Valid Emails Research Articles

Email Spam Classifier

Communication plays a major part in everything be it proficient or individual. Because of its widespread use, accessibility, affordability, and free services, email is a popular communication tool. The rise in email-based attacks is a direct result of email protocol weaknesses as well as the growing volume of electronic commerce and financial activities. One of the main issues with today's Internet is email spam, which can financially harm businesses and bother individual consumers. On the internet, spam emails are the main problem. Spammers find it simple to send emails that are filled with spam. Our inbox is flooded with several pointless emails from spam. We receive an overwhelming volume of spam emails every day, making it difficult and time-consuming for us to distinguish between them. Spam remains a problem despite all the efforts made to eradicate it. Furthermore, even valid emails will be removed from consideration when countermeasures become excessively sensitive. Filtering is one of the key strategies among the methods created to prevent spam. This research aims to explore machine learning algorithms and their application to our data sets. The optimal algorithm for email spam detection is chosen based on its optimal precision and accuracy.

Ethnic and Religious Discrimination in the Wedding Venue Business: Evidence from Two Field Experiments in Germany and Austria

Abstract We add to the current debate on ethno-religious discrimination by studying to what extent discrimination in the wedding venue business is based on religious or ethnic grounds. Do the two reinforce each other? Does the explicit mentioning of a non-religious wedding help to reduce ethnic discrimination in a secularized society? We draw on two field experiments in Germany and Austria. We sent 805 valid emails to wedding venues. We randomly varied two traits, the names (Arabic-origin and native-origin) and whether the wedding was religious (Islamic or Free Church) or not. Using linear probability models and ordinary least squares regressions, we predicted the likelihood of receiving a confirmation, the response time from venues, the length, formality, and tone of the emails as well as the prevalence of mistakes in the emails. Our analyses showed that couples with Arabic-origin names, celebrating an Islamic wedding, received significantly fewer confirmations compared to couples with native-origin names. Celebrating a non-religious wedding of couples with Arabic-origin names reduced the disadvantage. The study suggests statistical discrimination based on religiosity that is inferred from Arabic-origin names.

Clinician awareness of brain computer interfaces: a Canadian national survey

BackgroundIndividuals with severe neurological disabilities but preserved cognition, including children, are often precluded from connecting with their environments. Brain computer interfaces (BCI) are a potential solution where advancing technologies create new clinical opportunities. We evaluated clinician awareness as a modifiable barrier to progress and identified eligible populations.MethodsWe executed a national, population-based, cross-sectional survey of physician specialists caring for persons with severe disability. An evidence- and experience-based survey had three themes: clinician BCI knowledge, eligible populations, and potential impact. A BCI knowledge index was created and scored. Canadian adult and pediatric neurologists, physiatrists and a subset of developmental pediatricians were contacted. Secure, web-based software administered the survey via email with online data collection.ResultsOf 922 valid emails (664 neurologists, 253 physiatrists), 137 (15%) responded. One third estimated that ≥10% of their patients had severe neurological disability with cognitive capacity. BCI knowledge scores were low with > 40% identifying as less than “vaguely aware” and only 15% as “somewhat familiar” or better. Knowledge did not differ across specialties. Only 6 physicians (4%) had patients using BCI. Communication and wheelchair control rated highest for potentially improving quality of life. Most (81%) felt BCI had high potential to improve quality of life. Estimates suggested that > 13,000 Canadians (36 M population) might benefit from BCI technologies.ConclusionsDespite high potential and thousands of patients who might benefit, BCI awareness among clinicians caring for disabled persons is poor. Further, functional priorities for BCI applications may differ between medical professionals and potential BCI users, perhaps reflecting that clinicians possess a less accurate understanding of the desires and needs of potential end-users. Improving knowledge and engaging both clinicians and patients could facilitate BCI program development to improve patient outcomes.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health-care delivery: The views of health-care professionals in Sydney's tertiary paediatric hospitals.

