Valley Districts Of Manipur Research Articles

Economic Analysis of Black Rice Production in Manipur

The study was conducted on Manipur Organic Mission Agency (MOMA) assisted farmers in four valley districts of Manipur viz. Imphal East, Imphal West, Bishnupur and undivided Thoubal to determine the cost-benefit ratio of black rice production. The cost of cultivation was found to be 119315.98 in Imphal East, 138285.53 in Imphal West, 117816.90 in Bishnupur and 119895.60 in Thoubal districts per ha with a gross return of 164814.00, 225600.00, 164010.00 and 171600.00 respectively. The benefit-cost ratio was found to be more than one, revealing that the cultivation of black rice can be lucrative. Though the farmers were cultivating black rice on a marginal piece of land compared to regular rice, the results obtained a benefit ratio ranging from 1.81 to 3.82, suggesting that they can also go for large-scale cultivation of black rice with the commercial objective.

First report of Ceratorhiza oryzae-sativae, a fungus naturally causing aggregate sheath spot disease of rice in Manipur

Rice is cultivated and consumed worldwide being a cereal crop of chief importance. There are numerous soil-borne fungi causing diseases of huge economic losses to production of rice. A survey of soil-borne fungi of rice was conducted in different valley districts of Manipur, and symptoms appearing as lesions, water-soaked spots near the waterline which often coalesces, forming concentric lesion bands were spotted. Among the collected symptomatic samples, a fungus, Ceratorhiza oryzae - sativae was identified. An internal transcribed sequence of the isolated fungus was generated and an NCBI accession number, MH255604 acquired. This disease might become severe in near future in all rice-growing fields of the state, and identification of this pathogen shall be essential for developing the management strategies.

A Study Of Factors Affecting Rice Yield in The Valley Districts Of Manipur

A Study Of Factors Affecting Rice Yield in The Valley Districts Of Manipur

Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Signs and Symptoms Among the Meiteis of Manipur, India

The rate of prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) increases globally and the greatest rise over the years is observed in India. T2D is the most frequent type of diabetes, increasing susceptibility to different diseases. The present study tries to find out the overall prevalence and identify the sign and symptoms of diabetes among the Meiteis of Manipur. Fasting blood glucose level was randomly collected from 1026 participants (men: 517 and women: 509) using a glucometer from five valley districts of Manipur. An interview schedule consisting of personal information and data on signs and symptoms of diabetes was collected from the participant with prior informed consent. The present study shows that 34.40% has impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and the overall prevalence of T2D is 12.96%, indicating that one out of every ten Meitei individuals is affected by the disease. The prevalence of T2D is higher with an increase in chronological age. The presence of signs and symptoms of T2D was significantly higher among the diabetic patients than the normal individuals. Owing to a lack of awareness and knowledge, the incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes is higher than self-reported. Therefore, as a preventive measure, there is an urgent need for timely intervention through awareness and imparting knowledge about diabetes education among the people.

Nature and Volume of Timber Consumption in Sawmill Industries in Valley Districts of Manipur, India

Nature and Volume of Timber Consumption in Sawmill Industries in Valley Districts of Manipur, India

Microsatellite Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Farmer Selected Genotypes of Tree Bean (Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr) in Manipur

Microsatellite markers were used to analysed the genetic diveristy and structure of twenty six farmer-selected trees in the valley districts of Manipur, India. Three markers, which displayed high polymoprhic information content (88.9%) and allelic richness ranging between 14 and 16. The number of allele per locus (Na) in the pooled selected population was 5.33, number of private alleles was 0.66 and Shannon Diversity Index (I) was 1.12 Na= 3.67; number , indicating high diversity values. Population wise, highest values were obtained in Imphal West ( of private alleles = 1.33, I= 1.05 Na= 1.67; number of private alleles = 0, I= 0.24 Analysis of molecular variance ) and lowest in Chandel ( ). indicated among groups (12.5%). Structure analysis revealed that much of variability resided within selections (49.5%) and very less selections have originated from two genepools, but with no clear-cut inclination of any selection to either genepool. The results indicate that ample genetic variation existed in the twenty farmer-selected trees and informal selections by farmers do not display any genetic deficiencies. However there is a need for an extensive genetic survey comprising of natural and planted populations across the state to enable more meaningful comparisons.

