Validated Food Frequency Questionnaire Research Articles

Seasonal variation in dietary intake and its association with obesity-related chronic diseases in northeast China

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to assess seasonal changes in dietary and nutrient intake of residents (18-75 years old) in Northeast China during summer and winter, and to explore the associations between fatty acids, phytosterols, and the prevalence of obesity-related chronic diseases, particularly obesity, hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD. Methods A total of 4773 participants from the Internet-based Dietary Questionnaire for Chinese (IDQC) were included in this study. Dietary intake information was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze continuous variables, while Chi-squared tests were used to compare categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to assess the relationship between fatty acids, phytosterols, and obesity-related chronic diseases. Results The mean consumption of legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts, dairy products, fish, condiments, energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate differed significantly between summer and winter (P < 0.05). Significant inverse associations were found between both fatty acids and phytosterols and obesity-related chronic diseases in multivariate adjusted models. Summer polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake was negatively associated with the prevalence of hyperlipidemia (Q4, OR, 0.515; 95%CI, 0.283-0.921; P < 0.05) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Q4, OR, 0.331; 95%CI, 0.176-0.599; P < 0.001). Phytosterols intake was negatively associated with the prevalence of obesity (Q4, OR, 0.603; 95%CI, 0.414-0.873; P < 0.05), hyperlipidemia (Q4, OR, 0.420; 95%CI, 0.233-0.731; P < 0.001), and NAFLD (Q4, OR, 0.206; 95%CI, 0.111-0.360; P < 0.001) during the summer. Conclusions Higher PUFA intake was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity, hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD. Phytosterol intake was inversely associated with the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and NAFLD. These findings suggest that the associations between PUFA and phytosterols and the prevalence of obesity-related chronic diseases may be influenced by seasonal differences in food intake.

Interaction between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Genetic Risk Score on the Risk of Gestational Diabetes.

We aim to assess the interaction between genetic risk and magnesium (Mg) intake during pregnancy on the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Three thousand ninety-six pregnant women from Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort are involved in our study. One hundred twelve susceptibility genetic variants of diabetes are selected and genotyped through Asian Screening Array bead chip. Mg intake were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire conducted at gestational weeks 25.1 ±2.7 before GDM diagnosis. The study identifies 22 variants associated with GDM. Weighted genetic risk score (GRS) based on these 22 SNPs is associated with higher occurrence of GDM. There is an interaction between GRS and Mg intake on GDM risk (p-interaction = 0.019). Pregnant women with high GRS (≥23.48) and insufficient Mg intake (<370.0mgd-1) have a 1.74 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 2.98) fold risk of GDM after adjusting for potential confounders. No such relationship exists among pregnant women with low GRS (<23.48) (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 1.18; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.92). Genetic predisposition to GDM is modified by Mg intake. This suggests that clinical nutrition guidance may benefit from being tailored by screening women with high diabetic genetic risk.

Nutritional Status of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Irbid Governorate, Jordan: A Case-Control Study

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a crucial infertility problem among women in the world; especially Arab women. The main objective of this case-control study was to perform anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and nutritional assessment among PCOS patients. The study population composed of 60 Jordanian women aged 19–39 years, and classified into two groups: 30 were cases (PCOS patients) and 30 were control group (Healthy women). Results of the study indicated that the Body Mass Index (BMI) were significantly higher among PCOS patients than healthy women. Furthermore, significant differences were shown in the mean values of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and (LH): Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (LH:FSH) ratio which were higher among PCOS patients with a p=0.01 and p=0.03, respectively. Also, significant differences between PCOS patients and healthy women were shown for three clinical manifestations of PCOS including infertility, sleep apnea, and eating disorders. Moreover, the findings of the validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) revealed no significant differences between two study groups in the consumption of macronutrients and total energy intake. It is obviously concluded from the study that PCOS is remarkably responsible for substantial variations in anthropometric and biochemical measurements, hormonal levels, and clinical features among PCOS patients.

