Valid Short Form Research Articles

Development and validation of the Economic Coercion Scale-20 (ECS-20): A short-form of the ECS-36.

The Economic Coercion Scale 36 (ECS-36) is a validated scale measuring women's exposure to economic coercion for low-income countries. A valid short form is needed to facilitate parsimonious measurement of economic coercion in general surveys or program evaluations. We used data from a probability sample of 930 married women 15-49 years in Matlab, Bangladesh. We selected 21 items from the ECS-36 based on theory, content coverage, and item and dimensional information. We evaluated external validity with measures of non-economic intimate partner violence and depressive symptoms. We tested measurement invariance of the short-form scale across participants and non-participants of microfinance programs. A final, 20-item scale captured husband's interference with wife's (1) acquisition of economic resources and (2) use or maintenance of economic resources. IRT results of the ECS-20 demonstrated precision over the higher range of the economic coercion trait. Tests of external validity confirmed expected correlations of the ECS-20 with measures of IPV and depressive symptoms. The ECS-20 was measurement invariant across groups of women who did and did not participate in microfinance programs. The ECS-20, a valid short-form of the ECS-36, is suitable for general surveys and monitoring potential adverse impacts of microfinance programs targeting women.

SAI-CH-6: Development of a Short Form of the State Anxiety Inventory for Children At-Risk for Type 1 Diabetes.

To develop a reliable and valid short form of the State Anxiety Subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-CH) in the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. A Development Sample of 842 10-year-old TEDDY children completed the STAI-CH State Subscale about their type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk. The best 6 items (three anxiety-present and three anxiety-absent) for use in a short form (SAI-CH-6) were identified via item-total correlations. SAI-CH-6 reliability was examined in a Validation Sample (n = 257) of children who completed the full 20-item STAI-CH State Subscale and then again in an Application Sample (n = 2,710) who completed only the SAI-CH-6. Expected associations between the children's SAI-CH-6 scores and country of residence, sex, T1D family history, accuracy of T1D risk perception, worry about getting T1D, and their parents' anxiety scores were examined. The SAI-CH-6 was reliable (α = 0.81-0.87) and highly correlated with the full 20-item STAI-CH State Subscale (Development Sample: r = 0.94; Validation Sample: r = 0.92). SAI-CH-6 scores detected significant differences in state anxiety symptoms associated with T1D risk by country, T1D family history, accuracy of T1D risk perception, and worry about getting T1D and were correlated with the child's parent's anxiety. The SAI-CH-6 appears useful for assessing children's state anxiety symptoms when burden and time limitations prohibit the use of the STAI-CH. The utility of the SAI-CH-6 in older children with and without chronic conditions needs to be assessed.

Shortening the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale using optimal test assembly methods: Development of the EPDS-Dep-5.

This study used a large database to develop a reliable and valid shortened form of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a self-report questionnaire used for depression screening in pregnancy and postpartum, based on objective criteria. Item responses from the 10-item EPDS were obtained from 5157 participants (765 major depression cases) from 22 primary screening accuracy studies that compared the EPDS to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID). Unidimensionality of the EPDS latent construct was verified using confirmatory factor analysis, and an item response theory model was fit. Optimal test assembly (OTA) methods identified a maximally informative shortened form for each possible scale length between 1 and 9 items. The final shortened form was selected based on pre-specified validity and reliability criteria and non-inferiority of screening accuracy of the EPDS as compared to the SCID. A 5-item short form of the EPDS (EPDS-Dep-5) was selected. The EPDS-Dep-5 had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82. Sensitivity and specificity of the EPDS-Dep-5 for a cutoff of 4 or greater were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.73, 0.89) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80, 0.90) and were statistically non-inferior to the EPDS. The correlation of total scores with the full EPDS was high (r=0.91). The EPDS-Dep-5 is a valid short form with minimal loss of information when compared to the full-length EPDS. The EPDS-Dep-5 was developed with OTA methods using objective, pre-specified criteria, but the approach is data-driven and exploratory. Thus, there is a need to replicate results of this study in different populations.

