Value Chain Map Research Articles

Value Chain Analysis of Apple in Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh, India

The study sought to acquire extensive insights into the markets and associated marketing strategies within the Shimla district during the year 2021-22. Employing a random sampling technique, a representative sample comprising five traders, five wholesalers, five retailers, and thirty actively engaged consumers in the apple marketing sector was selected. The investigation identified the presence of five distinct marketing channels in the study area. Channel-V, which involves the processing of apples into value-added forms such as jam, wine, and juice, exhibited the most substantial degree of value addition, contributing 55.80 percent to the overall value addition. In the study area, the majority of farmers acquire their inputs from private institutes. A methodically prepared value chain map illustrates the continuous transfer of produce from farmers to consumers. Notably, the wholesale stage experienced the most significant loss, amounting to 4.11 kg per quintal. In the storage of apples, the storage unit gained a profit of 140 Rs per kg, while in the processing of apples, the processing unit it was 13333.59 Rs. per quintal.

Piggery Value Chain Mapping in Bengaluru: A Comprehensive Analysis of Rearing Systems

The study examines the piggery value chain in Bengaluru, focusing on 35 breeders and fattening farmers across Bengaluru rural and Bengaluru urban areas. It analyses distinct rearing systems, breeding practices, feeding strategies, and healthcare protocols among respondents. Breeders predominantly utilize intensive rearing systems (100%) for optimized breeding outcomes, while fattening farmers prefer semi-intensive methods (85.71%) to balance care with natural behaviours. Variations in housing preferences show that 46.67 per cent of fattening farmers use efficient drainage systems compared to none among breeders. Feeding practices differ significantly 100 per cent of breeders employ stall feeding, whereas 75 per cent of fattening farmers practice scavenging feeding with 25 per cent engaging in mixed feeding. Feeding frequency is consistently twice daily among all respondents (100%). The deworming practices at 45.71 per cent overall, with 100 per cent among breeders and 60 per cent among fattening farmers. Vaccination is practiced exclusively by breeders (100 %). Veterinary aid satisfaction rates are 31.43 per cent overall, with 40 per cent among fattening farmers. A detailed value chain map visually depicts stages from input supply to consumption, elucidating stakeholder roles crucial for productivity enhancement, animal welfare promotion, and sustainable practices within Bengaluru's piggery sector.

Identifying, Mapping, and Analyzing Stakeholders of Tomato Value Chain

The research aims to optimize the efficiency of tomato value chain by mapping and analyzing various stakeholders. The study was taken as a part of the Research work of MBA (Agribusiness) carried out at Madanapalli taluka of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh. The complete research design work is based on primary and secondary data collected through a structured questionnaire and from the Madanapalli Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee, annual reports of the National Horticultural Board, and articles from the World Processing Tomato Council. A multistage sampling technique was used for selection and Descriptive statistics, value chain analysis was carried out to identify the key activities within the industry. A value chain map illustrates the journey of tomatoes from production to the consumer, highlighting the various stages and processors involved along the way. The connections are displayed in a vertical manner from the left to the right side. At the top, the main functions of the chain are listed. These functions encompass input supply, production, trading, marketing/processing, and consumption. The vertical progression from the left to the right side illustrates the individuals engaged in performing the various functions. Displayed on the left side, the enablers help and support the actors in performing their roles. These enablers primarily include formal and informal institutions, as well as private organizations. The study concludes that lack of access to credit, Huge loss of raw produce in a glut situation, Inadequate infrastructure, seasonal fluctuations in business, and intense competition within a limited timeframe pose significant challenges in the tomato value chain. The lack of incentives for quality differentiation further exacerbates these issues. The chain's lack of transparency allows middlemen to wield control, leaving farmers with little ability to market their produce effectively.

