Valley Road Research Articles

Evaluating Traffic Dispersal to and from Kathmandu Terai Fast Track Expressway within Kathmandu Valley's Road Network

Evaluating Traffic Dispersal to and from Kathmandu Terai Fast Track Expressway within Kathmandu Valley's Road Network

Diversity of Eucharistic Ritual in COVID-2019 Context

Discussing diversity in the celebration of the Eucharistic ritual in COVID-2019 contexts, this is a comparative study of CITAM (Christ is the Answer Ministries) Valley Road assembly and St. Andrew’s PCEA (Presbyterian Church of East Africa) in Nairobi, Kenya. COVID-2019 had a great impact on the order of worship in Christian churches across the world. Churches were closed down at times. Whereas CITAM Valley Road administered the Eucharist in the virtual space, St Andrew’s PCEA did not adopt virtual Eucharist and had to wait until the lockdown prohibiting church meetings was lifted. This ethnographic study was carried out in Nairobi County at CITAM Valley Road and St. Andrew’s PCEA over a period of six months from late 2021 to early 2022. The methodological approach taken by the researchers was a blend of ethnography and grounded theology. Data was collected through virtual ethnography, participant observation, interviews, and focus group discussions. Findings from the study demonstrated an emerging trend of administering the Eucharist digitally as the Church in Kenya navigated both continuity and change. The findings also revealed the fact that religious change advances not suddenly, or as a single complete change, but in specific expressions that are local and distinct. The researchers posit that in the PCEA, believers could not imagine themselves administering virtual Eucharist in their homes; in CITAM also some Christians felt that administering the Eucharist in the virtual space was different from when it was administered in the physical space.

Leaf Area Index Estimation of Fully and Deficit Irrigated Alfalfa through Canopy Cover and Canopy Height

In arid and semiarid regions, crop production has high irrigation water demands due to low precipitation. Efficient irrigation water management strategies can be developed using crop growth models to assess the effect of different irrigation management practices on crop productivity. The leaf area index (LAI) is an important growth parameter used in crop modeling. Measuring LAI requires specialized and expensive equipment not readily available for producers. Canopy cover (CC) and canopy height (CH) measurements, on the other hand, can be obtained with little effort using mobile devices and a ruler, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between LAI, CC, and CH for fully and deficit-irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The LAI, CC, and CH measurements were obtained from an experiment conducted at the Valley Road Field Lab in Reno, Nevada, starting in the Fall of 2020. Three irrigation treatments were applied to two alfalfa varieties (Ladak II and Stratica): 100%, 80%, and 60% of full irrigation demands. Biweekly measurements of CC, CH, and LAI were collected during the growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. The dataset was randomly split into training and testing subsets. For the training subset, an exponential model and a simple linear regression (SLR) model were used to determine the individual relationship of CC and CH with LAI, respectively. Also, a multiple linear regression (MLR) model was implemented for the estimation of LAI with CC and CH as its predictors. The exponential model was fitted with a residual standard error (RSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.97 and 0.86, respectively. A lower performance was obtained for the SLR model (RSE = 1.03, R2 = 0.81). The MLR model (RSE = 0.82, R2 = 0.88) improved the performance achieved by the exponential and SLR models. The results of the testing indicated that the MLR performed better (RSE = 0.82, R2 = 0.88) than the exponential model (RSE = 0.97, R2 = 0.86) and the SLR model (RSE = 1.03, R2 = 0.82) in the estimation of LAI. The relationships obtained can be useful to estimate LAI when CC, CH, or both predictors are available and assist with the validation of data generated by crop growth models.