Changes in Patients' Relationship Satisfaction After Weight Loss Surgery: Results of a Study of Persons with Morbid Obesity and Their Relationship Satisfaction Before and 1Year After Bariatric Surgery.

Bariatric surgery is a life-changing treatment, but knowledge of its influence on changes in relationship satisfaction (RS) is still limited. The present study examines whether a patient's RS changes after having bariatric surgery, in response to the surgery-induced weight loss. The predictive value of further variables such as age and sex are also investigated. A total of 145 participants scheduled for bariatric surgery were recruited between September 2015 and June 2018. RS was assessed with a reliable and valid short form of a standardized self-report measure, which was completed before, 6 months and 12 months after surgery. Loss of excess weight at 6 and 12months post-surgery was 49% and 66.3%, respectively. The repeated measures ANOVA for the factor "PFB-K" revealed a statistically significant effect, with F (2, 288) = 7.40, p = .001, and η2 = .05, and for the factor "BMI" with F (2, 288) = 505.99, p < .001, and η2 = .78. The highest mean RS score was observed 6months post-surgery. Sex showed a statistical trend of influence on RS: F (1, 143) = 3.24, p = .074, and η2 = .022. At all three measurement points, men showed higher mean RS scores than women. Bariatric surgery leads to significant weight loss and indicates an increase in RS. While a correlation with the amount of weight lost remains unclear, a trend was seen towards higher RS in subjects with higher weight loss. Men in particular reported higher RS.

Nonrestorative sleep scale: a reliable and valid short form of the traditional Chinese version

PurposePrevious research has suggested the essential unidimensionality of the 12-item traditional Chinese version of the Nonrestorative Sleep Scale (NRSS). This study aimed to develop a short form of the traditional Chinese version of the NRSS without compromising its reliability and validity.MethodsData were collected from 2 cross-sectional studies with identical target groups of adults residing in Hong Kong. An iterative Wald test was used to assess differential item functioning by gender. Based on the generalized partial credit model, we first obtained a shortened version such that further shortening would result in substantial sacrifice of test information and standard error of measurement. Another shortened version was obtained by the optimal test assembly (OTA). The two shortened versions were compared for test information, Cronbach’s alpha, and convergent validity.ResultsData from a total of 404 Chinese adults (60.0% female) who had completed the Chinese NRSS were gathered. All items were invariant by gender. A 6-item version was obtained beyond which the test performance substantially deteriorated, and a 9-item version was obtained by OTA. The 9-item version performed better than the 6-item version in test information and convergent validity. It had discrimination and difficulty indices ranging from 0.44 to 2.23 and − 7.58 to 2.13, respectively, and retained 92% of the test information of the original 12-item version.ConclusionThe 9-item Chinese NRSS is a reliable and valid tool to measure nonrestorative sleep for epidemiological studies.

Shortening self-report mental health symptom measures through optimal test assembly methods: Development and validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression-4.

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a short form of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a self-report questionnaire for assessing depressive symptomatology, using objective criteria. Responses on the PHQ-9 were obtained from 7,850 English-speaking participants enrolled in 20 primary diagnostic test accuracy studies. PHQ unidimensionality was verified using confirmatory factor analysis, and an item response theory model was fit. Optimal test assembly (OTA) methods identified a maximally precise short form for each possible length between one and eight items, including and excluding the ninth item. The final short form was selected based on prespecified validity, reliability, and diagnostic accuracy criteria. A four-item short form of the PHQ (PHQ-Dep-4) was selected. The PHQ-Dep-4 had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.805. Sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-Dep-4 were 0.788 and 0.837, respectively, and were statistically equivalent to the PHQ-9 (sensitivity=0.761, specificity=0.866). The correlation of total scores with the full PHQ-9 was high (r=0.919). The PHQ-Dep-4 is a valid short form with minimal loss of information of scores when compared to the full-length PHQ-9. Although OTA methods have been used to shorten patient-reported outcome measures based on objective, prespecified criteria, further studies are required to validate this general procedure for broader use in health research. Furthermore, due to unexamined heterogeneity, there is a need to replicate the results of this study in different patient populations.