Flood Mapping in Valley Districts of Manipur Using Satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images

Impacts from flood pose high risk to lives and properties of river plain inhabitants across the globe. Plains of Northeast India, including central valley in Manipur, often experience floods of variable intensities in different seasons of the year. Current flood mitigation measures of the region scarcely consider the dissimilarity in inundation patterns produced by floods of different seasons. Considering this, the current study examined the inundation pattern of pre-monsoon and monsoon floods in five valley districts of Manipur using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of Sentinel-1 satellite. SAR images of April (premonsoon) and July (monsoon), and a pre-flood image (March) of the year 2017 were employed for the analysis. The results indicate that the extent of inundation during monsoon flood (20222 ha) was about four times larger than the pre-monsoon flood (4297 ha). Imphal West and Thoubal districts witnessed largest area under inundation during pre-monsoon and monsoon flood respectively. And moving from premonsoon to monsoon, Kaching, Thoubal Imphal East, and Bisnupur experienced the largest percentage climb in inundation area while it only changed slightly in Imphal West. This suggest that spatial pattern of flooding exhibited significant variations among the districts between the floods. Therefore, to be more effective in future, flood management strategies need inputs from flood mapping studies performed using space-based SAR data.

Food Habit and Risk of Pre Diabetes and Type2 Diabetes among the Meiteis of Manipur, India

Background: The eating pattern and types of food consumption are associated with the risk of type 2diabetes. The present study aims at finding out the association between the types of food consumption andprevalence of type 2 diabetes among the Meiteis of Manipur, India.Methods: A total of randomly selected 1026 Meitei subjects which include both sexes (25 to 65 yrs.)from Five valley districts of Manipur were tested for fasting blood glucose levels using AccuCheck ActiveGlucometer. Each and individual was personally interviewed for dietary assessment.Result: Among the studied population, the most commonly consumed food items for breakfast is deep frypooris (20.66%), while 46.39% go for an early meal skipping their breakfast though no significant differenceis observed between breakfast eaters and non-eaters. Considering the meals, though consumption of mixedwhite rice was found higher (51.4%) than the consumption of Meitei indigenous white rice (48.6%), theprevalence of pre-diabetic 40.5% and diabetic 16.0% was found significantly higher among the Meiteiindigenous white rice eaters.Conclusion: There is an increased risk of pre-diabetic and diabetic. Therefore, it is recommended thatpeople should eat mixed white rice to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Job Satisfaction Of Teachers Of Elementary Schools In The Valley Districts Of Manipur Under Different Managements

Elementary education plays an important role in laying the proper foundation of child`s cultural, emotional, intellectual, moral, physical, social and spiritual development. In order to ensure that proper teaching learning process to take place, it is important that sufficient number of teachers are made available in the schools. Teachers’ role is central of all processes of education. A teacher is indispensable even in the most well equipped system of education. Teacher to be real manager of class room teaching learning process, must have skills, competence, inclinations and of course entire satisfaction with his job. Richard Wynn states that the following factors contribute to the satisfaction in a career. Intrinsic value of work; Security of life; The right to participate; Recognition and approval; Humane treatment and Self expression. The objective of the study is to find the satisfaction in different dimensions of job satisfaction (Satisfaction with working conditions; Satisfaction with job-content; Satisfaction with management attitude; Satisfaction with student receptivity; and Satisfaction with social predisposition) of teachers of elementary schools in the valley districts of Manipur under different managements viz. Aided, Government and Private maagement. The sample consisted of 600 teachers of elementary schools in the valley districts of Manipur: 268 teachers from 38 elementary schools, 122 teachers from 26 aided schools and 210 teachers from 32 private schools. Job satisfaction Questionnaire was constructed for the survey. The satisfaction with working conditions of the teachers on the areas viz. Intervals at the Right Time, Working Hours Convenient and Sanitation and Hygiene were dependent on the Type of Management. This means that there exists significant difference in these areas with respect to management. The satisfactions with Job content of elementary school teachers in the areas of Salary, Satisfied with Leave Facilities, Satisfied with Chances of Increasing Income and Co-worker praises were significant with respect to management. The satisfaction with management attitude in the areas viz. Job fully secured, Head takes interest in the welfare of the teachers, Chances of promotion and Promotion on the basis of seniority cum merit basis are dependent on the type of management. There exists significant difference in these areas with respect to management. The satisfaction with student receptivity in the areas viz. Students maintain discipline, Students’ attendance, Students understand their responsibilities and Students have friendly attitude were dependent on the Type of Management. There exists significant difference in these mentioned areas with respect to management. The satisfaction with social predisposition in the areas viz. Feels teaching is high social status job, Society respects as an elementary teacher and Feel proud to introduce as an elementary teacher are dependent on the type of Management. There exists significant difference in these areas with respect to management.