THE ALGORITHM OF RISKS IDENTIFICATION IN THE OPERATING MODEL

The main purpose of creating an operational model is to ensure the synchronization of the organization's strategy and operational functions. The algorithm of the operating system can be represented as a hierarchical sequence of optimization processes aimed at achieving the final goal - value chain map. The operating system of an individual organization has its own process and parametric features that distinguish it from others. The risk factors will reflect these differences and the methods of their prediction and compensation should also be adapted to the specifics of the operating systems. It is impossible to optimize the operating model, to ensure the economic stability of the organization, ignoring objective and subjective sources of risks. Exclusion of risk parameters of operational processes directly affects the overall efficiency of the operational system, reduces uncertainty and unwanted fluctuations in the quality indicators of the operational model. The article examines the hierarchical algorithm of risk identification in the operational model of the organization.

Value Chain Map of Coffee Commodities in Central Aceh Regency in the Implementation of Inclusive Business Model

This study aims to describe the Value Chain of coffee commodities in Central Aceh Regency and analyze the Value Chain Map of coffee commodities in Central Aceh Regency in the implementation of the Inclusive Business Model. This research was conducted in Central Aceh District, Aceh Province. This research was conducted in March–August 2023. The data used is in the form of primary data and secondary data. The sampling method with non-probability sampling uses the purposive sampling method. The data analysis method used is qualitative data analysis. Data analysis techniques use the Value Chain Map approach. The value chain of coffee in Central Aceh Regency the first distribution pattern is farmers selling directly to middlemen to exporters and consumers, the second pattern is farmers to middlemen to cooperatives and consumers, then the third pattern is farmers to middlemen to MSMEs Coffee Processors and consumers. The implementation of an inclusive business model for coffee commodities in Central Aceh Regency is through a partnership or collaboration between coffee farmers and the Baitul Qiradh Baburrayyan Cooperative. The highest value for farmers who are members of cooperatives is in principle 2 of effective market linkage (3.8). The lowest value is principle 3 fair and transparent governance (3.0). The highest value in non-cooperative farmers is principle 1 chain-wide collaboration (2.5). The lowest value is the 6 principles of Measurement of outcome (2.0). The inclusive business model is very profitable for farmers who join cooperatives because farmers get premiums, higher prices, infrastructure development, coaching and capital to improve farmer welfare.

An assessment of the structure of shea global value chain in Ghana and implication for policy development

The global value chain for shea has witnessed major transformations in the last two decades. This study was aimed at providing a detailed understanding of the structure of the shea value chain in Ghana. Data were collected primarily from primary source and secondary sources. A total of 820 upstream actors, 20 aggregators, 2 processing companies and other experts were interviewed using both closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires to gather qualitative and quantitative data. The study employed the value chain framework to analyse the structure of the shea value chain in Ghana. Data analysis was primarily descriptive in nature. A value chain map, schematic diagram, and flow charts were generated to show the linkages between actors and the flow of resources, materials, products, information, and funds. The results show that the shea value chain is highly gendered, with women at the base of the chain, working as shea kernel producers and processors of crude shea butter, using mainly traditional methods, hence output is sub-optimal. The mid-stream actors were all males, whose main function involves aggregating shea kernels across several communities for industrial processors and export companies. Processing companies, using mechanised methods, process and export several derivatives of shea (shea grits, shea butter, stearin, and olein) to mainly to high-end markets in the E.U and Asia. Though female participation in the shea global value chain is prominent, their output is way too low at the current level to make significant impact. Policy focus must be on supporting upstream actors through the provision of improved processing facilities, community infrastructure, and skills training to enhance the capacity of upstream actors to improve their performance.