The association between adherence to unhealthy plant-based diet and risk of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe fast spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic and its high mortality were quickly considered by the health community. Dietary patterns play an important role in strengthening or weakening the immune system and thus incidence of diseases.AimThe present study can provide a comprehensive picture of the association between adherence to unhealthy plant-based diet (uPDI) and COVID-19 incidence.MethodsThis study was undertaken on 8157 adults’ participants of the Yazd Health Study (YaHS) and Taghzieh Mardom-e-Yazd (TAMIZ) study aged 20 to 70 years. Data on dietary intakes were obtained using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between uPDI and COVID-19.ResultsWe found a significant association between uPDI and the risk of COVID-19 (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05–1.75) in the crude model. After adjusting potential confounders, a significant increasing trend in the odds of COVID-19 across increasing quintiles of uPDI (OR: 1.58;95% CI: 1.05–2.37; P-value: 0.027) was observed. Stratified analysis based on sex indicated that uPDI significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 only in males (OR: 1.73;95% CI: 1.12–2.67; P-value: 0.012) and had no effect on females.ConclusionsParticipants in the highest quintiles of the uPDI had 58% higher odds of COVID-19 compared to subjects in the lowest quintile of uPDI. Although our study has promising results, stronger clinical studies are needed.

Association between Diet-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mortality among Japanese Adults: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.

Planetary and human health are highly intertwined; our current food system is associated with high greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and burden of disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of diet-related GHGE with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan. This study included 58,031 Japanese adults (35,078 women and 22,953 men) 40-79 y of age who participated in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study during the period 1988-1990. Diet-related GHGE was calculated from dietary intake estimated by a validated food frequency questionnaire and previously developed GHGE tables of each food and beverage. Participants were classified into quintiles of diet-related GHGE per kg food/d. Hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard and restricted cubic spline models. The average diet-related GHGE was . Over a period of 19.3 y (955,819 person-years) of median follow-up, 11,508 deaths were documented. After adjusting for lifestyle and medical history, in comparison with the fourth quintiles of diet-related GHGE, the first and fifth quintiles were associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality: multivariable HR of all-cause mortality was 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.18] and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.17) for the lowest and highest GHGE, respectively; those of cardiovascular disease mortality were 1.23 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.38) and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.37), respectively. The diet-related GHGE range with the lowest HR of all-cause mortality was food/d ( for nonlinearity ). Replacing one serving of red meat with one serving of pulses was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99) and GHGE (mean change, ; 95% CI: , ). Diet-related GHGE was associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in a U-shaped fashion. This finding could be useful for creating a policy for sustainable shifts in dietary habits that will benefit the population and environmental health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14935.

Association of Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) With Dietary Intake of Vitamin B12.

Transient global amnesia (TGA), which is described as short-term amnesia, may be influenced by some dietary components involved in brain function. The aim of the present study was to assess the connection between TGA and dietary intake of vitamin B12. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 258 people with TGA and 520 people without TGA in Sabzevar, Iran. All participants were screened for TGA (ICD-10 code: G45.4). A validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was utilized to estimate the dietary intake of vitamin B12. Different models of logistic regression were used to determine the association between TGA and dietary intake of vitamin B12 after adjusting the confounders. There was an inverse association between the risk of TGA and the intake of vitamin B12 (OR = 0.94, CI 95%: 0.89-0.99, p= .02, effect size: -0.04). The result did not change after adjustment for age, gender, education, job, and marital status (OR = 0.93, CI 95%: 0.88-0.98, p= .01, effect size: -0.03). The result remained significant after additional adjustments for body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (OR = 0.94, CI 95%: 0.89-0.99, p= .03, effect size: -0.04), and after further adjustments for the underlying diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and stroke (OR = 0.86, CI 95%: 0.81-0.92, p< .01, effect size: -0.10). Vitamin B12 deficiency may increase the risk of TGA and should be considered as a potential concern for people at risk for TGA. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and to discover the underlying mechanisms of the effects of vitamin B12 on TGA.

Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of coronary heart diseases: UK Whitehall II cohort study

Abstract In recent decades, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) intake has increased drastically, sparking concerns about their potential impact on cardiometabolic diseases. However, large-scale cohort studies tracking UPF consumption at multiple time points remain limited. This study explores the prospective association between repeated measures of UPF intake and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), along with its secondary endpoints, within the UK Whitehall II study. The analytical sample tracked 7,138 midlife British participants without CHD from baseline. UPF consumption was measured using validated food frequency questionnaire (127 items) and classified by the NOVA system during three phases: 1991/1994 (phase 3), 1997/1999 (phase 5), and 2002/2003 (phase 7). This study assessed the onset of CHD and its secondary endpoints, including CHD and all-cause mortality, through medical exams and hospital records up to 2016 and 2021, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for socio-demographics, lifestyle factors and total energy intake were used to explore the prospective association between cumulative average UPF intake (in quintiles) and CHD outcomes. During a median follow-up of 13 and 19 years, 589 cases and 1,314 deaths were documented. In multivariable adjusted cox models, the highest UPF consumption quintile versus the lowest quintile was associated with higher CHD incidence [HR:1.26; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02-1.55; p = 0.03]. Additional adjustment of total energy intake increased the CHD risk by 28% [HR:1.28; 95% CI: 1.03-1.58; p = 0.02]. No significant relationships were found between cumulative average UPF intake and CHD or all-cause mortality. In UK midlife adults, higher UPF intake is prospective associated with increased CHD risk. Although additional research is warranted, these findings emphasize the importance of public awareness and food policy interventions to reduce UPF intake for alleviating the population burden of CVD. Key messages • Our study suggests the need for increased efforts to implement population wide strategies on regulating food processing, such as taxation and front of package warning labelling of UPF. • Our study emphasizes UPF’s role in cardiovascular prevention, highlighting the need for nutrition counseling on UPF consumption for those at risk of CVD.

Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern could increase the odds of breast cancer: a case-control study

BackgroundIt has been shown that chronic inflammation is a significant factor in cancer development and progression. The current study aimed to investigate whether a higher score on the empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP), which indicates a more pro-inflammatory diet, is related to higher odds of breast cancer in Iranian women.MethodsIn the present case-control study, subjects in the case (n = 133) and control (n = 265) groups were chosen from the hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The cases consisted of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, while the controls were selected from other parts of the same hospital and had no history of cancer or hormone therapy. Individuals whose reported energy intake deviated by three standard deviations above or below the mean energy intake of the population were excluded from the study. A reliable and valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to determine the participants’ dietary intake. Additionally, the association between breast cancer and EDIP was evaluated by logistic regression analysis in both crude and adjusted models.ResultsThe median scores of EDIP in the case and control groups were 0.65 and 0.61, respectively. The findings also indicated that, in the adjusted model, the odds of developing breast cancer significantly increased in the last tertile of EDIP compared to the first tertile (odds ratio (OR) = 1.859; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.059–3.265; P = 0.031). Additionally, after adjusting for potential confounders, higher odds of breast cancer were observed in the last tertile of EDIP compared to the first tertile in postmenopausal women (OR = 2.516; 95% CI: 1.081–5.856; P = 0.033).ConclusionsThe current study indicated that individuals with a higher pro-inflammatory diet score were more likely to develop breast cancer.