Following the Ants

Abstract. Employees’ innovative work is a facet of proactive work behavior that is of increasing interest to industrial and organizational psychologists. As proactive personality and supervisor support are key predictors of innovative work behavior, reliable, and valid employee ratings of these two constructs are crucial for organizations’ planning of personnel development measures. However, the time for assessments is often limited. The present study therefore aimed at constructing reliable short scales of two measures of proactive personality and supervisor support. For this purpose, we compared an innovative approach of item selection, namely Ant Colony Optimization (ACO; Leite, Huang, &amp; Marcoulides, 2008 ) and classical item selection procedures. For proactive personality, the two item selection approaches provided similar results. Both five-item short forms showed a satisfactory reliability and a small, however negligible loss of criterion validity. For a two-dimensional supervisor support scale, ACO found a reliable and valid short form. Psychometric properties of the short version were in accordance with those of the parent form. A manual supervisor support short form revealed a rather poor model fit and a serious loss of validity. We discuss benefits and shortcomings of ACO compared to classical item selection approaches and recommendations for the application of ACO.

Developing a Short Form of the German Barriers Questionnaire II: A Validation Study in Four Steps

ContextPatient-related barriers to cancer pain management are most commonly assessed with the Barriers Questionnaire II (BQII; 27 items). ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to develop a valid short form of the BQII—German version (BQII-G) to increase usability in clinical routines and reduce patient burden. MethodsThe validation study comprised a stepwise approach. In the first step, the linguistic validated version of the BQII-G was psychometrically tested for internal consistency and factor structure (N = 207). The second step included an independent peer review in terms of expert ratings (four nurses and two patients) of each of the BQII-G items regarding (rather) include or (rather) not include, according to the content validity index. The third step comprised a consensus process to integrate the expert ratings into a short form of the BQII-G (BQII-G12). The fourth step included a preliminary psychometric exploration of the short version of BQII-G12. ResultsCronbach's α was 0.92 for the BQII-G. Steps 1–3 resulted in the BQII-G12 (12 items). The correlation showed that the BQII-G12 explains 84.3% (r = 0.92) of the variance of the BQII-G. Cronbach's alpha of the BQII-G12 was 0.833. ConclusionThe BQII-G12 showed excellent psychometric properties in the preliminary testing, providing a new option for practice and research. Patient-related barriers to cancer pain management are crucial for adequate pain treatment. The new valid and reliable short BQII-G12 supports clinical practice and research by substantially reducing patient burden and resources needed to measure these barriers.

The K-SF-42.

The purpose of the present article is to propose an alternative short form for the 199-item Arizona Life History Battery (ALHB), which we are calling the K-SF-42, as it contains 42 items as compared with the 20 items of the Mini-K, the short form that has been in greatest use for the past decade. These 42 items were selected from the ALHB, unlike those of the Mini-K, making direct comparisons of the relative psychometric performance of the two alternative short forms a valid and instructive exercise. A series of secondary data analyses were performed upon a recently completed five-nation cross-cultural survey, which was originally designed to assess the role of life history strategy in the etiology of interpersonal aggression. Only data from the ALHB that were collected in all five cross-cultural replications were used for the present analyses. The single immediate objective of this secondary data analysis was producing the K-SF-42 such that it would perform optimally across all five cultures sampled, and perhaps even generalize well to other modern industrial societies not currently sampled as a result of the geographic breadth of those included in the present study. A novel method, based on the use of the Cross-Sample Geometric Mean as a criterion for item selection, was used for generating such a cross-culturally valid short form.

Using Optimal Test Assembly Methods for Shortening Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Development and Validation of the Cochin Hand Function Scale-6: A Scleroderma Patient-Centered Intervention Network Cohort Study.

