Valle Del Cauca Research Articles

Organizational characterization of craftsmanship in northern of Valle del Cauca

Young creators, designers, and master artisans are reinventing craftsmanship with their freshness and daring and turning it into a laboratory for sensory, emotional, and symbolic experiences. This paper will present artisans’ organizational status in the development of such a profession or craft in the municipalities that are part of the northern region of Valle del Cauca (Colombia). For this purpose, we resorted to documentary analysis and inquiries with stakeholders to characterize the region socially and demographically, for its geographical location, and identifying comparative and competitive advantages in the territory, according to the productive vocation of the municipalities and their relationship with crafts production. Likewise, the research analyzes artisans’ capabilities as a dynamizing sector for social, economic, and organizational processes. This study is a preliminary approach because its results are inconclusive, thus allowing other researchers to develop into the importance of the artisanal sector for the socio-economic development of the northern region of Valle del Cauca. The strategic approaches outlined in this paper are those consolidated with the stakeholders, who have enabled the craft sector’s strengthening through innovative proposals regarding the management of their workshops and business units.

We are what we do - The added value of exports from Colombia and Valle del Cauca 2016

This paper presents the calculation of added value for exports from Colombia and Valle del Cauca in 2016 through the use of input output matrixes. It finds that the added value of Colombian exports, measured as a percentage of total value of exports was 86.5%. For Valle del Cauca, this indicator was 60.9% reflecting a greater industrial and agro-industrial vocation that demands more inputs, both domestic and imported. The productive sector whose exports contributed the most added value to the economy of Valle del Cauca was food products. Among the main challenges, in terms of public policy and business development that stem from this study, are the consolidation of more integrated regional economies and the attracting of foreign direct investment in sectors that stimulate the production of intermediate goods.

Evaluation of alternatives to optimize the flood management in the department of Valle del Cauca

In order to optimize the flood management in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, several measures that intend to give back space to the Cauca River were proposed and evaluated. The considered measures were the relocation of dykes, the construction of double dykes, the construction of reservoirs in tributary rivers, the implementation of polders and the construction of parallel channels to the Cauca River. The impact of the proposed measures was determined through mathematical modeling. The selection of the measures that would generate the greatest benefits was done through the evaluation of technical, environmental, economic and social aspects. According to the obtained results, the scenario that simultaneously considers the relocation of dykes to 60 m from the Cauca River, the construction of reservoirs in the rivers Timba, Riofrio and Bugalagrande and the construction of five polders in the floodplain would allow the most proper management of the floods.

No land for food: prevalence of food insecurity in ethnic communities enclosed by sugarcane monocrop in Colombia.

To evaluate how the food systems in areas close to sugarcane monocrops influence the prevalence of food insecurity (FI) among three ethnic communities in the upper Cauca River basin of Colombia. We developed a mixed methodology study at three rural zones located in the departments of Cauca and Valle del Cauca, Colombia, using a household survey to establish the level of FI, and semi-structured interviews with key community actors. These three ethnic communities have a high prevalence of FI (> 70%) that was found to be associated with economic income, social security, gender, the presence of minors in the home, refrigerator in operation and ownership of the land. Loss of food sovereignty was associated with the sale and rental of land. The sugarcane monocrop has contributed to environmental crises, spatial confinement and sociocultural disruption in ethnic territories; by renting, selling or leasing their land to the industrial production of sugarcane, traditional practices of food production and self-consumption have been profoundly transformed. Ethnic cultures are endangered, while food security and sovereignty of indigenous and black communities have been negatively affected.

Dengue and COVID‐19, overlapping epidemics? An analysis from Colombia

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has rapidly spread throughout Latin America, a region swept by multiple previous and ongoing epidemics. There are significant concerns that the arrival of COVID‐19 is currently overlapping with other viruses, particularly dengue, in various endo‐epidemic regions across South America. In this report, we analyzed trends for both viral infections in Colombia during the first 20 epidemiological weeks (EWs) of 2020. From 1st January to 16th May 2020 (EWs, 1‐20), a total of 52 679 cases of dengue and 14 943 cases of COVID‐19 have been confirmed in Colombia. As both conditions may potentially lead to fatal outcomes, especially in patients with chronic co‐morbidities, overlapping infections, and co‐occurrence may increase the number of patients requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. In regions, such as Valle del Cauca, intensified preparation for such scenarios should be pondered, and further studies should be performed to address this critical issue in a timely matter.