Value chain analysis of carp fish seed farms in some selected areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh

This study is an attempt to analyze the prevailing value chain of fish seed farms in some selected areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Data were collected from 280 fish seed farms owners (56) and traders (224) covering four Upazilas of Mymensingh district namely Mymensingh Sadar, Gauripur, Muktagacha, and Trishal from the period of July 2019 to October 2019 through purposive random sampling technique. Three important fish seed species of carp; namely Rui, Catla, Mrigel were selected to address the following objectives: typical value chain map and marketing system of fish seed farms, determination of the net value addition of fish seed production and marketing, and problems impacting different actors in the value chain. Total net marketing margin per 10 Kg. spawn and per 100000 pieces’ fingerlings are Tk. 20204 (190.43 USD) and Tk. 43148 (406.69 USD), respectively. Among all three intermediaries, the net marketing margin of the retailer is the highest. A large percentage of value addition is covered by paiker for both cases and that is 20.85% and 31.2%. The study finds that fish seed farms with hatcheries are more profitable than fish seed farms with nursery. The yearly net return from spawn production in the hatchery is Tk. 4324775 (40763.15 USD) and from fingerling production in the nursery is Tk. 2388126 (22509.27 USD). The owners and traders have currently been facing some difficulties. Lack of information about good quality seed, the higher price of inputs, and lack of extension service is some of the examples. If these problems could be solved, fish seed farms and market intermediaries could earn a higher profit than the existing level.

Value Chain Map and Economic Performance of Potentially Important Underutilized Crops in Southeastern Sri Lanka

Value Chain Map and Economic Performance of Potentially Important Underutilized Crops in Southeastern Sri Lanka

Profitability of Actors in the Value Chain of Commercial Rice

This qualitative study explored the value chain of commercial rice in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. It presented the value chain map of commercial rice highlighting the profitability of each actor involved in the value chain, namely paddy rice farmers, primary traders, millers, retailers, and final traders (wholesalers and retailers). The findings revealed that the miller contributes the highest value-added cost to commercial rice production, accounting for approximately 40.39% of the total, followed closely by the farmers at 39.22%. The primary trader represented 10.93%, while the wholesaler and retailer contributed 6.72% and 2.07% respectively. Analysis of the percentage of profit to cost showed that farmers earned the highest percentage at 32.36%, followed by the retailer at 8.48%, the primary trader at 5.11%, the miller at 2.32%, and the wholesaler at 1.68%. However, when considering the operating cycle of each actor, it became apparent that the primary trader emerged as the highest-earning actor due to their shorter operating cycle compared to other actors in the value chain. Hence, venturing into paddy rice production, trading, milling, and wholesaling of commercial rice in Nueva Vizcaya is profitable, given the wide market demand for rice as a staple food. There is a viable opportunity to enhance profitability among the various actors in the value chain, particularly for farmers, by leveraging appropriate government support programs, specifically by maximizing the utilization of initiatives provided under the Rice Tariffication Law.

A Study of Value Chain Map & Economics of Papaya in Karnataka State

The present study has attempted a detailed analysis of papaya fruit by studying its value chain map, establishment cost, cost and returns were important researchable issue for the said crop in kalaburagi district in Karnataka State. The findings reveal that, in value chain, farmers, pre-contactors, distributors, wholesalers and retailers will perform muti-task function in the system. Each of these stakeholders appends value during the movement of produce from one person to other in the consumption pattern system. The findings related to cost and returns, the year-wise analysis indicated that in the first year, the total cost for establishment was found to be Rs. 85225 in Papaya plantation followed by second year Rs.65432. The average of two years will be to the tune of Rs.65432 per acre. The per acre establishment cost accounted to Rs. 85225 of which the material cost constituted 78.37 percent to the total cost of establishment followed by human labour (19.64 per cent). The per acre cost of cultivation of Papaya was worked out to be Rs.65432, out of which the total variable cost share was Rs.45643 (69.75 percent) and total fixed cost was found to be Rs.19789 (30.25 per cent) to the total cost. total average cost for two years incurred in cultivation was found to be Rs.105328 and farmers obtain average net income of Rs.218247 per acre and the findings also revealed that the farmers the return on per rupee invested at total cost amounted to Rs.2.26 and 1.90 during first and second year respectively.

