Valiant Struggle Research Articles

Ukraine’s Fight for Democracy and a new Limited Cold War

ObjectivesAnalysis of geopolitical changes in the world resulting from Russia's aggression in Ukraine in 2022.MethodsThe research methods include the analysis of reports and documentation and the current political and military situation.ResultsThe article answers four research questions: 1) To what extent does Ukraine represent a pivotal point in a limited Cold War with Russia countering the expansion of democracy? 2) What is the future of Ukraine and what issues remained to be resolved? 3) What are the differences between the Cold War of 1947-91 and today's limited Cold War? 4) Why did the West not want to believe that Russia would attack Ukraine? Three reasons are articulated: the West was blinded by the vision of "pursuing peace through trade" (especially in the field of energy).ConclusionsUkraine's valiant struggle to save its democracy from Vladimir Putin's brutal invasion is the pivotal point of our time. As countries and companies seek to return to or maintain relations with Russia despite the brutal war that has disrupted the world order, it remains to be seen how long democratic nations will be able to maintain their unity. . On one side are the democratic nations of the West, the Pacific and NATO, and on the other are autocratic Russia, China and their allies. This is a renewed but limited Cold War that will dominate nations for decades to come.

Feminist and Nationalist Discourse in Kadınlar Dünyası

There is a widely presumed idea that Ottoman women did not ask for their rights but those rights were bestowed upon them. The bourgeoning feminist studies of 1980s, however, refuted this long-lasting myth as they discovered what has been buried within the annals of history. With the efforts of these studies shedding light on Ottoman women’s emancipation, we reach out to the knowledge that our grandmothers put up a valiant struggle under challenging circumstances. Ottoman women struggled not only to gain their rights within the national boundaries but also to circumvent orientalist dichotomies that have traditionally prevented their feminist voice to be heard internationally. Even after being discovered from the long-forgotten dusty shelves, accessing what has been discussed by our grandmothers was not simple and straightforward. As Ottoman women recorded their struggle in the Ottoman script, their ideas could not be conveyed effortlessly and needed transliteration into Latin script. Thanks to the transliteration project of women periodicals carried out by The Women’s Library and Information Centre, we can now access and analyse what had been discussed by our grandmothers. While there are several notorious women periodicals published for women, within the frame of this paper, I will conduct a contextualised reading of the feminist and nationalist discussion that has taken place within the Women’s journal Kadınlar Dünyası (Women’s World) and discuss how women of that time took the issue of feminism and nationalism. Did they relate themselves to the word, feminism, or tried to find a new way to defend themselves? How did they situate themselves within the frame of Western feminist ideals and Eastern nationalist norms? In this paper, I will mainly discuss how these rather opposite terms entangled within the discourse of female freedom.

Rage Against the Machine: The Legacy of Education Leaders’ Valiant Struggle for Social Justice in Abbeville v. South Carolina

Purpose: Abbeville v. South Carolina was a nearly three-decade long school funding lawsuit initiated by the education leaders of South Carolina's most rural and impoverished school districts that primarily educated students of color. Recently, the State Supreme Court dismissed the entire case. Guided by a multiperspective framework of social justice, one year after the dismissal, we sought to understand the perspectives and experiences of five of the original plaintiff superintendents who either initiated or engaged in the court hearings for the case. These education leaders shared unique insights on their valiant struggle against systemic inequities in order to improve the quality of their students’ education. Research method: To address our research questions, we relied on an intrinsic retrospective case study methodology that relies on face-to-face semistructured interview data collection with five of the original superintendents who were involved in the legacy case. We then supplemented the qualitative findings with quantitative descriptive data and results from our differences-in-differences analyses to support the qualitative analysis. Findings: Participants shared rich detailed experiences concerning both the struggle their districts faced that necessitated the lawsuit and the struggle they faced while fighting to ameliorate those conditions. There was a mixed reaction concerning whether participants felt the struggle was worth the effort, yet they universally felt the conditions have not improved for their districts. Some further felt that the funding gap between the rich (urban/suburban) school districts and their poor rural counterparts has actually widened. These perceptions were supported by the revenue data.