Aplicación de modelos lineales mixtos para estudiar la producción de leche en vacas de la raza Lucerna

A Colombia se le considera como un país muy diverso y con múltiples opciones productivas a nivel ganadero. La raza colombiana Lucerna se caracteriza por presentar buenos desempeños productivos y reproductivos en el trópico bajo de Colombia, debido a su buena rusticidad. Existen pocos estudios que permitan identificar las ventajas productivas que se pueden obtener, al utilizar este tipo de animales. El estudio de la producción de leche por día es una herramienta importante para evaluar la eficiencia de un hato lechero; esta variable es afectada por factores genéticos y no genéticos. Entre tanto, la evaluación de Condición Corporal (CC) por ejemplo, ha sido propuesta como herramienta en el manejo nutricional, reproductivo y de salud en hatos bovinos, por ser un buen indicador del estado nutricional de la vaca y por ende, del nivel de desempeño que pueden tener las hembras para producir leche durante la lactancia. En la presente investigación se utilizaron los registros productivos de 197 bovinos colombianos sintéticos de la laza Lucerna y sus cruces, procedentes de una empresa agropecuaria ubicada en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. La variable producción de leche por día fue modelada en función del componente racial, la edad de la vaca al momento del parto y la condición corporal. Para la construcción de los modelos fue utilizada una estrategia incremental, iniciando con un modelo lineal clásico con efectos fijos, agregando posteriormente efectos aleatorios y terminando con la modelación de la varianza y las correlaciones entre las observaciones para cada animal. Para identificar el modelo con el mejor ajuste, se utilizaron la prueba de razón de verosimilitud y el criterio de información de Akaike. El modelo que mejor se ajustó para explicar la producción de leche por día fue el que incluyó la variable condición corporal, la edad de la vaca al momento del parto y un término cuadrático de la edad. El modelo estimado acompañó bien la evolución de la producción de leche por día a lo largo de las lactancias, adicionalmente, el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre el valor real y el valor estimado fue de 0.792. Los supuestos del modelo se cumplieron satisfactoriamente. Las mayores producciones de leche fueron observadas para vacas con condición corporal alta y edades al parto entre los 100 y 150 meses

Characterization of comprehensive drought events associated with the ENSO warm phase through satellite images in the Valle del Cauca Colombia

The Synthesized Drought Index in the Valle del Cauca was evaluated, applying Principal Component Analysis to satellite images that described: Land Surface Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Precipitation. The magnitude of drought represented by this index was identified in the first component and validated with the Quarterly Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI – 3), obtained from 78 weather stations, which achieved correlations of between 0.55 and 0.71 during warm ENSO events. Comprehensive drought in the department was characterized by exhibiting areas of non-drought in the southwest, in the center-south a transition phase from wet to extremely dry, the Inter-Andean Valley showed sectors of severe drought, and to the east, extremely dry areas. Additionally, in a pilot municipality in the driest area of the department, a susceptibility model was implemented to detect areas affected by drought, applying the Analytical Hierarchical Process.

Two New Species of Lepanthes (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) from the Anchicayá River Valley in Colombia

Two new species of Lepanthes from the Anchicaya River Valley in the department of Valle del Cauca in Colombia, in the Pacific lowlands of the Choco biogeographic region, are described and illustrated. Both species are discussed and compared with their closest relatives, and information about their distribution, conservation, habitat, and ecological characteristics is provided.

