Validation Of Score Research Articles

Intelligent Helicopter Turbine Engine Fault Diagnosis Using Multi-Head Attention

A turbine engine provides power to the helicopter, enabling the helicopter to travel and hover in the air. Since the rotorcraft operates at high altitudes, ensuring safety and maintaining a healthy operational status are crucial at all times. Therefore, a prognostics and health management (PHM) system for the turbine engine must be implemented to predict any anomalies or faults to prevent catastrophic accidents. This research proposes a novel fault diagnosis method for helicopter turbine engines based on operational data acquired from actual aircraft. First, the proposed method predicts engine torque using other operational data while accounting for uncertainty. A Bayesian regression approach is employed to predict the engine torque. The torque margin, defined as the difference between the actual torque and the estimated torque, is then used to diagnose engine faults. Specifically, a multi-head attention mechanism is incorporated to capture interactions between various engine parameters. Additionally, domain adaptation techniques are applied to enhance the model's generalization performance, ensuring robustness across diverse operating conditions. The proposed method is validated using seven different datasets, each acquired from a helicopter engine. Four datasets were used for training, while the remaining three were allocated for testing and validation. The results indicated that the proposed method accurately predicted torque. Furthermore, the fault diagnosis showed promising results, leading to a 3rd-place finish in the 2024 PHM Society Data Challenge in terms of validation score.

Design Science Approach Comparing Ensemble Learning and Artificial Neural Networks for Uncertainty-Aware Helicopter Turbine Engines Health Monitoring

This work presents the development of an uncertainty-aware health monitoring system for helicopter turbine engines, focusing on improving operational availability and reducing maintenance costs. We address the critical issue of uncertainty quantification in data-driven fault detection and prognostics, essential for increasing system reliability. The project follows an iterative development cycle, incorporating multiple techniques for data processing, such as polynomial feature generation and data cleansing, and model development, including ensemble learning and artificial neural networks. Evaluation is performed using K-fold and group-fold cross-validation. The final solution consists of a cascaded ensemble learning model combining bagged linear regression built on polynomial features and random forest. This model demonstrates robust performance, achieving a test score of 0.955719 and a validation score of 0.886953, showcasing the effectiveness of uncertainty-aware machine learning methods in health monitoring systems.

Development and preliminary evaluation of a food literacy measure for use with young people in Canada

This paper presents the culmination of a multi-year research project aimed at creating a comprehensive food literacy framework and corresponding measure. Specifically, this paper documents the development and validation of a food literacy measure for young people facing social inequities. This study aimed to: 1) identify items to measure 12 attributes of food literacy 2) test the measure with the identified target groups, considering attribute, face, and content validity, inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability; and 3) refine the measure. The study's design consisted of a five-phase approach, which included drafting the food literacy measure, expert review, cognitive interviews, pilot testing, and validity and reliability testing. Seven international experts provided feedback on the measure and 25 individuals aged 16-25 years old participated in cognitive interviews. Two-hundred and fifty-five (255) young people completed the test survey and 147 completed a retest survey two weeks later. These surveys identified food literacy factors. To further evaluate the validity of these factors. 193 participants completed a confirmatory test, which was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the final model's fit. Interview participants were recruited from local programs and services from across Ontario, Canada, while survey participants were recruited from across Canada via social media. The research study was conducted between January 2018 and December 2019. The main outcome measures were validity and reliability scores for a food literacy measurement tool, which consisted of 50 questions across 10 attributes of food literacy. Interview analyses were guided by the four stages of cognitive processing. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify the factors that improved the Cronbach alpha of the food literacy measure. Test-retest reliability was assessed using percent agreement, Cohen Kappa, and weighted Kappa. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to produce an acceptable final model with an RMSEA estimate. The final food literacy measure consisted of 50 questions addressing 10 food literacy attributes. EFA showed an improvement in Cronbach alpha when compared to the initial attribute construction. Test-retest reliability showed percent agreement ranging from 64% to 97%, with most items having fair (0.21-0.40) to moderate (0.41-0.60) Kappa values. CFA produced an acceptable final model with an RMSEA estimate of 0.0437. The food literacy measure is a comprehensive tool for assessing food literacy among young people. Additional research is needed to explore the measure's modularity, its use as an evaluation tool, and its suitability for use with diverse samples, including individuals from varied gender, geographic locations, ethnicities and cultural backgrounds.