A New Analytical Solution for Calculating Rock Block Volume

The study of rock slope stability and evolution suffers from many uncertainty factors related to block size and shape, and slope morphology. While nothing can be done to remove the aleatory component of these uncertainties, efforts in reducing the epistemic ones are desirable. This research aims to propose a new analytical solution for calculating rock block volume in the case of three discontinuity sets whose orientation and true spacing are known. Researchers and practitioners can take advantage of such a correct analytical formula thanks to its easiness of use: guidelines based on stereogram are provided in order to explain how to obtain the required input data. The correctness of the equation is demonstrated by comparing the results of the new solution applied to 12 theoretical blocks with those obtained with 3DEC (Itasca Consulting Group). Also, the differences with respect to results obtained with the well-known Palmstrøm’s formula are reported. The new methodology is applied to the case study of Elva valley road (Northern Italy), which is overhung by steep rocky cliffs and is subject to the consequences of frequent rockfall phenomena. The results are used to discuss the proposed method’s applicability: while it is evident that such a formula is not able to compete with the great potentiality of DFNs, this user-friendly tool can quickly and at no cost assess rock block volume in rockfall or rock slope stability studies.

Application of statistical and machine learning techniques for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Himalayan road corridors

Abstract Landslides are frequent geological hazards, mainly in the rainy season along road corridors worldwide. In the present study, we have comparatively analyzed landslide susceptibility by employing integrated geospatial approaches, i.e., data-driven, knowledge-driven, and machine learning (ML), along the main road corridors of the Muzaffarabad district. The landslide inventory of three road corridors is developed to evaluate landslide susceptibility, and eleven landslide causative factors (LCFs) were analyzed. After statistical significance analysis, these eleven LCFs generated susceptibility models using WoE, AHP, LR, and RF. Distance from roads, landcover, lithological units, and slopes are considered more influential LCFs. The performance matrix of different LSMs is evaluated through the area under the curve (AUC-ROC), overall accuracy, Kappa index, F1 score, Mean Absolute Error, and Root Mean Square Error. The AUC-ROC for WoE, AHP, LR, and RF techniques along Neelum road is 0.86, 0.82, 0.91, and 0.97, respectively, along Jhelum Valley road is 0.83, 0.81, 0.93, and 0.95, respectively, while along Kohala road is 0.89, 0.88, 0.89, and 0.92, respectively. The produced LSMs through ML (i.e., RF and LR) showed better prediction accuracies than WoE and AHP along these three road corridors. The LSMs are categorized into very high, high, moderate, and low susceptible zones along these roads. The LSM generated through hybrid models can facilitate the concerned local agencies to implement landslide mitigation policies for the landslide-prone zones along road corridors.

A Biblical and Theological View on Human Sexuality: A Case Study of Selected Churches in Nairobi

Purpose: This research intended to conduct a theological appraisal of the church’s teachings on human sexuality and the role she has in mitigating the problems ensuing from a lack of understanding or misuse of human sexuality. The researcher discussed the problem of sexuality by examining the views of authors who agreed with the fact that there was a problem in the way society had understood and harnessed human sexuality. The response and teaching of the church were a central concern of the researcher. The researcher discussed the problem of condemning the victims of sexual perversion and further expressed the need for the church to redefine her methods of reclaiming people from unhealthy and unbiblical sexual habits.
 Methodology: This study used a qualitative design. The researcher collected data from individuals from three selected churches in Nairobi County, Kenya with semi-structured interviews as the sole instrument of data collection. The analyses of the data were done using thematic and descriptive analysis methods. The three churches included Christ is The Answer Ministries (CITAM) Valley Road, African Inland Church, Milimani and Ufalme Church, Nairobi. 
 Findings: The findings revealed that the church had not done enough in teaching about human sexuality and in giving a practical solution to church members who struggled with sexual perversions. This left Christians with unorthodox sources of information and education on the subject such as media and the internet.
 Unique contribution to theory and practice: The researcher recommends that the church should treat human sexuality as an important area that should not be shunned but should be addressed with passion. Correct biblical guidance on recovery and freedom from addictions should be offered by church pastors to all persons that have sexual addictions and the ones that have the potential of struggling with sexual perversions. The church should work to enhance psycho-social therapies to help members of their congregation and others who have sexual addictions.