Spatiotemporal evaluation of the human footprint in Colombia: Four decades of anthropic impact in highly biodiverse ecosystems

Abstract The maintenance of biodiversity and the capacity of natural systems to provide goods and services for people is affected on different levels by the intensity of human activities on ecosystems. In this study, we apply a Legacy-adjusted Human Footprint Index (LHFI) to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation of anthropic impact in Colombia in 1970, 1990, 2000 and 2015. We identified hotspots of change in LHFI and we evaluated the intensity of anthropic pressures in natural regions and ecosystems. We found that LHFI in Colombia increased between 1970 and 2015. The Andean and Caribbean regions presented the highest levels of anthropic impact, remaining stable over time. Hotspots of change were mainly located in the following regions: Andean (Antioquia, Cauca and Valle del Cauca states), Amazon (Amazonas, parts of Meta, Guaviare and Putumayo states) and Orinoco (Casanare and parts of Meta and Vichada states). In addition, ecosystems that under the IUCN ecosystem risk categories are Critically Endangered (CR) and Vulnerable (VU) were the most affected by a high level of human impact. Spatiotemporal evaluation of the human footprint in Colombia provides new insights about trends in human pressures on ecosystems and constitutes an analytical tool with high potential for harmonizing land use planning and biodiversity conservation.

“Escrúpulos religiosos extremos” y delirio místico - religioso: entre la devoción cristiana y la psicopatología en Colombia, 1920-1960

Objetivo: comprender la semiología del delirio místico-religioso y la incidencia del contenido sociocultural en la confi­guración de los síntomas en la psicopatología moderna en Colombia, 1920-1960. Metodología: investigación histórico-hermenéu­tica, mediante análisis de una serie de historias clínicas del antiguo Manicomio Departamental de Antioquia y del Asilo Psiquiátri­co San Isidro del Valle del Cauca. Resultados: entre las psicopatologías más recurrentes en las que se manifestaron los delirios se encuentra el grupo de las manías, principalmente la intermitente, psicosis maniaco-depresiva y melancolía; seguido por la esqui­zofrenia paranoide, y también fue frecuente en la psicosis puerperal o posparto; asimismo, se presentó en la parálisis general progresiva (neurosífilis) y en el síndrome cerebral agudo o estado de confusión agudo, nosografía moderna dada al delirio. Según las historias clínicas, la exaltación de ideas religiosas confluye en un delirio polimorfo. Los síntomas más recurrentes fueron las alucinaciones visuales y auditivas, logorrea o locuacidad, insomnio, negativismo alimentario acompañado de miedo a ser envene­nado, excitación psicomotora o hiperquinética, accesos de furia controlados con camisa de fuerza y otros medios de contención, intento de suicidio y tendencia a la fuga de la casa, por lo tanto, se consideraba de peligrosidad para sí mismos y para los demás.

Colección de Mamíferos Corporación Universitaria Santa Rosa de Cabal (CUS-M)

La colección de mamíferos de la Corporación Universitaria Santa Rosa de Cabal (CUS-M) está ubicada Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda. Alberga 503 especímenes pertenecientes a 10 órdenes, 27 familias, 75 géneros y 99 especies que corresponden al 78 % de las especies registradas para el departamento de Risaralda y al 19 % de las especies registradas para Colombia. De los especímenes que preserva la colección el 81 % corresponde a pieles y esqueletos en seco, 13 % en líquido y 6 % huellas en yeso. Adicional a esto, se cuenta con una colección de referencia de semillas de la dieta de mamíferos frugívoros. Los especímenes provienen de los departamentos de Risaralda (467), Caldas (5), Cundinamarca (3) y Valle del Cauca (2), de alrededor de 100 localidades distribuidas en 14 municipios