E-modul IPS Kekayaan Budaya Indonesia Berbasis Karakter Toleransi dan Cinta Tanah Air Untuk Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar

This research is motivated by the limitations of teachers in utilizing technology to develop engaging and effective teaching materials, which impacts students' motivation and understanding of learning. The study aims to produce a valid, practical, and effective character-based IPS e-module. The research employs the ADDIE model, which includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. Data collection involved validation instruments from material, language, and media experts, as well as practicality questionnaires for teachers, student response questionnaires, and pretest and posttest questions. Data analysis utilized both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Subjects included teachers and 20 fourth-grade students from a public elementary school in Malang Regency. Results showed validation scores of 92.3% from material experts, 95% from language experts, and 97.5% from media experts, all categorized as very valid. Teacher practicality was rated at 98%, and student responses at 92.5%, both deemed very practical. Effectiveness, measured by the n-gain test, scored 78.06, indicating effectiveness. These results indicate that the character-based IPS e-module provides engaging material, making it easier for students to understand the content, increasing motivation and learning outcomes, and fostering student character development. The e-module makes learning interactive, with students feeling enthusiastic and actively engaged. The character-based IPS e-module can be used as an innovative learning media by integrating character values, making learning more meaningful.

Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran pada Materi Sistem Ekskresi Manusia Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas VIII SMP

This research aims to develop multimedia learning that can help students to understand the process of the human excretory system and can facilitate students to learn independently. This type of research is research and development (R&D) with a 4-D development model. The results of the study obtained that the average validity score by material experts was 4.85 with the category of "very valid"." The average validity score from validator 1 is 4.88, also categorized as "very valid," while the average score from validator 2 is 4.79, categorized as "very valid." Subsequently, a practicality test was conducted with 20 students, resulting in a score of 4.62, categorized as "very practical." Based on the practicality test results, it is concluded that the learning multimedia on the topic of the human excretory system for eighth-grade science subjects can be used in the teaching and learning process.

Development of a welfare assessment tool for tourist camp elephants in Asia.

Approximately one-third of Asian elephants are managed under human care, participating in educational, cultural, religious, and tourist activities. Management conditions vary considerably among venues, raising questions about whether welfare needs are consistently being met, particularly for Asian tourist camp elephants. To evaluate the well-being of elephants engaged in tourist activities, an evidence-based tool is needed for routine assessments to identify potential welfare risks, aid in the development of better camp standards, and enable caretakers to address specific concerns. While many animal welfare tools exist, none have been designed to consider specific environments and management practices faced by elephants living and working in tourist camps. Using direct observations and interviews, the Elephant Welfare Assessment Tool (EWAT) was developed for tourist camp elephants using the Five Domains Model as a framework. Measures were selected based on peer-reviewed literature, existing standards and guidelines, and opinions from animal welfare experts working with zoo and tourist camp elephants. The EWAT differs from existing tools by including criteria on work activities and restraint methods (e.g., chaining and ankus use), factors common in Asia but not often encountered by western zoo elephants. Measures were scored using a 0-2 Likert Scale. The tool was tested in Thailand and determined by calculating a content validity index (CVI) and conducting inter-rater and test-retest reliability tests. The initial tool included 18 animal-based and 21 resource-based measures across four domains: Nutrition (n = 5), Environment (n = 14), Health (n = 10), and Behavior and Mental State (n = 10). Index scores of content validity (CVI) (Item CVI (0.83), Scale CVI/Average (0.98), and Scale CVI/Universal (0.89)) were high. Measures scoring less than 0.83 were removed: the opportunity to mate, the mahout-elephant relationship, and mahout job satisfaction. The final tool consisted of 42 questions related to 36 measures, including 18 animal-based and 18 resource-based measures within the Nutrition (n = 5), Environment (n = 11), Health (n = 10), and Behavior and Mental State (n = 10) domains. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for inter-rater reliability (0.78-0.90, p < 0.05) and test-retest (0.77-0.91, p < 0.05) analyses conducted at two camps showed good agreement. This new assessment tool (EWAT) is a context-specific, holistic method designed to offer a practical means of conducting individual and institutional-level assessments of elephant welfare in tourist camps. It is based on the Five Domains Model using reliable and validated animal- and resource-based measures, data collection through direct observation and interviews, and a numerical scoring system. The tool includes several criteria applicable to tourist rather than zoo venues to make it more relevant to the challenges faced by working elephants in Asia.