Rock Mass Characterization by UAV and Close-Range Photogrammetry: A Multiscale Approach Applied along the Vallone dell’Elva Road (Italy)

Geostructural rock mass surveys and the collection of data related to discontinues provide the basis for the characterization of rock masses and the study of their stability conditions. This paper describes a multiscale approach that was carried out using both non-contact techniques and traditional support techniques to survey certain geometrical features of discontinuities, such as their orientation, spacing, and useful persistence. This information is useful in identifying the possible kinematics and stability conditions. These techniques are extremely useful in the case study of the Elva valley road (Northern Italy), in which instability phenomena are spread across 9 km in an overhanging rocky mass. A multiscale approach was applied, obtaining digital surface models (DSMs) at three different scales: large-scale DSM of the entire road, a medium-scale DSM to assess portions of the slope, and a small-scale DSM to assess single discontinuities. The georeferenced point cloud and consequent DSMs of the slopes were obtained using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and terrestrial photogrammetric technique, allowing topographic and rapid traditional geostructural surveys. This technique allowed us to take measurements along the entire road, obtaining geometrical data for the discontinuities that are statistically representative of the rock mass and useful in defining the possible kinematic mechanisms and volumes of potentially detachable blocks. The main purpose of this study was to analyse how the geostructural features of a rock mass can affect the stability slope conditions at different scales in order to identify road sectors susceptible to different potential failure mechanisms using only kinematic analysis.

Knowledge Transfer in People-Centered Dam-Related Disaster Program in Cameron Highlands

The inabilities to face natural hazard leads to the additional economic and infrastructure loss towards people living in high-risk areas such as low-lying areas leading to flooding events. People-centered knowledge transfer program approaches are the first response that is best in establishing a community that is capable and resilient to protect themselves. Sultan Abu Bakar Hydroelectric Dam is a megastructure under Cameron Highlands Batang Padang Hydroelectric Scheme. The dam is located at Ringlet-Bertam Valley Road with a man-made lake on the upstream of the dam called Ringlet Reservoir. The downstream communities along Bertam River consist of a few Orang Asli settlements which particularly vulnerable to flood as some of the houses, structures and farms apparently are within the river reserves or dangerously close to the dam; located within the movement of water flow if released from the dam. The aim of the program is to ensure that the directly affected communities are fully aware and prepare for any untoward incidents in their area, especially related to the failures of dam operations through identifying the lives and livelihood of the communities. This includes preparing community awareness by educating the affected community as a disaster-resilient community through capability formation and capacity building human resources, such as disaster school awareness programs, community awareness programs, and drill exercises. This study revealed that knowledge transfer through people-centered links to human interaction and support from authorities such as village head/representatives were shown to be effective in enabling the community to lessen the negative effects of disasters with the assistance of technological approaches; siren and drills. These calls for the stressing of local authority and implementation partners focused on addressing these underlying causes, as well as the involvement of all stakeholders in scaling the effective coping strategies in order to build resilience within this affected community.

THE ROLE OF TRAIT FORGIVENESS IN MARITAL CONTENTMENT AMONG MARRIED COUPLES IN CITAM ASSEMBLIES, NAIROBI, KENYA

In most marriages, marital problems are encountered once in a while. Couples who have very happy marriages also encounter problems in their relationship with each other due to an offense committed by the spouse. For a couple to maintain a healthy marital relationship, they need to have the ability to forgive each other. Through forgiveness, married partners become more like Christ and invite the Holy Spirit to enable them to show their love for the spouse and build a safe and holy relationship that could bring contentment. The study examined the role of trait forgiveness in marital contentment among married men and women selected in two Christ Is the Answer Ministries (CITAM) assemblies in Nairobi, namely Woodley and Valley Road. The objectives of the study were to examine the role of trait forgiveness on marital contentment and to investigate how commitment, empathy, and communication affect the relationship between forgiveness and marital contentment. A mixed-methods design was used to collect data using questionnaires and a focus group discussion guide. Results showed a very strong positive correlation between trait forgiveness and marital contentment with a relatively high composite score being obtained for trait forgiveness. Results revealed themes of intimacy, patience, affirmation, self-control, reflection, and praying together on the moderating role of commitment, empathy, and communication. This calls for its magnification in both counseling practice and marriage and family therapy sessions as a sustainable antidote to marital contentment under relational stress, especially among Christian couples. Counseling practitioners should therefore emphasize the principle of forgiveness as the key to healing emotional wounds that are caused by offenses that manifest in the course of a marriage.