To develop and validate a short form of the Cochin Hand Function Scale (CHFS), which measures hand disability, for use in systemic sclerosis, using objective criteria and reproducible techniques. Responses on the 18-item CHFS were obtained from English-speaking patients enrolled in the Scleroderma Patient-Centered Intervention Network Cohort. CHFS unidimensionality was verified using confirmatory factor analysis, and an item response theory model was fit to CHFS items. Optimal test assembly (OTA) methods identified a maximally precise short form for each possible form length between 1 and 17 items. The final short form selected was the form with the least number of items that maintained statistically equivalent convergent validity, compared to the full-length CHFS, with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) and the physical function domain of the 29-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29). There were 601 patients included. A 6-item short form of the CHFS (CHFS-6) was selected. The CHFS-6 had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.93. Correlations of the CHFS-6 summed score with HAQ DI (r = 0.79) and PROMIS-29 physical function (r = -0.54) were statistically equivalent to the CHFS (r = 0.81 and r = -0.56). The correlation with the full CHFS was high (r = 0.98). The OTA procedure generated a valid short form of the CHFS with minimal loss of information compared to the full-length form. The OTA method used was based on objective, prespecified criteria, but should be further studied for viability as a general procedure for shortening patient-reported outcome measures in health research.

A brief assessment of object semantics in primary progressive aphasia

Background: A cross-culturally valid nonverbal assessment of semantic knowledge is needed. Accurately identifying impairment of object semantics is important for diagnosis of several disorders, including distinguishing semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), a neurodegenerative condition characterised by progressive impairment in word comprehension, from logopenic and nonfluent agrammatic variants, which are not associated with impaired object semantics. However, current assessments require culturally specific knowledge.Aims: We developed a cross-culturally valid short form of the Pyramids and Palm Trees Test to assess object semantic memory. We investigated its clinical utility in differentiating the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia, from the logopenic and nonfluent agrammatic variants. Areas of atrophy associated with poor performance were identified.Methods & Procedures: Fourteen items that rely on knowledge of objects’ defining features were selected from the original 52-item version. The full and short forms were administered to healthy individuals in the US (N = 18), Argentina (N = 20), and Greece (N = 12) and performance was compared. Seventy-eight individuals with primary progressive aphasia in the US completed the short form. Behavioural performance of the svPPA group (N = 24) was compared to other variants. Atlas-based analysis identified regions where atrophy correlated with poor performance in 39 individuals with primary progressive aphasia who had high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.Outcomes & Results: Control performance was classified as normal on the short form significantly more often than on the full version. Across groups with primary progressive aphasia, the group with semantic variant performed significantly worse than the groups with logopenic or nonfluent agrammatic variants. Volume in left anterior and inferior temporal cortex correlated with performance.Conclusions: The short-form Pyramids and Palm Trees Test is a clinically relevant, cross-culturally valid assessment of nonverbal object semantics. It can be used to identify semantic impairments, with poor performance associated with atrophy of the temporal lobes.

Development and initial evidence of validity of a short form of the physical self-perception profile for Greek adults

The aim of the study was the development of a valid and reliable short form of the physical self-perception profile. Data were collected from three samples of Greek adults, spanning 17–67 years. (Sample 1: n = 595; Sample 2: n = 602; Sample 3: n = 609). The physical self-perception profile—short form (PSPP-SF) comprised 15 items with three items per subscale of sport competence, body attractiveness, physical condition, physical strength, and physical self-worth (PSW). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the measurement model of PSPP-SF responses with good internal consistency per subscale. Data indicated an equivalent item interpretation across gender, weight status, exercise behaviour, age, and educational level. The mediating role of PSW in the relationship of global self-esteem with physical subdomain perceptions was also supported. Further, PSPP-SF scores supported the hierarchical conceptualisation of the physical self-concept and largely discriminated non-exercisers and regular exercise participants.