Development of augmented reality media based on Assemblr Edu to enhance the learning outcomes

This study focuses on the development and evaluation of augmented reality (AR) learning media based on the Assemblr Edu application, aimed at enhancing the learning experience of fifth-grade students at SDN Tambaharjo 01. The AR media covers the subject of Community Economic Conditions and Natural Resources and Supporting Factors for Community Economic Activities. The research process included designing the AR content, validating it with experts, and conducting small and large group trials. This study investigates the development and effectiveness of AR learning media based on the Assemblr Edu application to improve learning outcomes in Natural Science and Social Studies for fifth-grade students at SD Negeri Tambaharjo 01. The research employs a quantitative approach with a Research and Development (R&amp;D) method, utilizing the ADDIE development model to create and assess the learning media. The study addresses low student performance in Natural Science and Social Studies by integrating interactive AR technology to make learning more engaging and effective.The developed AR media, which includes 3D and 2D interactive content, was validated by material and media experts, yielding a high validity score of 90.31%. Small and large group trials were conducted, showing significant improvements in student learning outcomes. Pretest and posttest results demonstrated an average score increase from 50 to 85, with a student response rate of 88.46% indicating the media's feasibility. Teachers also rated the AR media highly, with a response score of 91.34%, confirming its practical application in educational settings. The study concludes that the Assemblr Edu-based AR learning media is highly feasible and effective in enhancing student learning outcomes in Natural Science and Social Studies.

Learning how to explore spiritual aspects in encounters with patients with chronic pain: a pre-test post-test trial on the effectiveness of a web-based learning intervention

BackgroundIntegrating spiritual aspects into treatment plans can release essential resources for coping with chronic pain. However, some spiritual aspects may also induce distress and hinder the coping process. There is a lack of evidence regarding how to perform the clinical tasks of exploring spiritual aspects and of instruments assessing related competencies. Therefore, we developed a web-based learning module to provide education on the subject alongside corresponding assessment instruments. The module presents the InSpiRe (Integration of Spirituality and/or Religion in patient encounters) protocol. The instruments encompass cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions.MethodsThis paper aims to determine (i) the learning effects associated with completing the web-based spiritual-care learning module and (ii) the reliability and validity of the instruments employed. To address these aims, we conducted a pre-test/post-test trial with N = 32 randomly selected fourth-year medical students. During the pre-test, we assessed the students’ knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy regarding exploring spiritual aspects. For this purpose, we developed a short-answer knowledge test, an attitude questionnaire, and a self-efficacy scale. Additionally, the students explored spiritual aspects with a simulated patient portraying a person with chronic pain. Three trained raters evaluated the students’ performances using a self-developed scale. In the intervention phase, the students completed the 45-minute learning module on a personal computer. The module presented InSpiRe-related content as text and step-by-step video demonstrations, including hints that denote critical actions. The subsequent post-test was identical to the pre-test.ResultsThe internal consistency was suitable for all respective instruments, and there was an indication of solid validity of the performance test. After completing the spiritual care learning module, the students showed statistically significant increases in knowledge scores and significant positive shifts in their attitudes and levels of self-efficacy regarding exploring spiritual aspects. They also attained significantly higher performance scores in the same regard.ConclusionsCompleting the spiritual-care module is associated with meaningful learning effects on cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions related to exploring spiritual aspects, as demonstrated in the post-test conducted shortly after the intervention. Due to good reliability and validity scores, the self-developed instruments can be applied appropriately.

Empirically Deriving Cut Scores in the Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Tiered Fidelity Inventory (TFI) Through a Bookmarking Process

We aimed to identify empirically valid cut scores on the positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) Tiered Fidelity Inventory (TFI) through an expert panel process known as bookmarking. The TFI is a measurement tool to evaluate the fidelity of implementation of PBIS. In the bookmark method, experts reviewed all TFI items and item scores by difficulty in order estimated by an item response theory (IRT) model of TFI data. Over two sessions involving data review and discussion, panelists individually identified which corresponding cut scores in each TFI tier scale indicated minimally adequate fidelity in the TFI, leading to corresponding scores of 83.3% for TFI Tier 1, 84.6% for TFI Tier 2, and 82.4% for TFI Tier 3. Then, the proposed cut scores were compared with the original cut scores of 70% for percentage of schools meeting fidelity and the association between the cut scores and school discipline outcomes using an extant sample. The results of descriptive statistics and multiple t-tests suggested that the bookmark cut score in TFI Tier 1 was reachable and more strongly associated with improved school discipline outcomes. Findings for TFI Tier 2 and Tier 3 were less conclusive.