The association between dietary polyphenol intake and the odds of metabolic syndrome

Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and one of the most important features of polyphenols is their antioxidant properties. However, there is no universal consensus on the effectiveness of polyphenols in treating Mets. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association between polyphenols and MetS in an Iranian sample. This cross-sectional study was conducted on an adult population sample from Shiraz, in southern Iran. MetS was calculated using the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), which defines MetS as the presence of three or more of the specified risk factors. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to measure the participant’s food intake. The association between polyphenol intake and the odds on MetS and its components was assessed using logistic regression. In both univariate and multivariate models, the association between polyphenol intake and the risk of MetS was not significant. However, after adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariate model, each unit change in flavonol, flavanone and isoflavones intake was associated with a lower, higher, and higher odds of MetS, respectively (flavonols: odds ratio (OR) = 0.926, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.891–0.963, P < 0.001—flavanones: OR = 1.007, 95% CI: 1.001–1.014, P = 0.034—isoflavones: OR = 4.920, 95% CI: 1.057–22.894, P = 0.042). Additionally, no significant association was found between polyphenol intake and the risk of MetS components. However, in the multivariate model, after adjusting for potential confounders, a significant association was observed between polyphenol intake and lower odds of high waist circumference (OR = 0.998, 95% CI: 0.996–0.999, P = 0.032). The present study did not reveal a significant association between overall polyphenol intake and the odds of MetS. However, certain subclasses of polyphenols appear to be associated with the likelihood of MetS and its components.

The relationship between micronutrients and cognitive ability in an elderly population with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are significant neurodegenerative disorders with increasing prevalence worldwide. Lifestyle and dietary factors, including micronutrients, have been suggested as modifiable risk factors for disease development. This study aims to investigate the association between micronutrients and cognitive ability in these diseases.MethodsA cross-sectional study involving 105 participants with MCI and AD was conducted. Dietary assessments were performed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and micronutrient intake was calculated based on nutrient content. Disease severity was evaluated using the Functional Assessment Staging Tool (FAST). Statistical analyses, including correlation coefficients and multiple regression models, were employed to examine the association between micronutrients and disease progression.ResultsThe results revealed significant correlations between disease severity and several micronutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids (B = -0.2, P = 0.01), carotenoids (B = -0.19, P = 0.02), dietary antioxidant compounds, including vitamins A, C, D, E (B = -0.19, P = 0.02), selenium (B = -0.17, P = 0.03), alpha-carotene (B = -0.16, P = 0.04), beta-carotene (B = -0.17, P = 0.03), and lycopene (B = -0.16, P = 0.04). Multivariate regression analysis showed that higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids was associated with slower disease progression. Furthermore, the levels of these micronutrients declined in advanced stages of the disease.ConclusionOmega-3 fatty acids and carotenoids may affect the cognitive ability and disease progression. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to establish causality and explore the therapeutic implications of these findings for the prevention and management of MCI and AD.

Exploring metabolic syndrome and dietary quality in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors affecting a quarter of the global population, with diet playing a significant role in its progression. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of the Dietary Diabetes Risk Reduction Score (DDRRS) and the Macronutrient Quality Index (MQI) scoring systems in assessing the diet-related risk of metabolic syndrome.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, data from 7431 individuals aged between 30 and 70 years, obtained from the Mashhad Cohort Study, were utilized to evaluate the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. A valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess participants’ dietary intake. The MQI was calculated based on carbohydrate, fat, and healthy protein components, while the DDRRS was also computed. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were taken to determine the presence of metabolic syndrome. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between MQI and DDRRS with metabolic syndrome and its components.ResultsAccording to the crude model, we observed lower odds of MetS in the highest quartile of DDRRS and MQI compared to the lowest quartile (P-trend < 0.001). This trend persisted in the fully adjusted models, revealing odds ratios of 0.399 (95% CI: 0.319-0.500) and 0.597 (95% CI: 0.476–0.749) for DDRRS and MQI, respectively. After controlling for all potential confounders, we observed lower odds of central obesity in the highest quartile of MQI (OR: 0.818, 95% CI: 0.676–0.989, P-trend = 0.027). Furthermore, we found that the odds of high triglyceride levels were lower in the highest quartile of DDRRS compared to the lowest quartile (OR: 0.633, 95% CI: 0.521, 0.770, P-trend < 0.001).ConclusionIn conclusion, our study indicates that greater adherence to both DDRRS and MQI is linked to a decreased risk of metabolic syndrome and its components. These findings hold significant implications for public health and the development of personalized nutrition strategies.