Effects of divorce in the church: a case study of selected CITAM churches in Kenya (CITAM Valley Road, CITAM Woodley, CITAM Ngong)

Purpose: The church is expected to contribute to the stable marriage and ensure that it has put measures in place that will reduce the rate of divorce as much as possible. The purpose of the paper is to determine the effects of divorce in the selected churches of CITAM in Kenya. The objectives is to establish whether divorce has any effect on the psychological wellbeing of children and spouses affected, some of the causes of divorce, and the role of CITAM in reducing divorce in the church.
 Methodology: The paper adopted qualitative research methods to obtain in-depth information on the situation. The study used a descriptive research design and the target population of the research was 100 church members who have undergone the divorce, from which the researcher was able to obtain a sample of 27 participants through the saturated sampling technique. The data was collected using interviews. The data was analyzed using QDA miner lite 2.0.7. The data was presented using tables and charts.
 Results: Some of the causes of divorce include infidelity, variation in expectations, communication breakdown, and lack of support system, finances, in-laws, abuse and wrong orientations to marriage. CITAM should enhance support to families and enhance premarital counselling. Divorce causes psychological problems to divorced spouses and children and also causes stigmatization.
 Recommendations: The church needs to diversify means in which its members are empowered on how to embrace God’s teaching much more than their tradition or culture. The church members are aware of the biblical teaching that discourages them from divorce and therefore the church needs to diversify means by which they live according to God’s word which is the pillar for every marriage. The church needs to improve its premarital counseling as this is the building block of marriage. The church should also intentionally have professional counselors who have experience in marital issues and who will not mislead those who come for help in the church. The church needs to develop programs that can support church members who find themselves in troubled marriages by coming up with counseling programs that identifies with the affected church members.

Eschatology and the Post-modern Pentecostal Church in Kenya

Purpose: This paper contends that even though the doctrine of eschatology is one of the core teachings of the Christian doctrine, the reality is that it has not always received due attention in the postmodern church. The relegation of this important doctrine to the background of church activity has therefore meant that eschatology has almost been forgotten in church circles. This research sought to establish the interaction of the church with eschatological teachings, beliefs and practices as understood by the pastors, elders/deacons, leaders, and members of Christ Is The Answer Ministries (CITAM).
 Methodology: The study used mixed methods research design. The target population was the pastors, elders/deacons, leaders, and members of CITAM in two selected assemblies in Nairobi. The assemblies were: CITAM Parklands and CITAM Valley Road. Data was collected from a sample of 68 respondents using stratified sampling technique by use of a questionnaire. The data was then analysed by use of descriptive statistical analysis. Data collected from open-ended sections of the questionnaire were discussed and presented in narrative form.
 Findings: It was found that the church has done some work as regards to teaching and discussing eschatology. However, the paper also finds that what the church has done to popularize eschatology amongst its members is insufficient and inefficient. More needs to be done in popularizing eschatological themes in church circles.
 Recommendations: It was recommended that the church should be intentional and committed to doing more in promoting interactions with the doctrine of eschatology. It was also recommended that further studies on the methodologies and ways of systematically inducting eschatology into the everyday church activities and teachings be undertaken.

Book Review: Hidden Valley Road: Inside the Mind of an American Family.

Book Review: Hidden Valley Road: Inside the Mind of an American Family.