Development of Ethnosciene Reels of Ketapang Malay Tribe as Supplementary Learning Resources on Hydrocarbon Compounds

The habit of the Malay community in using natural materials as fuel can be integrated into chemistry teaching materials in schools. The aim of this research is to assess the validity and practicality of reels as a learning resource and to develop reels based on the ethnoscience of the Ketapang Malay tribe. The research development model used is the Three Stages Research and Development (TSRD) model, which consists of three steps: planning, development, and dissemination. Data collection techniques involve indirect communication using validation sheets and response instruments. The subjects of the research are students from SMA N 1 Sungai Laur. The results of the study indicate that the ethnoscience-based reels of the Malay tribe are valid and practical, with validity and practicality scores of 96.3% and 90.30%, respectively. The reels can be used as an independent, practical, and engaging learning resource that is relevant to students. Therefore, the validity and practicality results of the development of ethnoscience-based reels are expected to serve as an innovative and contextual alternative media for chemistry education in schools.

Development of e-Booklets making nata de pina as a learning resource for Biology Technology Innovation material in the Merdeka Phase E curriculum in high school

Research Development of e-Booklet Making Nata De Pina Research-Based Research as a Learning Source of Biological Technology Innovation Material in the Merdeka Phase E Curriculum in High School aims to analyze the influence of the concentration of sprouts extract on the quality of thickness and weight of nata de pina, as well as analyzing the validity, feasibility, and readability of E-Booklet Making Nata De Pina Developed. The development research design uses the Addie model, which consists of 5 stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. In this study the implementation stage was not implemented. The results of this study were the provision of sprouts in the process of making nata de pina had a significant effect on the thickness of thickness and weight of nata de pina. The best results of the five treatments for the concentration of sprouts extract tested are trial in the K4 treatment with a concentration of sprouts of 100 ml for 500ml of media. The e-Booklet of making Nata de Pina is considered very valid with the acquisition of material validation scores of 90.90% and the validation score of media experts of 93.53%. The e-Booklet making Nata de Pina was declared very feasible with the acquisition of the teacher response score of 96.66% and the student response was 89.52%. As well as the results of the e-Booklet readability test making Nata de Pina is considered high with the acquisition of the Rumpang test score of 98.38%.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Teachmint pada Mata Pelajaran Korespondensi Kelas X Manajemen Perkantoran di SMK Tunas Pembangunan

This research aims to: (1) develop Teachmint learning media in the subject of Correspondence, (2) to obtain feasibility information from Teachmint learning media in the subject of Correspondence class X of Office Management at SMK Tunas Pembangunan. The type of research used is research and development (RnD) using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) development method. This research took place at SMK Tunas Pembangunan which was carried out from May 2024 to July 2024. The data collection technique was collected by interviews with teachers of SMK Tunas Pembangunan. The feasibility of learning media is assessed by media experts and material experts. Data analysis was carried out by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Based on the research that has been carried out, Teachmint learning media on the subject of Correspondence has been developed. The results of expert validation are known that Teachmint learning media in the subject of Correspondence class X Office Management at SMK Tunas Pembangunan is very feasible to use with an average validation score of 86.3% for media experts with the category of "very feasible" as a learning medium. The average validation score of material experts is 97% with the category of "very feasible" as a learning media.

Exploring Integrated Learning with Local Wisdom: Sendang Made Ecosystem E-book to Train Critical Thinking Skills for Class X High School Students

This research focuses on developing an integrated e-book that incorporates Sendang Made local wisdom into ecosystem material to enhance high school students' critical thinking skills. The study addresses the challenge of limited teaching materials due to the shortage of teachers capable of preparing suitable content for 21st-century learning, which emphasizes critical thinking and technology use. The Research and Development (R&amp;D) method was employed using the ADDIE framework, encompassing analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages.nData was collected through validation by two biology lecturers, material experts, and media experts, as well as a readability test. The e-book received high validation scores: 3.73 for presentation, 3.73 for content appropriateness, and 3.54 for language appropriateness. The readability test indicated a level 10, aligning with the cognitive level of grade X high school students, and was categorized as very positive and appropriate. In conclusion, the integrated e-book is highly feasible and valid for enhancing critical thinking skills in grade X high school students, making it an effective tool for 21st-century learning.