Does Online Social Support Affect the Eating Behaviors of Polish Women with Insulin Resistance?

Insulin resistance, a key factor in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, is linked to various health conditions. The basis of its treatment is lifestyle modification. However, adherence to nutritional and other medical recommendations can be challenging for chronic disease patients due to many factors, including demographics, social context, gender, age, and the patient's baseline health condition. This study aims to evaluate the impact of online support group members on the diet quality of women with insulin resistance. This study was conducted as an online survey consisting of KomPAN (validated food frequency questionnaire) augmented with questions regarding using professional counseling and membership in support groups. The study covered 1565 women with insulin resistance, 1011 of whom were associated with the online support group. The mean pHDI (pro-health diet index) was 5.18 ± 2.69 in the support groups and 4.86 ± 2.69 in the control group (p = 0.0319. There were no significant differences in the nHDI (non-health diet index). We found that the pHDI is associated with financial situations, the household's situation, occupation education level, and medical or dietitian care, whereas occupation, medical, and dietitian care affect the nHDI. Membership in support groups is related to a higher pHDI and state of self-assessment of nutritional knowledge. Our study indicates a relationship between participation in online support groups and dietary behaviors and the subjective assessment of nutrition knowledge. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms behind these influences and exploring how these communities can be optimized for broader public health initiatives.

Type of delivery lacks the association with dietary patterns followed by pregnant women in their third trimester.

Background: Maternal nutrition plays a crucial role in fetal development, women's health, and reproductive capacity. Dietary pattern (DP) is a measure of overall diet and has become widespread in nutrition research as an alternative method to studying individual components of the diet. Aim: this study aims to determine the adopted DPs by Jordanian pregnant women and evaluate their potential associations with the mode of delivery. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 249 healthy Jordanian pregnant women in their third trimester of pregnancy who attended antenatal clinics at Jordan University. Personal information was gathered using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. To investigate dietary patterns, a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire was employed, and a pregnant physical activity questionnaire was used to estimate physical activity levels. The mode of delivery data was collected from the medical records after delivery. Results: The majority of pregnant women (82.3%) fell within the age range of 20 to 35 years. Notably, 34.5% of the mothers were classified as overweight or obese. Additionally, around one in five deliveries involved emergency cesarean sections. Four distinct DPs were identified and labelled as "fruit and vegetables", "healthy", "traditional", and 'fat and sugar" dietary patterns. However, no significant association was found between these identified dietary patterns and the occurrence of Caesarean section (CS) across all tertiles. Conclusion: The analysis revealed no substantial protective effect of the DPs against the occurrence of CS across all tertiles of dietary patterns. However, further studies are needed to either confirm or challenge our findings.

“Food frequency questionnaire for dietary intake of iron in pregnancy- A validation study”

Background and objectiveNutrition in pregnancy plays an important role for wellbeing of mother and fetus, later it further influences the development of child. Iron is one among the most important micronutrients required in pregnancy. There is no validated Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess iron intake in pregnant women. This initiated the process to develop and validate a FFQ to assess dietary intake of Iron in Pregnant women. MethodologyBased on the food habits in study region and foods rich in iron, in reference to the standard literature, the FFQ was prepared. FFQ was designed in the following categories-cereal grains and products, pulses & legumes, green leafy vegetables, roots-tuber & other vegetables, nuts & seeds, Fruits, non-veg foods and milk & milk products. Content validity carried out by subject experts. To perform construct validity, 25 Primary health centre and 25 Tertiary care hospital pregnant women were interviewed using this FFQ and 24 h diet recall method. The results of both records were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and construct validity (Pearson correlation) of the questionnaire were determined. ResultsOverall internal reliability of questionnaire is 0.804, indicating good reliability and showing satisfactory construct validity. Median dietary iron intake from FFQ method was 7.67 mg/day and 24 h dietary recall method was 15.70 mg/day. There was a significant difference between both method in assessing dietary iron intake. ConclusionThe FFQ designed in this study is reliable and valid tool to assess dietary iron intake among pregnant women.