Working Conditions Of Teachers Of Elementary Schools In The Valley Districts Of Manipur

Working conditions of teachers include many tangible and intangible factors such as proper sanitary conditions, arrangements for good air and water, provision for adequate resting places, quite atmosphere, good climate, proper lighting, and cordial relations between the workers and the head with smooth liaison between the two. The State Education Commission, Manipur 1992 observed that “Lack of even the minimum essential facilities in schools particularly elementary schools, is a serious handicap in raising the quality of school education in the state. The State Education Commission, Manipur also reported that the teachers are sore about their low emoluments, poor conditions of service and lack of even essential physical infrastructure and proper teaching-learning environment in most of the schools. The matter calls for serious attention. The objective is to study the overall working conditions of elementary school teachers in the valley districts of Manipur. The investigator selected representative sample of 96 schools from different managements on the basis of stratified cluster sampling technique. Working conditions questionnaire were administered to 600 teachers. It was found 23% of the respondents reported that they do not have toilet facilities. It was reported that 42.17% teachers had insufficient numbers of teachers in their respective schools. Majority of the respondents (59%) reported that salaries were not paid in time. . Majority of the elementary teachers did not have computer knowledge (62.67%). It was also found that 32.5% did not teach their concern subject. In terms of using teaching aids (65.33%) and preparing lesson-plan(100%), the responses were high. 75.67% of teachers reported to have cordial relationship among the teachers. Only 37.33% of teachers have computer knowledge and 14.17% respondents used computer in teaching. In the age of technology the use of computer is a must. Majority of the elementary teachers did not have computer knowledge (62.67%).

CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF LOKTAK LAKE AND ITS IMPACTS ON LOCAL PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOOD

INTRODUCTION:Land use and land cover changes vary in accordance with relief, climatic conditions and other socio - economic requirements of individuals. Land resources fulfil the primary and secondary human needs, i.e., food, shelter, industries, recreation, communication and economic security (Stamp, 1960). Land use is a phenomenon which undergoes ever changing with the growing needs of human beings. These changes in land use patterns are more specific in the marginal and climatically severe regions. Rapid expansion of human populations in the recent decades coupled with widespread unscientific land use practices have resulted into decline in the land to man ratio and shifting from an extensive cultivation practices to intensive ones (Oinam et al., 2005); (Kuniyal, 1996); (Ramakrishnan et al., 2000); (Bilsborrow and Okoth-Ogendo,1992). Therefore, sustainable utilisation of land resources becomes utmost important to achieve sustainable development and food security of the ever increasing human population (Oinam et al., 2004-05).The current study attempts to assess the land use land cover changes taking place in the catchments of Loktak Lake as a result of impoundment for hydropower generation. Literature pertaining to studies in land use and land cover changes for the area is scanty, even though many studies were conducted by different scholars on other important aspects. For instance, WAPCOS (1993) conducted an extensive study on Loktak Lake, focusing on issues and challenges pertaining wetland degradation. The report emphasises the need of multidisciplinary approaches to counter the problems of siltation, flood, watershed degradation, weed infestations, etc. Presence ofphumdis (floating vegetative mats) is one of the natural features of Loktak Lake. In a series of studies conducted by the Loktak Development Authority (LDA, 1996); (LDA, 1999) in the lake, the urgent need for control and management of phumdis was highlighted. Singh and Moirangliema (2009a) had also studied on phumdi proliferation in Loktak Lake. Water quality status, water borne morbidities of the lake and its conservation measures were studied by other authors (Laishram and Dey, 2014); (Singh and Devi, 2006). Some other researchers also contributed their thought on watershed management and conservation of the Lake (Singh and Moirangleima, 2009b); (Shamungaou, 2007); (Singh and Moirangleima, 2009c); (Singh and Moirangleima, 2012). The results obtained in all these studies hinted that the ecosystem and environment in and around the Lake has been changing gradually due to anthropogenic activities.RESEARCH METHODS:Loktak Lake and the Study Sites:Loktak Lake (24o25' N to 24o42' N and 93o46' E to 93o55'E) is spread over five valley districts of Manipur. It is the second largest freshwater in India covering an area of about 286 km2 at the elevation of 768.5 m amsl. During the rainy season the Lake water swelled up to ~490 km2. The lake has direct catchment area of ~980 km2 and indirect catchment area of ~7,157 km2. About 34 streams, coming from the western hills and the Imphal River drains into the lake. Loktak in actuality comprises of 20 water bodies of different sizes. The landscape becomes quite distinct during the dry season but the water bodies merged and forms single water spread during the rainy months. The current study area comprises of three hillocks within the lake area viz., Thanga, Karang and Ithing (Fig. 1). The hillocks are situated around 50 km south (on road distance) from the capital city, Imphal. The villages in the hillocks truly represent lake settlement and are spread over 3.22 km2. Development of road network in the state has made inroads into some of the larger and populous hillocks like Thanga and Ithing half a century ago. The hillocks in Karang remain untouched by the expanding road network and still represent a typical island settlement. There are 2458, 299 and 297 households in Thanga, Ithing and Karang village (Census, 2011), inhabiting a total population of 14316, 1832 and 1859 individuals. …