To determine the cultural competency training, knowledge and attitudes of health professionals about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter referred to as Aboriginal) health-care delivery. Survey of medical (n = 200), nursing (n = 200) and other health professionals (n = 210) working in two tertiary paediatric hospitals in December 2013. The main outcome measures were training in Aboriginal health-care delivery, knowledge of Aboriginal health and services, attitudes to identification of Aboriginal patients and suggested ways to improve health-care delivery to Aboriginal patients. We received responses from 286 of 572 (50.0%) staff with valid emails: 75 medical, 88 nursing and 123 other health professionals. A minority reported receiving specific Aboriginal health training (126/286, 44.8%) and Aboriginal cultural competency training (106/286, 37.1%). Medical staff were less likely than others to report Aboriginal health-care training (P = 0.01), cultural competency training (P < 0.001) and that their training equipped them to manage Aboriginal patients (P = 0.04). Few medical staff reported a good/very good knowledge of the services provided by the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (20.0%), the Federal Government Closing the Gap initiative (14.7%) or the Royal Australasian College of Physicians' Reconciliation Action Plan (8.0%). Only 62 of 286 (21.7%) staff agreed that they usually asked patients/parents whether they identified as Aboriginal. Although 256 of 286 (89.5%) agreed that Aboriginal staff were an important resource, only 125 of 286 (43.7%) had referred Aboriginal patients to one. The opportunities we have identified to improve health-care delivery to Aboriginal patients include: increasing Aboriginal cultural competency training, correct identification of Aboriginal patients, referring Aboriginal patients to Aboriginal health-care services and increased awareness of Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services.

Patterns of point-of-care test use among obstetricians and gynaecologists in the US.

Between June and August 2016, 1000 members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists were randomly selected and invited to complete a Qualtrics (222 West river Park Drive, Provo, Utah 84604, USA) survey; 600 of these were members of the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network. Respondents who completed at least 60% of the survey were included in the analysis. Of the 1000 selected members, 749 had valid emails and 288 (38%) of these participated in and completed the survey. Of the respondents, 70% were male with a mean of 18 years in practice. Detection of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) once or twice a week was reported by 30%, whereas 45% reported detecting STIs once or twice a month. POCTs used included pregnancy tests (83%), urine dipstick (83%), wet mount tests (79%) and the vagina pH test (54.8%). Few used Gram stain (5%) and stat rapid plasma regain tests (4%). Relatively newer US Food and Drug Administration-approved POCTs were used less frequently, with 25% of respondents reporting using the Affirm VPIII (Becton, Dickinson and Company, 1 Becton Drive, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07471, USA) test use and only 10% using a rapid HIV test. The most common perceived barriers to testing were the amount of reimbursement received for performing the test (61.9%) and the payment coverage from the patient (61.3%). US obstetricians and gynaecologists rely on laboratory test results and traditional POCTs to diagnosis STIs. Future development and marketing of POCTs should consider not only ease and time of test performance, but also the cost of the tests to the practice and the patient, as well as reimbursement.

P072: Exploring definitions of “unnecessary care” in emergency medicine: a qualitative analysis of physician survey responses

Introduction: Recently, campaigns placing considerable emphasis on improving emergency department (ED) care by reducing unnecessary tests, treatments, and/or procedures have been initiated. This study explored how Canadian emergency physicians (EPs) conceptualize unnecessary care in the ED. Methods: An online 60-question survey was distributed to EP-members of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) with valid emails. The survey explored respondents awareness/support for initiatives to improve ED care (i.e., reduce unnecessary tests, treatments and/or procedures) and asked respondents to define “unnecessary care” in the ED. Thematic qualitative analysis was performed on these responses to identify key themes and sub-themes and explore variation among EPs definitions of unnecessary care. Results: A total of 324 surveys were completed (response rate: 18%); 300 provided free-text definitions of unnecessary care. Most commonly, unnecessary ED care was defined as: 1) performing tests, treatments, procedures, and/or consults that were not indicated or potentially harmful (n=169) and/or 2) care that should have been provided within a non-emergent context for a non-urgent patient (n=143). Emergency physicians highlighted the role of system-level factors and system failures that result in ED presentations as definitions of unnecessary care (n=69). They also noted a distinction between providing necessary care for a non-urgent patient and performing inappropriate/non-evidenced based care. Finally, a tension emerged in their description of frustration with patient expectations (n=17) and/or non-ED referrals (n=24) for specific tests, treatments, and/or procedures. These frustrations were juxtaposed by participants who asserted that “in a patient-centred care environment, no care is unnecessary” (Participant 50; n=12). Conclusion: Variation in the definition of unnecessary ED care is evident among EPs and illustrates that EPs’ conceptualization of unnecessary care is more nuanced than current campaigns addressing ED care improvements represent. This may contribute to a perceived lack of uptake or support for these initiatives. Further exploring EPs perceptions of these campaigns has the potential to improve EP engagement and influence the language utilized by these programs.