Scope of vegetable and root crops value chain in Ethiopia

The value chain refers to the entire set of activities carried out by different actors in the agriculture sector to move a product from conception to end use and beyond. Design, production, marketing, distribution, and consumption are all included in the value chain. Currently, different researches were conducted by using value chain concept as a current issue in Ethiopia. This paper critically reviewed that the existing gap in vegetable and root crop value chain studies regarding the scope and approach of the studies. It indicated that the value chain studies conducted in Ethiopia geographically focused on local value chains. It also lacks criteria for selection of specific commodity or entry point for value chain studies. Most of the vegetable and root crop value chain studies highly addressed identification of value chain actors and mapping of flow of commodities without incorporating the most important component of value chain which is value chain upgrading, Governance and gender issues. Therefore, for future researches it is recommended that value chain studies goes beyond simple depiction of value chain map by integrating value chain governance, upgrading, gender issues in a value chain and conducting global value chain analysis.

Improving lead time of pangasius fillet production process based on value stream mapping: a case study

Value stream mapping (VSM) is one of the critical tools to identify waste ful steps in the production process and help build the future VSM by applying lean production system innovations. This research aims to identify wastes in non-value-added pangasius fillet lines at GEPIMEX 404 based on lean tools. Firstly, the article explores the company’s production process, builds the current value chain map, and identifies the wastes. Then, the authors use Kanban cards to ensure quality and output, eliminating inventory of semi-finished products in the production line. Next, the authors develop a future VSM and simulate the production process using Arena software to verify the effectiveness after proposing improvements. Finally, the results showed a significant step towards reducing production time from 7.59 to 4.96 hours.

Impact Assessment of Indigenous Chickens Production Interventions in the Semi-arid Regions of Zimbabwe: Case of Chivi District

Most communal farmers in Chivi district of Zimbabwe rear indigenous chickens. However, the impact of interventions by government and non-government partners remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess impact of indigenous chicken production in semi-arid areas with a focus on Chivi district. The research focused on indigenous chickens as the enterprise has the potential to increase rural population income and in turn improve the nutrition for the rural population. A total of 160 indigenous chicken farmers were sampled from a population of 1240 who received past interventions in trainings, feed and chicks or pullets from development partners and government using a survey questionnaire. Variables such as age, farmer experience, education, type of dwelling, maize, cattle, goats, supplementary feed, type of housing, resting of fowl run, vaccinations and type of hatching method were found to be significantly affecting sales rate. Indigenous chicken production was found to be weakly profitable as a positive gross margin was obtained. The study also revealed that value chain actors in indigenous chicken production had no processors. It was concluded that though indigenous chicken production was profitable, the above stated factors affect impact of indigenous chickens. The value chain map had no processors. Capacitating farmers on poultry management and availing credit to finance production and marketing players is important to improve indigenous chickens among smallholder farmers.

Tourism Value Chain in Egyptian National Economy: Input-Output Analysis

Tourism value chain (TVC) is a sequence of multiple and complex activities and relationships among all actors involved in deliver add a value along the tourism industry. To analyze TVC in depth, a national economic data with complex economic relationships and information on supply and demand across sectors is needed. So, a pioneer study was made in this field. An input-output table was used to analyze the Egyptian tourism sector in the national economy, in order to suggest tourism value chain map in the Egyptian economy at the end. To achieve the aim of the research, a technique was used for data collection based on input- output methodology covering forward and backward linkage effects, by using the 2017 input-output table, which is the latest one released by the Ministry of Planning and Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics in Egypt. The outcome shows that the travel industry area in Egypt has solid in reverse linkages with assembling area followed by Agriculture, Wholesale and Retail exchange exercises, Mining and quarrying, Transportation and Administrative, and other business support exercises. Also, there are frail in reverse linkages with Financial and protection exercises, power area, and logical and specialized exercises. The study thus recommended that Attention to the reasons for the weak backward linkages between the tourism sector with Financial and protection exercises, power area and logical and specialized exercises and try to strengthen it.