Using the Advanced Progressive Matrices (Set I) to assess fluid ability in a short time frame: An item response theory–based analysis.

This article is aimed at evaluating the possibility that Set I of the Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM-Set I) can be employed to assess fluid ability in a short time frame. The APM-Set I was administered to a sample of 1,389 primary and secondary school students. Confirmatory factor analysis attested to the unidimensionality of the scale. Item response theory analyses were applied to investigate the increasing level of item difficulty, test information function, and differential item functioning across gender and age. Additionally, validity measures are reported. Results provide evidence that the APM-Set I can be used as a reliable and valid short form of the Raven's Progressive Matrices in the assessment of fluid ability.

Developing a short‐form structured diagnostic interview for common mental disorders using signal detection theory

Diagnostic instruments must be relatively free from respondent burden and cost effective to administer whilst remaining faithful to the psychiatric nomenclature. It seems logical to develop short-form alternatives to rather lengthy and complicated diagnostic interviews to facilitate large scale data collection. The current study examines one method, signal detection theory, for developing a short-form interview based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0. The method was able to retain the smallest number of items to predict a lifetime and 30 day DSM-IV diagnosis for 10 disorders. Concordance analyses between the full-form and the short-form modules, demonstrated an excellent level of agreement in the whole sample and various subsamples of the Australian population as well as in an international comparison sample of the US population. The good concordance between the long form and the short form demonstrates the ability of signal detection theory to assist in the development of valid short forms, which could replace lengthy diagnostic interviews when the aim is to reduce respondent burden and overall research costs.

P093 Preparation for colonoscopy in everyday routine what makes it successful?

unwell, faecal incontinence, nocturnal diarrhoea, passing winds and effect on leisure activities. Reassuringly, none of these items had item-total correlations greater than 0.8, showing that all items added extra information and none had a single response chosen by more than 80% of patients i.e. all items give good discrimination. However two of the top 12 faecal incontinence and passing winds have item-total correlations less than 0.2, suggesting that they may not be measuring severity. So these items are candidates for removal from the short form. Indeed, since the top 8 items together accounted for 92% of the variation in total scores, they have the potential to form the definitive short form. We have also checked construct validity against the SF12 and EQ5D. Correlations of the short form with SF12 PCS ( 0.421), SF12 MCS ( 0.400) and EQ5D ( 0.398) were around 0.4 demonstrating good evidence of construct validity as recommended by Streiner and Norman. It is clear that the short CCQ performs well in this population and is very likely to yield a valid and efficient short form. Conclusions: We have developed a short quality of life measurement tool for patients with inflammatory bowel disease managed in community, hospital as well as patients with stoma.

Concurrent validity of WAIS-III short forms in a geriatric sample with suspected dementia: Verbal, performance and full scale IQ scores

Evaluation of intellectual abilities using the WAIS-III is a common component of neuropsychological assessments. However, clinicians might be interested in administering reliable and valid short forms due to practical and clinical reasons. The present study examined the concurrent validity of eight short forms of the WAIS-III with full form IQ scores in a sample ( n = 43) of geriatric outpatients referred for assessment of suspected dementia. There were no significant differences between the short and full form VIQ scores at P < .01, while half of the short form PIQ and FSIQ scores were significantly different from their respective full form scores at P < .01. Correlations between short and full form IQ scores ranged from .89 to .99. Seven-subtest short forms were able to accurately estimate over 80% of scores within ±2 S.E.M.s. This study supports limited use of WAIS-III short forms when conducting evaluations of older adults with suspected dementia.

Amazingly Short Forms of the WAIS-R

Although valid short forms of the WAIS-R exist, they require a long administration time. This study developed new, extremely brief short forms of the WAIS-R that are both valid and reliable. In developing the abbreviated batteries, the administration and scoring time of the component subtests was considered, as was each task's placement in the administration sequence. The latter variable was important for the dyad and triad based on Thompson's research into the “motivation effect.” The selected dyad was composed of Information and Picture Completion, while the triad added Digit Span to this dyad. The tetrad was composed of Arithmetic, Similarities, Picture Completion, and Digit Symbol. Each of these abbreviated WAIS-Rs averages less than 20 minutes' administration time, yet each has a reliability of .90 or above and validity coefficients that average .88 for the dyad, .92 for the triad, and .95 for the tetrad.