Vitamin B12 Intake and Cancer Risk: Findings from a Case-Control Study in Vietnam

There is inconclusive evidence on the role of dietary intake of vitamin B12 in cancer. We evaluated the association between vitamin B12 intake and cancer risk in a hospital-based case-control study, comprising 3,758 cancer cases and 2,995 controls in Vietnam. Vitamin B12 intake was derived from the validated food frequency questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs), and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between vitamin B12 and cancer risk. There was a U-shaped association between vitamin B12 intake and overall risk of cancer. Individuals with intakes lower than the median intake had a 6% (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.86–1.31)-107% (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.58–2.71), increased risk of cancer (Ptrend <0.001), whereas those with higher intakes than the median intake had a 20% (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.97–1.48)-52% (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.22–1.89) increased risk of cancer (Ptrend <0.04). The excess risk of cancer associated with low intakes of vitamin B12 was observed among esophageal, lung, and breast cancer patients, whereas with high intakes of vitamin B12 among gastric cancer patients. In summary, a U-shaped association between vitamin B12 intake and increased cancer risk was observed in the Vietnamese population.

Ultra-processed foods intake in relation to metabolic health status, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and adropin levels in adults

BackgroundIn recent years, there has been a lot of discussion over the impact of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) intake on overall health of subjects. However, the association between UPFs intake and metabolic unhealthy (MU) status is still in a state of ambiguity. The current study assessed the relationship between UPFs intake and MU status with regard to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and adropin levels.MethodsA sample of Iranian adults (aged 20–65 years) was selected to participate in this cross-sectional study using a multistage cluster random-sampling method. UPFs intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and NOVA classification. Concentrations of metabolic parameters, BDNF and adropin were determined through fasting blood samples. MU status was assessed according to the criteria proposed by Wildman.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MU phenotype among study participants (n = 527) was 42.5%. Higher intake of UPFs was associated with elevated odds of MU status in multivariable-adjusted model (ORT3 vs. T1=1.88; 95%CI: 1.02–3.45). Moreover, a positive association was observed between UPFs intake and hypertriglyceridemia after controlling all confounders (ORT3 vs. T1=2.07; 95%CI: 1.15–3.73). However, each tertile increase in UPFs intake was not significantly associated with serum BDNF (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\beta\\:$$\\end{document}=0.15; 95%CI: -0.05, 0.34; P = 0.14) and adropin (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\beta\\:$$\\end{document}=-1.37; 95%CI: -6.16, 3.42; P = 0.58) levels in multivariable-adjusted linear regression models.ConclusionOur findings suggested that higher consumption of UPFs was related to increased likelihood of MU status among a sample of Iranian adults. Further longitudinal studies are needed to verify the directionality and generalizability of the results to all adult populations.

