed. The number of polymorphic loci ranged from 15 to 22 for the AG and CA primers, respectively, in general, the variation found with all markers was high with percentages of polymorphic loci ranging between 76% (TG and CCA) and 98% (CT). The average heterozygosity value of 0,34 was much lower than reported in other studies of genetic diversity in Cactaceae, but more higher that founded in pitahayas since now in Colombia using the technique RAMs. Therefore, genetic variability exists in yellow pitahaya materials from province of Lengupa, which can be exploited in breeding strategies seeking the identified of elite materials that responses to the market needs.

Analysis of the polymorphism of expressed sequencetag-Simple sequence repeat in quail

Aiming at accelerating the application of molecular markers in the genetic improvement of quails, six EST-SSR markers were successfully developed using a bioinformatics method. Polymorphisms of three quail populations (Chinese yellow, China black and Korean quail) were detected. The results showed that there were 2-6 alleles in six EST-SSR markers. The mean polymorphism information contents of Chinese yellow , China blackand Korean quail were 0.5451, 0.4962 and 0.4937, respectively. The average heterozygosity values were 0.6134, 0.5759 and 0.5613. Among the six EST-SSR markers, three were highly polymorphicand the others were moderately polymorphic. The newly-developed six EST-SSR markers may be used to determine the genetic diversity of quails. The six EST-SSR markers identified were related to carbohydrate metabolism and melanin synthesis, but the specific mechanisms need to be further analyzed.

Microsatellite Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Quail Populations from China

Polymorphism of three quail communities was analyzed by using 12 microsatellite markers in this paper, aiming to provide scientific references for the evaluation, protection and utilization of quail genetic resources in China. Results demonstrated that the number of observed alleles by 12 microsatellite markers ranges between 4~7. The average polymorphism information contents (PIC) of the Chinese yellow quail, the Chinese black quail and the Korean quail, as detected by 12 microsatellite markers, are 0.6853, 0.6401 and 0.6565,respectively, and average heterozygosity values are 0.7333, 0.6957 and 0.7111, respectively. This indicates that the Chinese yellow quail has the richest genetic polymorphism. According to cluster analysis, the Chinese black quail and the Korean quail have the smallest genetic distance (0.0628), which reflects that they have the closest genetic relationship. The genetic distance between the Chinese yellow quail and the Korean quail is 0.0951. Therefore, the Chinese black quail and the Korean quail are clustered together firstly, and then the Chinese yellow quail.

Genetic differentiation and population structure of five ethnic groups of Punjab (North-West India)

The state of Punjab in the North-West part of India has acted as the main passage for all the major human invasions into the Indian subcontinent. It has resulted in the mixing of foreign gene pool into the local populations, which led to an extensive range of genetic diversity and has influenced the genetic structure of populations in Punjab, North-West India. The present study was conducted to examine the genetic structure, relationships, and extent of genetic differentiation in five Indo-European speaking ethnic groups of Punjab. A total of 1021 unrelated samples belonging to Banias, Brahmins, Jat Sikhs, Khatris, and Scheduled castes were analyzed for four human-specific Ins/Del polymorphic loci (ACE, APO, PLAT, and D1) and three restriction fragment length polymorphisms ESR (PvuII), LPL (PvuII), and T2 (MspI) using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All the loci were found to be polymorphic among the studied populations. The frequency of the Alu insertion at APO locus was observed to exhibit the highest value (82.6-96.3%), whereas D1 exhibited the lowest (26.5-45.6%) among all the ethnic groups. The average heterozygosity among the studied populations ranged from 0.3816 in Banias to 0.4163 in Khatris. The FST values ranged from 0.0418 to 0.0033 for the PLAT and LPL loci, respectively, with an average value being 0.0166. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Banias and Khatris are genetically closest to each other. The Jat Sikhs are genetically close to Brahmins and are distant from the Banias. The Jat Sikhs, Banias, Brahmins, and Khatris are genetically very distant from the Scheduled castes. Overall, Uniform allele frequency distribution patterns, high average heterozygosity values, and a small degree of genetic differentiation in this study suggest a genetic proximity among the selected populations. A low level of genetic differentiation was observed in the studied population groups indicating that genetic drift might have been small or negligible in shaping the genetic structure of North-West Indian Populations.