HOW SELF-DISCLOSURE FACTORS AFFECT INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND CHURCH GROWTH: THE STUDY OF PASTORS AND CONGREGANTS OF CITAM VALLEY ROAD

Purpose: Interpersonal relationships form a basis for growth in any given social gathering. This entire project is an investigation on how self-disclosure affects interpersonal relationships as a tool for church growth, focusing on members of the congregation and their pastors in CITAM Valley Road. Self-disclosure, which is generally perceived to lead to broken relationships if not well governed within the spheres of a healthy relationship, is unavoidable in any interpersonal relationship. How then does self-disclosure in interpersonal relationships between a pastor and members of the congregation affect church growth?
 Methodology: The data was collected through guided face-to-face questionnaires and interviews where it is proved that self-disclosure affects interpersonal relationships which in turn affect church’s numerical growth. The researcher focused on qualitative research. The researcher carried out the research at CITAM Valley Road church. The researcher used purposive sampling. The sampling was done across all the departments to ensure the population was represented effectively. The basic or primary data was gathered using the survey questionnaires, given to the CITAM Valley road congregation members. The data collected through the survey questionnaires and interviews was analyzed qualitatively in line with this study's objectives. Data collected from the interviews was analyzed thematically and presented in the form of Brief discussions that were also made on the same while highlighting essential responses.
 Findings: The research found out that congregants to a greater extend attend the church only if they have a stronger and healthier interpersonal relationships with their pastors. Pastors also enjoy serving in congregations where they have developed healthy interpersonal relationships. These relationships are greatly affected by self-disclosure.
 Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy: Therefore, this study proposes intentional development and nurture of healthy interpersonal relationships through self-disclosure between pastors and congregants, as an effective tool for church growth, and especially to church planters and missionaries. The study recommends structures in the church to help congregants have healthy relationships with their pastors so that they are able to self-disclose without fear.

Noteworthy Collections: Virginia

Trillium nivale Riddell (TRILLIACEAE)— Rockingham County: Approximately 4.0 km N of Keezletown, off of Mountain Valley Road, at the end of Walnut Hill Drive on forested hillside; 38u26.6509N, 078u46.3179W; elevation ca. 526 m; 30 March 2008. Conley K. McMullen 891 (photo) (JMUH). Significance. This is the first collection of T. nivale (snow trillium) from Rockingham County, and the second report for Virginia. An earlier collection was made near Forks of Waters in Highland County by Charles E. Stevens on 17 April 1983 [Charles E. Stevens 18455 (VPI)]. The specific location listed by Stevens is ‘‘wooded, limestone bluff of South Branch Potomac River ca. 0.15 mi S of where West Virginia line crosses river.’’ Stevens lists the elevation as 2330 ft. Trillium nivale is also found in Pendleton County, West Virginia, which borders both Rockingham and Highland Counties. Although considered rare in West Virginia, it is also listed for the counties of Cabell, Grant, Preston, Randolph, and Tucker (Harmon et al. 2006). The Cabell County record was likely planted and has not been observed since the mid-1970s (Paul J. Harmon pers. comm.). Other states reporting T. nivale include Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wisconsin (Case 2002). This species is found primarily at the southern edge of Pleistocene glaciation, and tends to prefer areas devoid of humus, leaf litter, and other plants (Case 2002). *email address: mcmullck@jmu.edu Received May 8, 2008; Accepted July 18, 2008.

Timacum Minus in Moesia Superior—Centrality and Urbanism at a Roman Mining Settlement

When applying traditional criteria of Roman urbanism, several settlements in the province of Moesia are not recognised as parts of the urban network. To avoid this, previous criteria of urbanism should be revised. This paper suggests revisions, which provide a more inclusive definition of urbanism: Thus, instead of focusing on administrative status and monumentality as primary markers of urbanity and urbanization, development factors for agglomeration and centrality are emphasized as decisive conditions for, and characteristics of, urban settlement. To provide a case study for this theoretical outline, the upper-Moesian mining settlement of Timacum Minus is evaluated by ideas derived from a critical appreciation of Walter Christaller’s central place theory. Timacum Minus did not have official settlement status and monumental character, yet, it developed as a central place in the unique landscape of the Timok valley. This was due to its location as a central road station, military post, and settlement along the important interregional Timok valley road as well as the site hierarchy as the base of the centralized administration of the Timok valley mining district. Hence, Timacum Minus displays different levels of centrality. Interestingly, the site only held these properties during the Roman Principate, although its central location and mining activities also existed in pre-Roman and post-Roman times. This demonstrates the significance of centrality mechanisms as determined by local and regional circumstances and historical conditions. Accordingly, it is argued that these circumstances and the diverse character as a central place also turned Timacum Minus into an urban site, irrespective of status and monumentality. This definition of the site provides not only an example of how to use central place theory in current archaeological thought but also possibilities for re-thinking urbanism in Roman Moesia.