Sustainability of agroecosystems in a Rural Reserve Area of Pradera, Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Abstract In the San Isidro district of the municipality of Pradera, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, communities have organized themselves to care for, cultivate, protect and defend life through the establishment of a Rural Reserve Area (RRA) that promotes agroecological practices based on peasant lifestyles, that is, in ways of inhabiting the world, which allow us to cultivate and affirm life. An assessment of the sustainability of these practices is required, however, the MESMIS type methods -Framework for the Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Systems incorporating Sustainability Indicators-, although they provide short-, medium- and long-term information for decision-making by the farmer, they have failed to identify the indicators that have the greatest weight in each assessed attribute. This research allows to identify the indicators with the greatest weight in each attribute, that is, the most relevant ones when structuring a management proposal that allows the sustainability of the agroecosystems. The objective was to evaluate the sustainability of the agroecosystems in the Rural Reserve Area (RRA) of Pradera, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Methodologically, a semi-structured survey and 26 indicators, which were built with farmers using Participatory Action Research techniques, were considered. The units of study included 14 agroecosystems. Statistically, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and cluster analysis were used. The results revealed that the agroecosystems of the RRA of Pradera, Valle del Cauca, presented significant differences for the attributes evaluated, namely productivity, stability, resilience and reliability, adaptability, equity and self-management; it was also found that the cluster analysis collected 62.82% of the observed variability in the three main dimensions. It was concluded that there are three types of agroecosystems, namely sustainable, in transition, and not sustainable.

The conditions for women's autonomy: Statistical data for Valle del Cauca.

In this article, we describe the data set on theconditions for women's autonomy in the municipalities of Cali, Buenaventura, Yumbo, and Jamundí (Colombia). The database was developed by the Observatoriopara la Equidad de las Mujeres (OEM), an entity resulting from an alliancebetween Universidad Icesi and Fundación WWB Colombia. The OEM's purpose is toconstruct measurements that make it possible to account for women's autonomy,based on three main dimensions: physical autonomy (associated with aspects ofpersonal and family life), economic and financial autonomy (the type of work,income, decision-making with respect to these aspects, entrepreneurship orbusiness units, among others), and leadership and public participation(electoral practices, type of participation, relation to institutions, etc.),while fundamentally, considering women's capacity to make decisions onthese aspects, based on both theirperception and their actions. As well as helping to overcome the limitations ofexisting information, this primary data collection is aimed at generatingvalid, reliable and high-quality inputs to formulate local and national publicpolicies to improve the living conditions of women in Colombia's Pacificregion. The survey, designed and applied by the OEM, was first implemented inOctober and November 2018 through multi-stage probability sampling. The samplesize was 1,507 women in the four mentioned municipalities.

A new Stelis (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) from the Western Andes of Colombia

Stelis excentrica, a new species endemic to the Cauca slope of the western Andes, municipality of Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, is described and illustrated. It was found in the northern part of the Farallones de Cali National Park, in the vicinity of the protected area “El Danubio” administered by the Cali mayoralty. Stelis excentrica is similar to Stelis gigantissima from Ecuador but differs in the ocher-green flowers (vs. dark purple), the reniform petals (vs. flabellate petals), subquadrate lip with a minute apicule (vs. subcuneate without apicule). Reaching up to 30.6 mm from the apex of the dorsal sepal to the apex of the lateral sepal, Stelis excentrica probably has the largest flowers reported in any member of Stelis subgen. Stelis. Its 60 cm long inflorescence is only rivaled by that of Stelis gigantissima. Ecological notes, in situ photographs, typus illustration, maps, and a composite plate are provided.
 Key Words: biggest flower, Farallones de Cali, Stelis gigantissima, taxonomy

Estimating the burden of arboviral diseases in Colombia between 2013 and 2016

ObjectiveDuring the 2013–2016 period, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika affected more than 1 million people in Colombia. These arboviruses and their chronic manifestations pose a public health challenge. Therefore, we estimated the burden of disease by Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika in Colombia between 2013 and 2016. MethodsAn exploratory ecological study was carried out using the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as a unit of measure. The mortality databases of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) and the morbidity databases of the National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA) were used. Deaths and cases for each arbovirus were grouped and then adjusted to control biases. Subsequently, we performed a sensitivity analysis. ResultsIn the 2013–2016 period, 491,629.2 DALYs were lost due to arboviruses in Colombia. By disease, 26.6% of the total DALYs were caused by Dengue, 71.3% by Chikungunya, and the remaining 2.2%, by Zika. The majority of DALYs (68.2%) were caused by chronic complications. Five out of 32 departments (Valle del Cauca, Tolima, Norte de Santander, Huila, and Bolívar) contributed 50.5% of total DALYs. ConclusionThe burden of disease by arboviruses in the 2013–2016 period exceeded the burden of other infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in Colombia. Public health efforts must be made to mitigate new epidemics of these arboviruses.