Determination of Personality Dimensions as per Sex and Area of Residence of College Students of Manipur

-This paper attempts to find out the relationship between sex and area of residence with respect to the two dimensions of personality (neuroticism and extraversion) of the college students in Manipur. Data were collected from a sample of 534 Meitei students in the age group 18-24, studying in both general and professional government colleges in the four (4) valley districts of Manipur. Data were statistically analysed using Chisquare test and percentage. Results indicated that significant relationship has been found between sex and area of residence with respect to A(average) category of both neuroticism and extraversion dimensions, while sex and area of residence are independent with respect to D (deviated), and HD (highly deviated) categories of both neuroticism and extraversion dimensions.

Gastrointestinal parasitic infection in diverse species of domestic birds of Manipur, India

Domesticated birds (515) consisting of 185 broiler (Gallusgallusdomesticus), 130 layers (Gallus Sp), 75 free range local chicken (Gallusdomesticus), 40 house pigeon (Columbalivia), 70 ducks (Anasplatyrhynchos) and 15 turkeys (Melleagrisgallopavo) reared in valley districts of Manipur were investigated for intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections. Fresh faecal samples of these birds were examined microscopically by direct wet smear with 2.5% potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Of these 412 (80%) were found to be infected with different species of gastrointestinal parasites. The highest (90.8%) prevalence of these parasitic infections was found in broiler followed by layer (78.5%), duck (75.7%), house pigeon (75%), Turkey (66.7%) and free range local chicken (65.3%), etc. A total of 10 species of intestinal parasites were encountered. Among these, the protozoans Eimeria and Isospora were the most common (68.3%) followed by mixed infection of protozoan and Helminths.

Effects of agro-chemicals practices in economic production of cabbage in valley districts of Manipur, India

Present investigation was conducted in Thoubal district and Imphal East district of Manipur, India to assemble the information about the economics of cabbage production, checking the practices done by farmers while using agro-chemicals and identifying the problems encountered by the producers in cabbage production. NPK was the most popular inorganic fertilizer amongst farmers. As such 59 farms applied fertilizer twice and 26 farms applied more than twice before harvesting. Different irrigation practices were encountered where use of pipes was more popular (53 farms) relative to the use of bucket irrigation (32 farms). Hoeing or hand fork were the most efficient tools for weed management (66 farms) followed by hand picking (21 farms). Majority of the farmers (79 farms) applied insecticides to control insect pest and fungicides as the major means of diseases management (78 farms). Overall the average cost of cultivation was worked out to be Rs. 18007.18 farm-1 with the cost of large farms much higher than the small farms which is estimated as Rs. 26827.12 farm-1 and Rs. 12126.35 farm-1 respectively. The main problems faced by farmers were pest and diseases problems, insufficient irrigation, inadequate electricity for irrigation, infertility of soil, non-availability of fertilizers in time and suitable plant protection chemicals. The study concluded that cabbage farmer misused pesticides in terms of its types and quantity used in order to increase its production. In addition, consumers were exposed to high pesticide residue levels due to limited or no waiting period before cabbage heads were harvested.