Crowdsourcing gets personal.

Personalized MedicineVol. 12, No. 5 EditorialCrowdsourcing gets personalSheryl Torr-BrownSheryl Torr-Brown*Author for correspondence: E-mail Address: spiral5@mac.com Spiral 5 Consulting LLC, 91 Spring Valley Road, Mystic, CT 06355, USASearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:3 Sep 2015https://doi.org/10.2217/pme.15.22AboutSectionsView ArticleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit View articleKeywords: crowdsourcingDTCgenomicspersonalized medicineReferences1 US FDA. Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations. www.fda.gov/iceci/enforcementactions/warningletters/2013/ucm376296.htm.Google Scholar2 US FDA. FDA permits marketing of first direct-to-consumer genetic carrier test for Bloom syndrome. www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/UCM435003.Google Scholar3 Eriksson N, Macpherson JM, Tung JY, Hon LS, Naughton B, Saxonov S et al. Web-based, participant-driven studies yield novel genetic associations for common traits. PLoS Genet. 6(6), e1000993 (2010).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4 23andMe Blog. Genetics And That Striped Dress. blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/genetics-and-that-striped-dress/.Google Scholar5 Do CB, Tung JY, Dorfman E et al. Web-based genome-wide association study identifies two novel loci and a substantial genetic component for Parkinson's disease. PLoS Genet. 7(6), e1002141 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar6 Greshake B, Bayer PE, Rausch H, Reda J. OpenSNP – a crowdsourced web resource for personal genomics. PLoS ONE 9(3), e89204 (2014).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar7 ClinGen. What is GenomeConnect? clinicalgenome.org/genomeconnect/for-participants/what-is-genomeconnect/.Google Scholar8 ClinGen website. http://clinicalgenome.org.Google Scholar9 Ewing AD, Houlahan KE, Hu Y. Combining tumor genome simulation with crowdsourcing to benchmark somatic single-nucleotide-variant detection. Nat. Methods 12(7), 623–630 (2015).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar10 Margoli AA, Bilal E, Huang E et al. Systematic analysis of challenge-driven improvements in molecular prognostic models for breast cancer. Sci. Transl. Med. 5, 181 (2013).Google Scholar11 Cancer Research UK. Play to Cure: Genes in Space. www.cancerresearchuk.org/support-us/play-to-cure-genes-in-space.Google Scholar12 Vayena E, Brownsword R, Edwards SJ et al. Research led by participants: a new social contract for a new kind of research. J. Med. Ethics doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-102663 (2015) (Epub ahead of print).Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 12, No. 5 Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics Downloaded 61 times History Published online 3 September 2015 Published in print September 2015 Information© Future Medicine LtdKeywordscrowdsourcingDTCgenomicspersonalized medicineFinancial & competing interests disclosureThe author has no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.PDF download

Carbon Footprint Research of Landscape Engineering Based on Life Cycle Analysis — Take the Unoccupied Space Landscape Engineering of Wuhan Optics Valley Road (Optics Valley Road One — Liufang Road Section) for Example