On Measurement of Machiavellianism

Recently. Bloom ( 1 ) and Shea and Beatty ( 5 ) have debated the reliability of the Mach V scale ( 2 ) , a popular instrument used to measure interpersonal manipulation. Shea and Beatty's main criticism concerns the internal consistency of the instrument; they note that, while Christie reported coefficients in the .Go's, other researchers consistently obtain coefficients under .GO, sometimes substantially so. Bloom, meanwhile, staunchly defends the Mach V, noting that internal consistency is not as essential in a research measure as is temporal consistency. The authors oveslooked two other problems inherent in the Mach V. First, Rogers and Semin ( 4 ) noted that, while Christie may have removed effects of social desirability with a triadic forced-choice format, he reintroduced them through the scoring system. Second, the Mach V is an ipsative instrument, whereby selection of one item necessitates rejection of another. This requires the use of nonparametric statistical techniques, lessening the power of analyses. Shea and Beatty ( 5 ) concluded that a more reliable measure of Machiavellianism should be devised and suggested a Likert scale as one alternative. What both they and Bloom (1) overlooked is that such an instrument already exists in the Mach IV, a 20item, seven-step Likert scale which has been used extensively in research. Its internal consistency is in the neighborhood of .70 to .80 ( 2 , G ) , which is certainly better than the coefficients for the Mach V. A 6-wk. test-retest coefficient of .76 for the Mach IV indicates a personality characteristic that is also stable over a moderate length of time. Using a short form of the Marlowe-Crowne Scale ( 3 ) , Zook and Sipps ( 6 ) found an over-all coefficient of .I5 with social desirability. This is a lower correlation than found for the Mach V and is certainly an acceptable value for use in research. In summary, the Mach IV has numerous advantages over the Mach V. First, reliability is better. Second, correlations with social desirability are lower. Third, parametric statistics can be used in analyses. Since information on validity is similar for the two scales, the Mach IV is recommended over the Mach V for research. REFERENCES 1 . BLOOM, R. W . (1984 ) Comment on Machiavellianism with Mach V: a psychometric Journal of Personality Assessment, 48 , 26-37, 2. CHRISTIE, R. ( 1 9 7 0 ) Scale construction. In R. Christie & F. Geis (Eds.), Studies in MachiavellianUm. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 10-34. 3. REYNOLDS, W . M . ( 1 9 8 2 ) Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinicat Psychology, 38, 119-125. 4. ROGERS, R. S., & S ~ I N , G. R. ( 1 9 7 3 ) Mach V: an improved scoring system based on a triadic choice model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 3440. 5. SHEA, M . T., & B E A m , J. R. ( 1 9 8 3 ) Measuring Machiavellianism with Mach V: a psychometric investigation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 509-513. 6. ZOOK, A., 11, & SIPPS, G. J. ( i n press) Reliability data and sex differences with a gender-free Mach IV. Journal of Social Psychology. Accepted October 21, 1985.

Development of reliable and valid short forms of the marlowe-crowne social desirability scale

Developed, on the basis of responses from 608 undergraduate students to the 33-item Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, three short forms of 11, 12, and 13 items. The psychometric characteristics of these three forms and three other short forms developed by Strahan and Gerbasi (1972) were investigated and comparisons made. Results, in the form of internal consistency reliability, item factor loadings, short form with Marlowe-Crowne total scale correlations, and correlations between Marlowe-Crowne short forms and the Edwards Social Desirability Scale, indicate that psychometrically sound short forms can be constructed. Comparisons made between the short forms examined in this investigation suggest the 13-item form as a viable substitute for the regular 33-item Marlowe-Crowne scale.