Detection and molecular characterization of the cucumber mosaic virus in chili pepper (Capsicum spp. L.) crops

The chili pepper (Capsicum spp. L.) is a vegetable of economic importance that has been affected worldwide by the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a pathogen that causes a devastating disease in this crop. The aim of this research was the detection and characterization of CMV in chili pepper crops in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Leaves of three chili pepper varieties (tabasco, cayenne and habanero) with viral symptoms were collected in four municipalities of Valle del Cauca. Total RNA was purified and a fragment of capsid protein (CP) from CMV was amplified by RT‑PCR. Then, it was sequenced and bioinformatically analyzed, and from these sequences, specific primers were designed. From 71 chili pepper samples collected in Palmira, Yumbo, Vijes and Yotoco, 37 were positive for CMV (52.1%). The CMV chili pepper sequence analysis showed that they had their highest identity (98.5%) with a CMV isolated from bananas in Ecuador. Specific primers designed for CMV chili pepper showed greater sensitivity for detecting this virus (64.7% vs. 52.1%). The CMV chili pepper CP analysis indicated that it could be transmitted by the species Aphis gossypii. This r the first time, the molecular characterization of CMV in three chili pepper varieties.

“Mal de cintura” disorder characterization of pineapple MD2 in agroclimatic conditions of flat area of Valle del Cauca, Colombia

In some localities in Colombia a physiological disorder called "Mal de cintura", is present in MD2 pineapple productive farms. It is a deformation of the fruit due to the incomplete development of contiguous flowers that produces a physical damage (external appearance); generating fruit rejection in the market. Factors that trigger this problem are unknown. This research was carried out on two farms in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, soil moisture and ambient temperature conditions were evaluated on the expression of the physiological disorder. In farm 1, vegetative and productive phases of the crop were evaluated. The results indicate that the plants were not in water deficit before, during or after flowering, ruling out this factor on the expression of the physiological disorder. During flowering, maximum temperatures reached 35°C and minimum temperatures 18°C were recorded, giving an alert on this variable due to the presence of the physiological disorder of 96% of the crop. In farm 2, a more detailed monitoring of the temperatures was carried out during the inflorescence development. In this period, maximum temperature inside crop was 58,5°C and the minimum was 15,5°C, symptoms of deformation were present in 78% of the crop. Results were inconclusive about temperature influence on fruit deformation. A chemical analysis of inflorescences tissue with and without expression of the physiological disorder was performed to validate the influence of a nutritional problem. Results indicated that damaged inflorescences had higher copper, zinc and manganese contents than healthy inflorescences.

LA REFLEXIÓN, PARTE FUNDAMENTAL EN LA MEDIACIÓN DIDÁCTICA PARA LA ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS: UN CASO ESPECÍFICO DEL CONCEPTO MATERIA