Association of uric acid and fructose levels in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Is there a relationship between serum uric acid and fructose levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? Elevated serum uric acid levels in women with PCOS positively correlate with serum fructose levels, and elevated serum fructose levels are an independent risk factor for hyperuricemia in women with PCOS. Our previous study suggested a link between elevated serum fructose levels and PCOS. Fructose is unique as it generates uric acid during metabolism, and high uric acid levels are associated with metabolic disorders and an increased risk of anovulation. However, the relationship between serum uric acid and fructose levels in women with PCOS remains unclear. In a case-control study of 774 women (482 controls and 292 patients with PCOS) between May and October 2020 at the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, the relationship between uric acid and fructose levels in women with PCOS was examined. Participants were divided into subgroups based on various factors, including BMI, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia. Serum uric acid concentrations were measured using enzymatic assays, and serum fructose levels were determined using a fluorescent enzyme immunoassay. Dietary fructose data were collected through a validated food-frequency questionnaire of 81 food items. We applied restricted cubic splines to a flexibly model and visualized the linear/nonlinear relationships between serum uric acid and fructose levels in PCOS. Multivariate logistic analysis was executed to assess the association between serum fructose levels and hyperuricemia in PCOS. Human granulosa cell and oocyte mRNA profile sequencing data were downloaded for mapping uric acid and fructose metabolism genes in PCOS. Further downstream analyses, including Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and protein-protein interactions were then carried out on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The correlation between uric acid and fructose metabolism genes was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The GeneCards database was used to identify DEGs related to uric acid and fructose metabolism in PCOS, and then several DEGs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Both serum fructose and uric acid levels were significantly increased in women with PCOS compared with the control women (P < 0.001), and there was no statistically significant difference in dietary fructose intake between PCOS and controls, regardless of metabolic status. There was a positive linear correlation between serum uric acid and fructose levels in women with PCOS (Poverall < 0.001, Pnon-linear = 0.30). In contrast, no correlation was found in control women (Poverall = 0.712, Pnon-linear = 0.43). Additionally, a non-linear association was observed in the obese subgroup of patients with PCOS (Poverall < 0.001, Pnon-linear = 0.02). Serum uric acid levels were linearly and positively associated with serum fructose levels in patients with PCOS with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, even after adjusting for confounding factors, elevated serum fructose levels were an independent risk factor for hyperuricemia in patients with PCOS (P = 0.001; OR, 1.380; 95% CI, 1.207-1.577). There were 28 uric acid and 25 fructose metabolism genes which showed a significant correlation in PCOS. Seven upregulated genes (CAT, CRP, CCL2, TNF, MMP9, GCG, and APOB) related to uric acid and fructose metabolism in PCOS ovarian granulosa cells were ultimately successfully validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Due to limited conditions, more possible covariates (such as smoking and ethnicity) were not included, and the underlying molecular mechanism between fructose and uric acid levels in women with PCOS remains to be further investigated. The results of this study and our previous research indicate that the high uric acid status of PCOS may be mediated by fructose metabolism disorders, highlighting the importance of analyzing fructose metabolism, and especially its metabolic byproduct uric acid, during the clinical diagnosis of PCOS. These results suggest the adverse effects of high uric acid in PCOS, and the importance of taking early interventions regarding uric acid levels to reduce the occurrence and development of further clinical signs, such as metabolic disorders in women with PCOS. This work was supported by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82371647, No. 82071607, and No. 32100691); LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (No. XLYC1907071); Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (No. 151039); and Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital (No. 202003). No competing interests were declared. N/A.

12583 Nutrient Intake And Physical Performance In Patients With Acromegaly

Abstract Disclosure: N.N. Hupalowski: None. C.P. Rocha: None. S.Z. Fidalski: None. C.L. Boguszewski: Consulting Fee; Self; Recordati. Research Investigator; Self; Crinetics. Speaker; Self; Ipsen, Novo Nordisk. V.Z. Borba: None. Acromegaly is a chronic disease characterized by increased levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). These patients exhibit increased skeletal muscle mass but poorer performance in functional physical assessments. Certain nutrients are important for both muscle mass and strength, as well as for maintaining an anti-inflammatory state in the body. Objective: To assess the correlation between nutrient intake and physical performance in patients with acromegaly. Patients and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study of patients with acromegaly matched 1:1 by sex and age with a control group. Patients underwent analysis of dietary patterns using the validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and physical performance and strength were measured using Hand Grip Strength (HGS), 5 Times Seat to Stand Test (STST), Time Up and Go (TUG), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) tests. Results: It was evaluated 47 patients (54.1% women; mean age 56.3 ± 11.6 years), which were compared with 36 controls (53.9% women; mean age 56.7 ± 13.4). There was no difference between groups in HGS evaluation. The performance of patients with acromegaly were poorer in the STST, SPPB and TUG. Better performance was associated with selenium (p=0.045), vitamin E (p=0.034), flavonol (p=0.02) and vitamin A (0.024) intake. Conclusion: Physical performance is compromised in patients with acromegaly, especially in lower limbs, and it was associated with lower consumption of selenium, vitamin E, flavonol and vitamin A. Presentation: 6/2/2024