Carbon footprint calculation has important guiding significance to carbon emission reduction, especially the carbon footprint research of landscape engineering based on life cycle analysis fully reflects the whole condition of carbon emission in the construction process and effectively guide the whole process conducted with low-carbon. This essay preliminarily analyzes the condition of carbon footprint of life cycle in the construction project of landscape engineering, provides corresponding calculating boundary and calculating method for four stages--planning and design, construction, maintenance management and refurbishment and demolition, and proposes to pay attention to reduce hidden carbon footprint in the stage of planning and design and construction management. The explicit carbon footprint is supposed be reduced in the stage of construction and maintenance management through comprehensive coordination and reasonable material selection. Finally, try to estimate detailed carbon footprint by combining with the project case of unoccupied space landscape engineering of Wuhan Optics Valley Road, which aims at discussing calculating method and parameter of carbon footprint of specific landscape engineering, knowing the condition of carbon emission of each process and providing reference for relevant construction to reduce carbon footprint more effectively in future.

Manual for Reporting on Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance in the framework of Directive 2003/99/EC and on some other pathogenic microbiological agents for information derived from the year 2012

Manual for Reporting on Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance in the framework of Directive 2003/99/EC and on some other pathogenic microbiological agents for information derived from the year 2012

Debris-flow simulations on Cheekye River, British Columbia

Cheekye River fan is the best-studied fan complex in Canada. The desire to develop portions of the fan with urban housing triggered a series of studies to estimate debris-flow risk to future residents. A recent study (Jakob and Friele 2010) provided debris-flow frequency-volume and frequency-discharge data, spanning 20-year to 10,000-year return periods that form the basis for modeling of debris flows on Cheekye River. The numerical computer model FLO-2D was chosen as a modelling tool to predict likely flow paths and to estimate debris-flow intensities for a spectrum of debris-flow return periods. The model is calibrated with the so-called Garbage Dump debris flow that occurred some 900 years ago. Field evidence suggests that the Garbage Dump debris flow has a viscous flow phase that deposited a steep-sided debris plug high in organics in centre fan, which then deflected a low-viscosity afterflow that travelled to Squamish River with slowly diminishing flow depths. The realization of a two-phase flow led to a modelling approach in which the debris-flow hydrograph was split into a high viscosity and low viscosity phase that were modelled in chronologic sequence as two separate and independent modelling runs. A perfect simulation of the Garbage Dump debris flow with modelling is not possible because the exact topography at the time of the event is, to some degree, speculative. However, runout distance, debris deposition and deposit thickness are well known and serve as a good basis for calibration. Predictive analyses using the calibrated model parameters suggest that, under existing conditions, debris flows exceeding a 50-year return period are likely to avulse onto the southern fan sector, thereby damaging existing development and infrastructure. Debris flows of several thousand years return period would inundate large portions of the fan, sever Highway 99, CN Rail, and the Squamish Valley road and would impact existing housing development on the fan. These observations suggest a need for debris-flow mitigation for existing and future development alike.

The electrokinetic sonic amplitude effect in filtration membranes: Part I. Experimental

The term Electrokinetic Sonic Amplitude, or ESA refers to the generation of ultrasound by the application of MHz electric fields. ESA measurements are frequently used in colloid science to determine the zeta potential and particle size in concentrated sols, and commercial devices have been developed for this purpose (R.W. O’Brien, D.W. Cannon, W.N. Rowlands, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 173 (1995) 406). The aim of these two papers is to explore the possibility of using ESA measurements to determine membrane properties such as zeta potential and pore size. In this paper we describe a procedure for using the ZetaProbe11Manufactured by Colloidal Dynamics LLC, 5150 Palm Valley Road, Suite 303, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32082, USA, www.colloidal-dynamics.com. to measure the ESA of a filtration membrane, and we present measurements for some small-pore membranes. By using the theory for membrane ESA, which is presented in part II of this paper, we have been able to extract precise zeta potentials, but we could not get information about pore size. This is not a limitation of the ESA method but is a limitation due to our frequency range, for to get pore size distributions for these membranes from the ESA it is necessary to work at frequencies ω for which the ratio ωa2/ν is not small, where a is the pore radius and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the solvent; such frequencies lie above the range of our current device.