Con el propósito de favorecer procesos de enseñanza acorde con las necesidades de los estudiantes, de manera que se promuevan aprendizajes útiles para la vida, la mediación didáctica propone el rol del docente como mediador de los aprendizajes, de manera que se favorezca no solo la construcción de saberes científicos sino también un desarrollo emocional de la persona (Parada-Trujillo & Avendaño, 2013). Así mismo, se reconocen los planteamientos de Tébar (2009) quien establece que no se trata de que el docente pase de un modelo de enseñanza tradicional a uno de enseñanza constructivista, sino se trata más bien del reconocimiento de las características del propio modelo tradicional y de las que configuran el enfoque de mediación didáctica, de modo que el docente pueda diferenciarlos, y configurar sus estrategias de enseñanza como consecuencia de un proceso de reflexión de su propia práctica. A partir de lo anterior la pregunta que orienta la presente investigación es: ¿Cómo los procesos reflexivos fundamentados en la mediación didáctica favorecen los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje del concepto de materia a partir de la implementación de una secuencia didáctica a estudiantes de grado 10º? Para solucionar lo anterior se contó con una población de dos docentes de química en ejercicio y un grupo de 30 estudiantes para cada docente con edades entre los 15 y 17 años del grado 10°. Dichos estudiantes pertenecen a un establecimiento educativo de Cali - Valle del Cauca del sector oficial. La investigación presenta un estudio cualitativo. La recolección de los datos se realizó a partir de diversos instrumentos como: cuestionario de indagación acerca de las concepciones teórico-prácticas sobre la enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación de las ciencias, observación del desarrollo de clases a partir de registros fílmicos, rejilla de análisis de clase, entrevista semiestructurada, pretest y postest conceptual (el cual se implementó al final del proceso de aplicación de la secuencia didáctica).Las conclusiones obtenidas reafirman la importancia de generar espacios reflexivos durante la práctica docente de manera que éste sea consciente de los aciertos y desaciertos desarrollados durante su proceso de enseñanza, generando estrategias pedagógicas que favorezcan en los estudiantes un aprendizaje autónomo. Resulta de suma importancia la experiencia a la que se enfrentan los docentes durante su proceso de formación, debido a que a partir de la investigación se encontró que el docente perteneciente a la muestra control presenta 28 años de experiencia mientras que la docente perteneciente a la muestra experimental presenta 2 años de experiencia y la cual obtuvo mejores resultados. De ahí, la importancia de la experiencia, en la medida en que sea concebida desde un enfoque reflexivo que posibilite la reconstrucción de su quehacer pedagógico y la generación de estrategias de enseñanza en el aula de clase en busca de generar diversos caminos de aprendizaje. De esta forma la experiencia desde un ámbito reflexivo se convierte en posibles caminos o estrategias a seguir que se establecerán en el sistema cognitivo del docente y el cual podrá emplear en el aula de clase.

Caracterización de escoria de cobre secundaria y evaluación de su actividad puzolánica

This study focuses on the characterization of a secondary copper slag (ECS) generated by a company located in the Valle del Cauca region, Colombia, for possible use as an addition to the cement production process. A particle size distribution (DTP), chemical characterization (FRX), mineralogical characterization (DRX) analysis is performed, and finally, the pozzolanic activity of fine secondary copper slag (ECF) is evaluated using the method set out in ASTM C 311 using the Resistance Activity Index (IAR). ECF was found to meet the chemical conditions to be classified as pozzolanic and resistance conditions according to ASTM C618 and ASTM C311 standards respectively, with an IAR of 67.37 % to 7 days and 78.56 % to 28 days. It was also found that the main mineralogical components of are leucite and pyroxene, and that the vitreous phase percentage of the slag is 45.8 %, with these results making it possible to use this waste in cementing materials manufacturing processes.

GRANADO (Punica granatum L.), UN CULTIVO CON POTENCIAL PRODUCTIVO: REVISIÓN Y SITUACIÓN EN COLOMBIA

<p><strong>Background.</strong> The worldwide market and consumption of pomegranate fruit (<em>Punica granatum</em> L.) has grown considerably, due to its nutraceutical properties, with a high antioxidant content, generating favorable effects for human health. In Colombia some semi-commercial crops are reported in the departments of Boyacá, Huila and Valle del Cauca. However, it is unknown about its productive behavior, management practices, physiology, development of the phenological stages and pomological characteristics of fruits of native genotypes. <strong>Objective.</strong> Conduct a review of the aspects related to the crop of pomegranate, analyze possible limitations for its production in Colombia and present information on the pomological characteristics of pomegranate plants grown in home gardens in two regions of Colombia. <strong>Methodology.</strong> Information was collected from documentary sources related to recommendations applicable to pomegranate cultivation in Colombia. A pomological characterization of fruits of native genotypes from two different agro-ecological zones of the national territory was made. <strong>Results.</strong> Native genotypes have similar pomological characteristics, but differ considerably from commercial genotypes, the latter being superior in accordance with market requirements for export. <strong>Implications.</strong> The low technical knowledge on the part of the farmers allows that there are deficiencies in the management of limitations of this crop. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> The recommendations set forth, complemented with pomological characterization, generate knowledge that can be implemented by producers in Colombia. More research is required if the crop is to be projected as a promising economic alternative to the region.</p>