8648 Association of isoflavone intake and age at natural menopause

Abstract Disclosure: M. Mitsunami: None. E.R. Bertone-Johnson: None. A. Eliassen: None. J.E. Chavarro: None. Introduction: Isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogens found mainly in soy and legumes, are structurally similar to estrogens and are consumed at a relatively high rate by Asian populations with an average intake of approximately 15-40 mg/d for isoflavone. They have been reported to alleviate menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, suggesting that isoflavones may be biologically active in a low-estrogen environment. Previous studies have reported inconsistent associations between the intake of soy and isoflavones and age at natural menopause. Therefore, our aim was to test the hypothesis that higher isoflavone intake is related to higher age at natural menopause. Methods: We followed 85,810 premenopausal women (mean [SD], 36.5 [4.7] year) who completed a previously validated food frequency questionnaire, had not been diagnosed with cancer, and did not undergo any menopausal hormone therapy as of 1991. Diet was assessed every 4 years. Isoflavone intake was estimated from these reports. Participants self-reported their menopausal status and the type of menopause (natural, surgical, and radiation or chemotherapy) every 2 years. We used proportional hazard regression models with age in months to evaluate the relation of isoflavone intake with age at natural menopause where natural menopause was the study outcome and menopause due to surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy were censoring events. We used restricted cubic splines to assess the possibility of non-linear relations between isoflavone intake and age at menopause using the U.S. average isoflavone intake (0.8mg/d) as a reference while adjusting for potential confounders, including age at menarche, BMI, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity, parity, breastfeeding, time to regular menstrual cycle, energy intake, and two dietary factors identified by principal component analysis. Results: Over 1,079,608 person-years, we observed 37,438 cases of natural menopause. Soy products contributed approximately half of isoflavone intake. There was a non-linear association between isoflavone intake and age at natural menopause (p&amp;lt;0.001). Women with isoflavone intakes below the U.S. national average were more likely to experience earlier onset menopause. Conversely, in women with intakes above the national average, the risk of menopause decreased with increasing isoflavone intakes, albeit plateauing at intakes of approximately 3-4mg/d (90-95th percentile of observed distribution). There was a suggestion of a positive association between isoflavone intake and earlier onset menopause for intakes above the 99th percentile of the observed distribution (∼14 mg/d). Conclusion: This study suggests a non-linear relation between isoflavone intake and age at natural menopause with a potential later onset of menopause at intake levels higher than typical in the US diet but lower than those typically observed in East Asia. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Dietary exposure to metals/metalloids and persistent organic pollutants in Spanish preschool and primary school children

Diet is a primary source of pollutant exposure. Given children's vulnerability to their effects, this study assessed dietary intake of metals/metalloids and different persistent organic pollutants in children in Tarragona (Spain), compared it with the health-based guideline values (HBGV), and identified the main dietary sources. The analysis included 533 preschoolers and 443 primary school children from the EPINED and ECLIPSES studies. Dietary intake of cadmium (Cd), methylmercury (MeHg), lead (Pb), inorganic arsenic (inAs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) was estimated using validated food frequency questionnaires and a database from the Catalan Agency for Food Safety. Preschoolers and primary school children exceeded the relevant reference value for InAs and DL-PCBs. Only preschoolers exceeded the limit for MeHg and PCDD/Fs. Cd, Pb, and NDL-PCBs intakes did not exceed the limits in either age group. Salted cereals/potatoes were the main source of InAs; fish for MeHg and DL-PCBs; and milk/yogurt for PCDD/Fs, followed by white fish in preschoolers and fatty fish in primary school children. The findings highlight that dietary exposure to some pollutants poses a significant risk to these children, emphasizing the need for public health policies to reduce pollutants in their diets.