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF FISH IN KARAIYAMAI RURAL MUNICIPALITY, BARA DISTRICT OF NEPAL

The research entitled “Value chain analysis of fish in Karaiyamai Rural Municipality, Bara district of Nepal” was conducted in 2020 focusing on the chain of actors involved in supplying inputs to the farmers and thereby supplying finished product to the ultimate consumers through various market intermediaries. The survey research design was used for the study where respondents (60 farmers of Karaiyamai Rural Municipality and 15 traders of Jeetpursimara Sub-Metropolitan City) were selected using simple random sampling techniques. Primary data was collected using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and secondary data were obtained from various articles and related documents. Descriptive statistics and indexing techniques were used for the analysis of data for which MS-Excel and SPSS-23 were used. Average cost of production was NRs. 996516.92/ha. The average productivity of fish in the study area was highest (7024.42 Kg/ha) than the national average productivity (4920 Kg/ha), and district average (5298 Kg/ha). Various production and marketing problems were faced by respondents as untimely availability of inputs, poor water supply units, and poor storage facilities. Despite these problems, the fish production was a profitable business (B: C ratio: 2.01) with high gross margin value. The marketing channel of input suppliers – producers – wholesalers – retailers – consumers was found effective. There was a low marketing margin and higher producer share on the retail price that indicates an efficient market system. Hereby, the study of value chain actors and construction of value chain map symbolizes; there are good prospects of fisheries business with commercialization and risky but profitable enterprise.

Wild Flower Value Chains as Complex Adaptive Systems in Rural Sri Lanka

Purpose: Timeline of wild flowers showed the changing face to an economic good and moving through the different value chains while fueling to rural livelihoods. Focus of this study was to identify the upstream and downstream actors, their roles, map the wild flower value chain, analyze the income distribution, find out the gender-based constraints and identify the buying behavior of consumers. Methodology: Rapid market chain analysis equipped to collect the primary data. In-depth interviews with value chains actors, interviewer administered questionnaires and filed observations facilitated the process. Three key economically important wild flower value chains; Lotus, Lily and Jasmine were purposely selected. Findings: Value chain map shows core processes, flow of products and its volume, knowledge and information, geographical distribution and value web of relationships, and linkages. Income distribution shows that intermediaries claim the lion’s loin while collectors and growers receive less. Upstream actors of lotus and lily source their raw materials from common pool and free rider problem hinders the rational allocation of resources. Downstream; retailers govern the chain and seasonal price fluctuations are common. Poor post-harvest chain links with unhealthy returns. Color, price and quality were the prime concerns of consumers. Limitations: Poor availability of literature based on Sri Lankan wild flower sector was a constraint during the study and that was avoided with reference to researches which were done in other countries. Originality/Value: Since, limited number of studies paid attention on wild flower value chain; it’s better to investigate the Sri Lankan wild flower value chain in quantitative and qualitative aspects.

Sustainable management of agriculture products value chain in responses to climate change for South-Eastern coast of Bangladesh

PurposeThis paper is designed to assess the sustainable value chain approaches for marketing channel development opportunities for agricultural products in coastal Bangladesh to combat climate change through an approach of community-based adaptation options.Design/methodology/approachThe study was designed to select the potential value chain candidate and to analyze and establish a value chain map to benefit the crop farmers. In this connection, the resources of the whole context were evaluated. The approach uses few tools to generate three outputs, the last of which are the final list of value chains selected for in-depth assessment to design interventions as community-based adaptation practices of the study to combat climate change in the study areas.FindingsThe study demonstrated that the difference in the institutional circumstances of the end markets of the agriculture products is connected to the different categories of harmonization and control of the facilitating environment throughout the supply chains. National and local networks improve the value chain in terms of the value addition of the agriculture products, technology improvement, market access and profitability of the products. Strengthening the weak financial structure, focus more on formal financial systems and resolving sociocultural and climate change-induced hazard concerns are the major concerns on the development of value chains in the countries. Apparently, guarantee for good governance, checking illegal and unregulated market contexts, proper mitigation measures to climate change are some paramount important issues for the sustainable management of livelihood, yield, income and development.Practical implicationsAll kinds of stakeholders of the agriculture product value chain should focus on competitiveness and productivity and look for and exploit multiple ways to add value once initial success has been attained with a single deal. Ensuring sustainability within the value chains is an important feature to cater to the challenges and changing demands of the age.Originality/valueThe study will help to established a sustainable value chain approach in response to climate change, which process will help to existent opportunities for firms to manage the issue of climate risk by codeveloping and employing adaptation options that may be more preferred or accepted by consumers across the entire chain for the sustainable management of livelihood, yield, income and development.