P071: Choosing Wisely in the emergency department: exploring the reach, support and potential for the Choosing Wisely Canada® campaign among emergency physicians

Introduction: Choosing Wisely Canada® (CWC) launched in April 2012. Since then, the Emergency Medicine (EM) top-10 list of tests, treatments and procedures to avoid has been released and initiatives are on-going. This study explored CWC awareness and support among emergency physicians. Methods: A 60-question online survey was distributed to Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) members with valid e-mails. The survey collected information on demographics, awareness/support for CWC as well as physicians’ perceived barriers and facilitators to implementation. Descriptive statistics were performed in SPSS (Version 24). Results: Overall, 324 surveys were completed (response rate: 18%). Respondents were more often male (64%) and practiced at academic/tertiary care hospitals (56%) with mixed patient populations (74%) with annual ED volumes of &amp;gt;50,000 (70%). Respondents were familiar with campaigns to improve care (90%). Among these respondents, 98% were specifically familiar with CWC and 73% felt these campaigns assisted them in providing high-quality care. Respondents felt that the top-5 EM recommendations were supported by high quality evidence, specifically the first 4 recommendations (&amp;gt;90% each). The most frequently reported barriers to implementation were: patients’ expectations/requests (33%), the possibility of missing severe condition(s) (20%), and requirements of ED consultations (12%). Potential facilitators were identified as: strong evidence-base for recommendations (37%), medico-legal protection for clinicians who adhere to guidelines (13%), and support from institutional leadership (11%). Conclusion: CWC is well-known and supported by emergency physicians. Despite the low response rate, exploring the barriers and facilitators identified here could enhance CWC’s uptake in Canadian emergency departments.

Proposed efficient algorithm to filter spam using machine learning techniques

Electronic spam is the most troublesome Internet phenomenon challenging large global companies, including AOL, Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. Spam causes various problems that may, in turn, cause economic losses. Spam causes traffic problems and bottlenecks that limit memory space, computing power and speed. Spam causes users to spend time removing it. Various methods have been developed to filter spam, including black list/white list, Bayesian classification algorithms, keyword matching, header information processing, investigation of spam-sending factors and investigation of received mails. This study describes three machine-learning algorithms to filter spam from valid emails with low error rates and high efficiency using a multilayer perceptron model. Several widely used techniques include C4.5 decision tree classifier, multilayer perceptron and Naïve Bayes classifier, all of which are used for training data whether in the form of spam or valid emails. Finally, the results are discussed, and outputs of considered techniques are examined in relation to the proposed model.

Identification of Spam Emails from Valid Emails by Using Voting

In recent years, the increasing use of e-mails has led to the emergence and increase of problems caused by mass unwanted messages which are commonly known as spam. In this study, by using decision trees, support vector machine, Naive Bayes theorem and voting algorithm, a new version for identifying and classifying spams is provided. In order to verify the proposed method, a set of a mails are chosen to get tested. First three algorithms try to detect spams, and then by using voting method, spams are identified. The advantage of this method is utilizing a combination of three algorithms at the same time: decision tree, support vector machine and Naive Bayes method. During the evaluation of this method, a data set is analyzed by Weka software. Charts prepared in spam detection indicate improved accuracy compared to the previous methods.