Digital-Based Learning Evaluation Model for High School Students

This research aims to develop a digital-based learning evaluation model for Senior High School students. This research method used a design research approach with a development study type. This research followed the model developed by Tessmer, which includes the stages of preliminary and formative evaluation. The formative evaluation stage encompasses self-evaluation, prototyping (expert review, one-to-one, and small group), as well as field testing. The data collection techniques for this research involved interviews and questionnaires, with data analysis conducted through both quantitative and qualitative methods. The results of this study indicated that the material validation score was 95.33%, categorized as "very feasible," the language validation score was 93%, also categorized as "very worthy," and the media validation score was 93%, categorized as "very worthy." The results of the response test obtained from the initial trial showed a response from educators of 88% and from students of 87.22%, both categorized as very worthy. Meanwhile, the results from the small group trial indicated a response from educators of 93.89%, also categorized as very worthy, and a response from students of 92.17%, which is again categorized as very worthy. It is clear that Senior High School teachers and students can benefit much from using the digital-based learning evaluation paradigm.

Design and Development of Diabestfriend Application for Digital Self Care Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Objective: The availability of the results of the Android-based Diabestfriend Application for digital self-care management of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Theoretical Framework: The numerous interventions that come under the more general term "self-care" and are helpful in understanding the self-care suite have been categorized into three domains: self-awareness, self-testing, and self-care. Methods: The ADDIE development model is used in this study in three stages. Ten patients with type 2 diabetes who completed questionnaires, along with validators from one media expert and one material expert, comprise the implementation stage, which is the application assessment stage. The questionnaires consist of three sections: a total of 16 questions for patient application assessment, 21 questions for media expert validation, and 25 questions for material expert validation. Results and Discussion: The validation score of media experts was 83.8 with the very good category, the validation score of the material experts was 81.6 with the very good category and the response score of diabetes mellitus patients was 88.95 with the very good category. Research Implications: Further research on the efficacy of the Diabestfriend Application as a digital self-care management tool in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients will provide insight into how the use of the application affects the patients' level of self-care management. Originality/Value: The Diabestfriend Application is appropriate for use as a digital self-care management tool for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, according to validation from media experts, material experts, and 10 diabetes patients.

Development of HTML5-Based Mobile Learning Media to Enhance Critical Thinking Skills of Elementary School Students in IPAS Learning

This study aims to examine the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of HTML5-based mobile learning media to enhance the critical thinking skills of elementary school students in science learning (IPAS). The research method used was Research and Development (R&amp;D) with the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation). The study subjects were fourth-grade elementary students from two schools, SDN Yosowilangun Kidul 01 and SDN Yosowilangun Kidul 03 in Lumajang Regency. Data collection techniques included questionnaires, expert validation instruments, practicality instruments, and pretest-posttest data. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive quantitative approach, focusing on student needs and the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of HTML5-based mobile learning media. The results showed that the HTML5-based mobile learning media had an average validity score of 88.9%, categorized as "highly valid." The practicality test, based on teacher observation and student response questionnaires, yielded an average percentage of 91.50%, categorized as "very practical," indicating that the media is suitable for use in the learning process. In the effectiveness test, the analysis of critical thinking data resulted in an N-gain score of 0.754, categorized as "high," demonstrating that the use of HTML5-based mobile learning media can significantly improve students' critical thinking skills in elementary science learning. In conclusion, the use of HTML5-based mobile learning media in science learning is valid, feasible, and highly effective for improving students' learning outcomes and critical thinking skills at the elementary level.

Instrumen Literasi Numerasi Berbasis Kemampuan Berpikir Komputasi pada Matematika SMP: Pembuktian Validitas Isi dengan Aiken’s.

This research aims to prove the content validity of a numeracy literacy instrument based on computational thinking skills using Aiken's method. There are five questions divided into nine parts, all of which focus on the material “Algebraic Forms”, ​​and have been validated by five validators from two leading universities. The data analysis technique applied is the Aiken's method, which is used to assess the extent to which this instrument meets the validity criteria. The results of the analysis show that most of the questions in the instrument received good validity scores, with an average validity of 0.81. This score indicates that this instrument is relevant and effective for measuring students' abilities in numeracy literacy and computational thinking. Apart from that, input from validators regarding the use of simpler language for grade 8 students is very valuable and is expected to improve students' understanding of the questions given. It is hoped that these results can contribute to the development of higher quality educational evaluation instruments, as well as being the basis for further research involving instrument testing to prove construct validity and reliability in the context of mathematics learning

The development of intrinsic capacity measures for longitudinal research: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