Ethnomedicinal Utilization of Zingiberaceae in the Valley Districts of Manipur

Zingiberaceae is one of the largest families of the plant kingdom with 53 genera and over 1300 species. About 80 species are mainly distributed in Eastern Himalaya to Southern China, India and South- Eastern Asia, 22 genera and 178 species are recorded in India, 9 genera and 70 species in South India. Out of 19 genera and 88 species available in North East India, 42 species have been recorded from Manipur State. Out of which 24 species were recorded to have ethnomedicinal value in the valley districts of Manipur.

Dynamics of Birth Interval Components in Manipur

The birth interval is one of the major determinants of high fertility populations. Under cluster sampling scheme, a cross sectional as well as community based study of 1193 eligible women was carried out using a pre-tested and semi-structural interview schedule during May to November, 2012 in the four valley districts of Manipur, a border Indian State with Myanmar to investigate pattern of birth interval components. Cox’ regression model [h(t, Z) = ho(t) (Z)] explores infant mortality, lactation, use of contraceptive devices, son preference and religion are found significant (P<0.01) factors on the dynamics of birth interval components in the present censored data.

Determination of Nitrogen Fixing capacity of Bacteria Isolated from the Rhizosphere soil of Crotolaria pallida from the Valley Districts of Manipur, India

In the current study an attempt was made for separation of bacteria having nitrogen fixing potential from the rhizosphere of wild leguminous plant Crotolaria pallida. Single spot each from the four valley districts of Manipur viz. Imphal east, Imphal west, Bishnupur and Thoubal was selected for the collection of soil sample. A total of six (6) bacterial isolates were isolated using Burk's nitrogen free medium from the rhizosphere of the plant. Preliminary physiological tests and biochemical tests were being carried out for the isolates for assessment of their nature. Also, Nitrogenase activities of the isolates were also determined by performing the Acetylene Reduction Assay. Five bacterial isolates out of the six showed some nitrogenase activity even though the amounts shown were little.

A Study of Taste Sensitivity to P.T.C. among Zeliangrong: A Naga Tribe of Manipur

KEYWORDS Zeliangrong Tribe. Manipur. P.T.C. Tasting Ability. Polymorphism ABSTRACT To study the taste sensitivity of the Zeliangrong tribe of Manipur 947 individuals from different hills and valley districts of Manipur including 476 males and 471 females, were tested for PTC testing ability. The percentage of tasters and non-tasters were 84.47 and 15.52 respectively with frequency of T and t allele being 0.6060 and 0.3939, respectively. The results have been compared with other studies of the north-eastern populations of India.

Postpartum Amenorrhoea among Manipuri Women: A Survival Analysis

Among the three major components of a closed birth interval, waiting time to conception can somehow be managed with effective contraceptives while gestation is universally constant in its duration; the duration of postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) varies in complex nature. The present study aimed to investigate the proximate factors influencing the duration of PPA. A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in four valley districts of Manipur, India, during 1 August-31 December 2009, to analyze the differentials and determinants of duration of PPA, applying the survival analysis technique. In total, 1,225 ever-married women were selected through two-stage cluster sampling. The median duration of PPA was 5.7 months. Among the 11 explanatory variables of interest, only three variables--place of residence (p<0.05), infant mortality from preceding pregnancy (p<0.01), and duration of breastfeeding (p<0.01)--had a significant effect on the duration of PPA. The findings may be used as baseline information for future researchers and maternal health policy-makers.

Fertility Transition through Four Generations and Determinants of Third Birth in Manipur

A cross sectional as well as community based study was conducted taking 1296 currently married women through cluster sampling scheme in the rural areas of four valley districts of Manipur. The fertility of generation-4 that is 3.59 is transited from the generation-1 (4.78), generation-2 (4.83), and generation-3 (5.69). Utilizing multiple and logistic regression models, the determinants of completed fertility of the last generation-4 are detected to be age at marriage (P<0.01), son preference (P<0.05), contraceptives uses (P<0.05), Islam religion (P<0.01), educational level (P<0.01). The findings may be a baseline information in community fertility indices.