An exploratory study of the perceptions of AACSB International’s 2013 Accreditation Standards

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the findings of an exploratory survey designed to measure AACSB member deans’ perceptions about the recently revised 2013 Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) Accreditation Standards. In April of 2013, AACSB International released a major revision of its accreditation standards to better reflect the increased globalization of management education. Design/methodology/approach – The present study surveyed AACSB member school deans via e-mail using SurveyMonkey during October and early November of 2013. A total of 1,131 valid e-mail addresses were found for the deans/heads of member schools (accredited and non-accredited). In total, 259 surveys were completed, resulting in a 23 per cent response rate for member schools with valid e-mails (n = 1,131). Findings – The present study found that the AACSB membership largely perceives that AACSB accreditation is a basic requirement to be a credible and competitive business school, is an indicator of a quality education and is linked to enhancing a business school’s ability to be effective in faculty recruitment and student placement. Even business school’s holding association of MBA (AMBA) and the European Foundation for Management Development’s International Accreditation Program (EQUIS) accreditation seemed to think that AACSB accreditation is a basic requirement to be a competitive business school. The most notable finding of this study is that most deans indicated that they will be able to meet the 2013 standards. Originality/value – Although at the time of the survey no business school had been subject to review under the new standards, member deans largely felt that the guiding principles and values and the accreditation standards themselves are achievable. In addition, there was widespread agreement that AACSB accreditation is valuable, meaningful and essential in today’s globally competitive environment.

A Survey of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Knowledge among Health Educators in the United States

Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular among U.S. health care consumers, but no study has examined how much health educators know about CAM. Purpose: To examine the knowledge of basic CAM concepts and common CAM therapies among health educators in the U.S. Methods: An online survey was conducted among 1,299 health educators with valid e-mails on a professional listserv. The response rate was 39%. The 16-item CAM knowledge scale yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of .71. Results: Participating health educators were most knowledgeable about chiropractic and massage therapy, familiar with the general definition of CAM, understood whether acupuncture is beneficial in treating a variety of health conditions, and whether there is sufficient scientificevidence regarding CAM safety and effectiveness. Participants were unclear about the difference between complementary medicine and alternative medicine. CAM knowledge appeared to be influenced by the participants' sex, education level, race/ethnicity, and employment setting. Discussion: Similar to other studies, participating health educators were more familiar with the concepts of commonly used CAM therapies than those of less widely practiced ones. Translation to Health Education Practice: CAM education should be implemented as part of a professional preparation curriculum and in the form of continuing education for health educators in the U.S.

Nurses' autonomy: influence of nurse managers' actions.

Autonomy plays an important part in nurses' job satisfaction and retention, but the literature shows that they are often dissatisfied with this aspect and want better working conditions and greater autonomy in decision-making. The aim of this study was to examine the role that nurse managers have in enhancing hospital staff nurses' autonomy. The study used a comparative descriptive survey design. Data collection took place over the Internet through the use of selective listservs in the United States of America (USA), Canada, and the United Kingdom. Of the 317 hospital nurses participating, 264 (83.3%) were from the USA. Differences relating to nurses, nurse managers, and hospital settings were controlled in the analysis. Nurses were more autonomous in making patient care decisions than unit operational decisions, and they perceived their autonomy to be at a moderate level. Those who were autonomous in patient care decision-making were also likely to be autonomous in unit operation decision-making. Nurse managers' actions had a strong relationship with nurses' autonomy in deciding on patient care and unit operation decisions, and with total autonomy. The three important variables that were reported by staff nurses to increase their autonomy were supportive management, education and experience. The three most important factors that were reported to decrease nurses' autonomy were autocratic management, doctors and workload. Technical issues such as the availability of listservs, valid e-mails, viruses, and familiarity with the Internet and its applications were the major limitations of this study. Nurses' autonomy over patient care and unit operations decisions needs to be enhanced, and nurse managers should promote this. Similarly, there is a role for nurse education, both in preregistration programmes and in continuing education for managers. Further research needs to explore the barriers that nurses face in autonomous decision-making and how nurses' participation in unit operational decisions can be promoted. Hospital staff nurses have moderate autonomy which could be increased by more effective support from nurse managers. The use of electronic questionnaires is a promising data collection method.