BackgroundThe World Health Organization has introduced the construct of intrinsic capacity (IC) as an important component of healthy ageing and overall well-being in older adults The present study aimed to develop domain-specific and composite IC scores and to validate these scores by examining their longitudinal relation with functioning. MethodsWe used prospective data on participants aged 57 to over 90 years, with a 10-year follow-up, from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, an ongoing cohort study of older Dutch men and women Using a formative, stepwise approach, we identified indicators across the different domains of IC, i.e. vitality, sensory, cognition, psychology, and locomotion, using a combination of unidimensional factor analyses and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Next, domain-specific and composite IC scores were generated, and the construct validity (score across age groups) and criterion validity (relationship with change in functional limitations) were assessed. ResultsThe multiple unidimensional factor analyses and PLS-SEM identified a total of 18 indicators, covering the five domains of IC. The mean composite IC score was 70.9 (SD = 0.9) in men and 69.7 (0.8) in women. The domain-specific and composite IC scores all showed good construct validity, with known-group validation results indicating age-related declines. A higher composite IC score was associated with less functional limitations over time (B = 0.20, 95%CI [0.19, 0.22]). ConclusionThe developed domain-specific IC scores and the composite IC score effectively discriminated age-related declines in IC. Additionally, the composite IC score was longitudinally associated with functional limitations. By creating this comprehensive and reliable tool for tracking IC, we aim to provide valuable insights into the dynamics of ageing and support more effective strategies for promoting health and well-being throughout later life. These scores establish a foundation for future research to track longitudinal changes across various IC domains and relate these changes to key age-related outcomes.

Enhancing Literacy and Numeracy: Developing Snakes and Ladders Oriented Toward Higher Order Thinking Skills

This research aims to develop learning media for the snake and ladder game oriented toward higher-order thinking Skills (HOTS) to enhance literacy and numeracy in elementary schools. The method used is Research and Development (RD) with the ADDIE model. The subjects of this research are fifth-grade students. The instruments include validation sheets for content and design experts and teacher and student response questionnaires. Instrument testing was conducted using a feasibility validity test. Data collection techniques involve document analysis, observation, interviews, questionnaires, and tests. Data analysis was performed using descriptive analysis and descriptive statistics. The results show that the snake and ladder media received a validation score of 0.91 from content experts and 0.93 from design experts. Teacher responses scored 0.94, while student responses reached 0.93, indicating excellent criteria. This media also enhanced students' literacy and numeracy skills, with average scores of 69.22 in Cycle 1 and 85.55 in Cycle 2. Based on these results, improving game features and increasing the variety of HOTS questions is recommended.

Validating the Persian Version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) Scale

Background: Stigma presents significant barriers to mental health treatment, influencing treatment decisions and recovery outcomes. Standardized rating scales play a crucial role in assessing Self-stigma, which is essential for intervention efforts aimed at improving mental health outcomes globally. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the internal consistency, face validity, content validity, and factor structure of the Persian version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale in a group of people with mental health disorders referred to the outpatient clinics of Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital and several private clinics in Tehran, Iran. Methods: First, a bilingual psychiatrist translated the scale into Persian. Content and face validity were then evaluated by six psychiatrists. A pilot test was conducted with ten patients to assess comprehensibility. A back translation into English was performed by a non-professional, and the result was compared to the original version by a bilingual psychiatrist. The final Persian version of the questionnaire was administered to 347 patients with various mental health disorders, recruited from Roozbeh Hospital, a referral psychiatry hospital, and several private clinics in Tehran. Demographic characteristics were collected via questionnaires, and the type of disorder was determined based on the specialist's evaluation. This process was conducted from October 2023 to May 2024. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated, and internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald's Omega tests. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to explore and understand the data structure. Results: The Persian version demonstrated reasonable comprehensibility and translation equivalence, ensuring both semantic and content equivalence. The SSOSH achieved a CVI &gt; 0.8 and CVR &gt; 0.96. All items obtained an acceptable score (greater than 1.5) for face validity. The internal consistency of the total score was good (α = 0.733, ω = 0.818). The EFA revealed that the Persian version had three factors accounting for 57% of the total variance, and the CFA suggested this model fits the data reasonably well, though there is room for improvement. Conclusions: The Persian SSOSH scale exhibits good internal consistency and acceptable face and content validity for use in Persian-speaking patients with mental health disorders. While the three-factor structure identified by the EFA requires further investigation, the application of this tool among other Iranians warrants additional evaluation.