Biography of Professor Cornel Tiberiu Opriş. Professional maturity.

Professor Cornel Tiberiu Opris was the founder and Chair of the Clinic and University Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Cluj, after the Education Reform of 1948. The article illustrates how the founder of these institutions led a valiant struggle for obtaining and arranging a location for the newly established Faculty of Dentistry, within the Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy. Professor Cornel Tiberiu Opriş established himself as the most prodigious researcher at the Faculty for over a quarter-century, until his retirement, introducing his original conception in the therapeutic and surgical field. He created in Cluj-Napoca a specialist medical school by imposing national prestige for the institution that he led.

Robert W. Dickerman, 1926–2015

Bob Dickerman died peacefully in his Bernalillo, New Mexico, home after a month of valiant struggle to overcome complications of a stroke. The trajectory of his career can be tracked through his varied peer-reviewed publications and the specimens upon which many of those publications were based. Perusal of the specimen labels and the titles of the publications reveals that he was widely traveled, and although the majority of his publications were about bird distribution and taxonomy, he also was an accomplished mammalogist, dabbled in animal behavior, and coauthored important virology publications (see Western Birds 43:200–202). Bob was an AOU Fellow since 1983 and an Elective Member of AOU since 1973. We will miss Bob’s warmth, friendship, and sense of humor. However, long after the last Dickerman story is told by those who knew him, Bob’s legacy will remain, in a vibrant Division of Birds at the Museum of Southwestern Biology (MSB) and in the treasure trove of specimens with ‘‘RWD’’ on the label that he deposited at institutions across the country and around the world. Bob was the middle child of three boys who grew up on a farm in upstate New York during the Great Depression. He was drafted for World War II but was too young to see combat. He served in Tokyo during the occupation of Japan after the war and attended Cornell University on the GI Bill after his discharge. Although an undergraduate, he was as old as the graduate students and shared office space with them, which afforded him opportunities to gain experience as a field biologist that younger undergraduate students might not have had. He once told me during one of our field trips within New Mexico that his interest in specimen-based science was piqued at Cornell when a Red Phalarope wandered to Cayuga Lake in September 1947. He witnessed the collection and preparation of this specimen (CUMV 21260) and was hooked. Bob soon learned to prepare museum specimens, and he put those skills to use as a field collector and preparator at the University of Kansas in the 1950s, and then as a doctoral student at the University of Minnesota. During his years at Kansas and Minnesota, Bob spent his field time primarily in Mexico. His Ph.D. advisor, Dwain Warner, said that nobody knew Mexico better than Bob (Moments of Discovery, University of Florida Press, 2010, ed. K.Winker). It would surprise many people to learn that Bob spent his professional career employed as a virologist at the Cornell Medical School in New York City. However, he never forgot his roots, and he also held an appointment in the Bird Department at the American Museum of Natural History. Besides teaching classes in virology, he was the field coordinator for a project that screened wild

The Surveillance State Bigger, Braver New World?