Analysis of the Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Value Chain in the State of Veracruz Rural Aquaculture for the Small Producer

Objective: To analyze the importance of the aquaculture value chain links in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, especially those of production and marketing. Methodology: The information was obtained in the six main tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) production regions in the state of Veracruz through poles based in a questionnaire that addresses key informants; variables related to each link and chain agent were considered; five juvenile producers, 41 tilapia producers and 12 marketers. Results: A fish farming value chain map was generated with the description of distribution channels, production cost estimation and sales income, as well as the participation of producers in demand. Implications: The implementation of integrative models is required in order to have a constant supply of inputs from suppliers in farms. Also, associative models that allow accessing markets in units where the high payment availability for the product should be developed. Conclusions: Chain economic agents are related. Upon meeting the quality and performance required by marketers, there is potential to develop value aggregation strategies through associativity models, linked to service businesses such as restaurants

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF TOMATO IN PALPA DISTRICT OF NEPAL

The study was conducted from January to June 2020. This study aims at carrying out the value chain analysis of tomato subsector in Palpa district. The specific objectives of the study were identifying the actors involved in value chain of tomato, finding out benefit cost ratio, marketing margin, producer share and value share of value chain actors, preparing value chain map of tomatoes and identifying the key strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats at different nodes of tomato value chain. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected by household interview, KII and secondary data was collected through published journals, research articles, reports of PMAMP, AKC and other government organizations. Data analysis was done using SPSS, Ms-Excel, and Stata statistical software. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, benefit cost ratio, Cobb-Douglas production function, correlation analysis and value chain mapping. The opportunities and challenges in tomato value chain was achieved using strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis. From the study it was found that economically active population was 60.9% and majority of tomato growers (69.2%) has agriculture as their primary occupation. The average farm size was 0.7 ha and average area for tomato farming was 0.1 ha. The average productivity of tomato of sampled household was 29Mt/ha under open field condition. The average cost of tomato production was NRs. 18.2/kg. The gross margin and net margin per ha were NRs. 394474.4 and NRs. 362014.2 respectively. Benefit cost ratio was 1.67. Market margin was NRs. 25/kg with producer’s share 54.55% in the mostly used value chain. Similarly, market margin of local value chain was NRs. 15/kg with producer’s share 70% in the local value chain. The result identified that the major actors involved in the value chain were input suppliers, collector/cooperatives, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The disease/insect infestation was major problem in production while low farm-gate price was major problem in marketing in the study area. The research showed that tomato farming is an important agribusiness in the research area.

Value chain mapping and actors’ value added share in the catfish value chain in Imo State, Nigeria

The study assessed the value chain mapping and actors value added share in the catfish value chain in Imo State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed in the selection of 217 catfish value chain actors comprising 37 input suppliers, 50 producers, 50 processors, 50 marketers and 30 consumers for the study. Data were analyzed using value chain map, net income, value added share models and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that primary actors are inputs suppliers, producers, processors, marketers and consumers while research, finance and legislation activities were carried out by support actors. The total value added in the catfish value chain system was N2,944.5/kg with value added share of 0.41%, 15.54%, 24.83% and 59.22% for input suppliers, producers, processors and marketers respectively and they were statistically significantly difference at 5% with marketers having the highest value added share as they occupy a pivotal position to harness the preference, place, price and product information from the final consumers who are at the epicentre of the value chain system. It was therefore recommended that actors at every node should ensure their efforts should be done in a manner that will attract better value by considering the final consumers' preference of catfish products.