Value Of Environmental Damage Research Articles

How Much Should the Polluter Pay? Indian Courts and the Valuation of Environmental Damage

Abstract On the face of it, the polluter pays principle (PPP) simply prescribes that the costs of pollution should be borne by those who were responsible for causing it. In practice, implementing the PPP raises a number of complex questions. In this article, I focus on one such key question, as interpreted by higher courts in India: how much should the polluter pay? I propose—and then apply—a three-part choice framework for analysing judicial interpretations of the PPP. Indian case law on the subject is often presumed to be relatively coherent and consistent. However, a methodical application of the aforementioned framework reveals three distinct strands in the approaches taken by Indian courts, thus contributing to a more in-depth and systematic understanding of the PPP jurisprudence. I also identify certain gaps and inconsistencies in these approaches, and suggest ways in which they can be resolved, making the application of the set principle more consistent, logical and effective.

Temporal Elements in the Valuation of Environmental Damage: Reflections on the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Compensation Case before the International Court of Justice

Abstract In the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua judgment of 2 February 2018, the International Court of Justice (icj), for the first time in its jurisprudence, explicitly accepted the compensability of environmental damage. Nonetheless, the valuation of environmental damage is less easy. Since conditions concerning the environment and its natural resources may change with the passage of time, there is a need to take the dynamics and variability of the environment into account in the valuation of environmental damage. In this regard, considerations of temporal elements, including the time necessary for recovery of the environment and ecosystem, are key. Thus this article aims to consider the issues of the valuation of environmental damage in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Compensation case focusing particularly on temporal elements. In particular, this article critically analyses the icj’s methodology for the valuation of environmental damage. This article also examines the issues of climate change and use of experts in the valuation of environmental damage.

Environmental value losses as impacts of natural resources utilization of in coal open mining

Mining industry provides benefits to the state in mining as a source of state revenue and foreign exchange earner, producing raw materials for the industrial, infrastructure and socio-economic facilities, and employment providers. Utilization of natural resources in openly coal mining in the forest did to get these benefits, but on the other hand cause environmental harm. Land clearing activities in coal mining, open forest vegetation is causing the loss of economic benefits of forest. Exploitation of coal caused the shrinking amount of coal (coal depletion). Although revegetation activities have been conducted on coal mined land, those would still cause harm to the environment. The research conducted at the site of coal mining PT Bukit Asam (PTBA) South Sumatra Indonesia using quantitative methods of Net Present Value (NPV) aims to assess the value of environmental damages incurred as a result of the utilization of natural resources in coal strip mine in forest areas. The calculation of forest benefit in and after the forest recovery period is using time dimensions that has innovated in this study. The results found for the environmentalloss duringlife of mine for a period of time 1997–2023 PV 2009 amounted to Rp 73.98 trillion,-

Assessing willingness to accept compensation for polluted farmlands: a contingent valuation method case study in northwest China

It is difficult to assess the value of environmental damage, such as that related to polluted farmlands, because of no markets exist that are relevant to such valuation. This paper applies the contingent valuation method to measure the compensation value considered acceptable to those working and living on polluted farmlands. Baiyin and Jinchang Cities in northwest China are chosen for a case study based on 382 completed questionnaires. It is shown that a willingness to accept (WTA) measure is necessary for damage assessment and is reasonable when those negatively affected by pollution of farmlands also hold relevant property rights. The study applied two methods (the Tobit model and the Logit model) to estimate the MWTA compensation value. Based on our findings, Logit model could be more effective in detecting and correcting respondent bias. The Logit model indicates that the set of explanatory variables considered influences respondents’ WTA decisions which is positively related to farmland size and family size, and is also affected by income and education levels.

Эколого-экономическая оценка шахтных вод на примере затопленных медноколчеданных рудников Урала

Worked-out copper pyrite mines are one of the considerable sources of hydrosphere pollution. Analysis of components of the environmental damage to surface water bodies due to treated pit water discharge has been carried out. Environmental damage to water bodies caused by the Levikha and Degtyarsk mines pit water discharge both during the mines operation and after watersealing of them is assessed in 100–200 million rubles per year? And the value of the prevented environmental damage is one order of magnitude higher. Individual components contribution to environmental damage has been determined: during the mines operation cooper was the main pollutant, after the pumping termination zinc became the main pollutant. It has been stated that pit water is a reliable renewable source of non-ferrous metals and rare earth elements and can be considered a hydro/mineral raw material deposit. Commercial content of non-ferrous metals and rare earth elements in the watersealed copper pyrite mines has been estimated. Total recoverable value of non-ferrous metals and rare earth elements in the Levikha mine pit water exceeds 4 million US dollars per year. Rare earth elements comprise the main share. It has been shown that potential recoverable value of the components exceeds cost of annual neutralization of acidic pit water and the value of environmental damage caused by the treated pit water discharge.

On the effects of emission standards as a non-tariff barrier to trade in the case of a foreign Bertrand duopoly: A note

Employing a model of an environmentally differentiated product market, we analyze how an emission regulation as non-tariff barriers to trade affects imports, the environment, and welfare in the case of a foreign Bertrand duopoly. Related to this issue, we reconsider the result of Moraga-González and Padrón-Fumero [Moraga-González, J.L., Padrón-Fumero, N., 2002. Environmental policy in a green market. Environmental and Resource Economics 22, 419–447] that a strict emission standard on a dirtier product degrades the environment and reduces the net social surplus associated with the valuation of environmental damage, if the marginal social valuation of environmental damage is larger. On the other hand, we show that a strict emission standard on a cleaner product always improves the environment and the net social surplus associated with the valuation of environmental damage.

Global Warming Damages and Canada's Oil Sands

The social net benefit of energy investments differs from private profitability by the value of environmental damages, among other things. Estimates of damages associated with greenhouse gas emissions are obtained from the literature, ranging from $15 to $64 (C$ 2004) per tonne of carbon. These values are shown to be equivalent to $2 to $8 per barrel of crude oil obtained from Canada's oil sands, based on emissions intensities of Suncor Energy Inc. It is estimated that taking these costs into account would lower the social net benefit of Suncor's oil sands production for 2004–2005 by a central value of 18 percent.

Daubert—compliant research design or property damage valuations

This article reviews the research designs of the dominant valuation models in the professional real estate literature for valuation of environmental damages is‐à‐vis the scientific method specified under the 1993 US Supreme Court case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals.1 Three types of flawed research designs are identified as noncompliant with the Daubert test: the before‐only method, the after‐only method, and the pseudodesigns (e.g., the pseudocomparison, pseudosample, and pseudocapitalization methods).