notebook 6 worldliteraturetoday.org What distinguishes the modern surveillance-and-control state from its predecessors is technodeterminism : the use of algorithms, not human beings, to monitor and shape citizens’ attitudes and behavior. A grotesque example of a primitive political order enslaving its subjects is found in Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov’s 1980 novel The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years. He retold the legend of the mankurts—prisoners in steppe societies who had wet camel hides (shiri) fitted over their shaven heads. Left in the Central Asian sun until the camel skin dried out, either cracking their skulls or destroying their reason and memory, mankurts who survived became mindless subjects. A bit earlier , in the classic era of dystopian writing around the time of the two world wars, Aldous Huxley, George Orwell, Yevgeny Zamyatin, and others described the makings of sophisticated totalitarian regimes. Are we today on the brink of a new wave of literature offering resistance to an allknowing surveillance state? Kallocain Karin Boye It is puzzling that Swedish writer Karin Boye’s 1940 novel about a totalitarian Worldstate is not treated as a classic of dystopian fiction. The novel offers a terrifying account of state manipulation of people’s thoughts and feelings, transforming them into mere “healthy cells in the state organism.” Boye takes for granted that citizens are constantly monitored and imagines innovations toughening thought control. Through kallocain, a truth-telling drug, human feelings are repossessed by their rightful owner, the state. Linda’s valiant struggle against succumbing is particularly poignant. One critic wrote that “Karin Boye is something of the saint thirsting in the desert.” She took her own life within a year of completing this novel. The Silences of Hammerstein Hans Magnus Enzensberger Nazi Germany organized its citizenry into a militarist mass society. But how it repressed opponents, especially of elite military background, has been left to one of Germany’s leading poets and public intellectuals to describe. Combining archival and epistolary sources, reportage, fictional posthumous interviews, and narrative , Enzensberger offers a spellbinding account of the intransigent Kurt von Hammerstein, the Wehrmacht’s last commander before Hitler, and his family. Opposition to the Nazi order is spearheaded by three of his four daughters who join the Communist Party and consort with Jewish militants . We also obtain new insight into the totalitarian Stalinist regime with which Germany collaborated. The Unknown Soldier Gerald Seymour A British-born Al Qaeda mastermind released from Guantánamo crosses the sprawling Saudi desert in a caravan populated by camels, Bedouins, and terrorists. Tracking him from the skies are American technicians operating Predator drones and Hellfire missiles. Their location is eerily close to the site of the real-world, secret US drone base that showed up in satellite images in February 2013, two years after the base’s clamshell hangars and airstrips had been constructed but nine years after the publication of Seymour’s novel. Do the drones get their man? The Watchman in Pieces: Surveillance, Literature, and Liberal Personhood David Rosen & Aaron Santesso This scholarly monograph offers a sweeping history of surveillance and literature since the Renaissance. Political structures and literary works share a philosophical quest for understanding and organizing reality. Both construct observation strategies. Today profit-motivated, corporate dataveillance adds a new layer to citizen control. Literature’s role is to restore empathy and to rehumanize the state while mapping strategies of resistance. What to Read Now The Surveillance State Bigger, Braver New World? Ray Taras Ray Taras was born and educated in Montreal and went on to study and teach at universities in the UK, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, and the US. He publishes on issues of identity and of world literature’s importance to making sense of international politics. His interviews with Carsten Jensen and Rawi Hage appear, respectively, in the May 2011 and July 2013 issues of WLT. ...

Robert A. Warriner III, MD, FACA, FCCP, FCCWS, ABPM/UHM (1950–2012)

Our fellow wound care leader, Dr Robert A. Warriner III, passed away on August 22, 2012, at the age of 62, following a 6-year valiant struggle against multiple myeloma. He had been a patient at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. We’ve learned that Dr Warriner was first diagnosed in 2006, underwent an autologous stem cell transplantation in August 2006, and experienced a relapse a year later. In keeping with his reputation as a quintessential scholar, clinician, and teacher, he continued to see value in examining his cancer, not only as a physician, but in his experiencing the secondary complications of the cancer treatment itself—such as peripheral neuropathies and daily abdominal pain. “Sometimes preventing and managing the side effects becomes more important than managing the underlying cancer itself,” Dr Warriner said. Because of his ongoing advocacy for patients, Dr Warriner participated in a colloquium with the National Cancer Institute and MD Anderson in 2011 to increase awareness of cancer treatment toxicities and their effect on patients. He was regarded as a patient advocate and a “crucial voice in these discussions.” Dr Warriner held many leadership positions, including most recently as chief medical officer of Healogics, Jacksonville, Florida. He was highly regarded in the wound care and hyperbaric community. He received numerous awards, including the Lifetime Achievement Award from the World Union of Wound Healing Societies in 2008 and the Sharon Baranoski Founder’s Award in 2009, which recognized him as an expert in wound care treatment and disease management. He was a graduate of Tulane University and Vanderbilt School of Medicine. He served our country as a medical officer in the US Air Force and was named Emeritus Medical Director of the Southeast Texas Center for Wound Care and Hyperbaric Medicine Conroe Regional Medical Center, Conroe, Texas. Dr Warriner was trained in anesthesiology at Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation in New Orleans, Louisiana, and as a clinical fellow in critical care medicine in the Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Hospital, at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. His subspecialties included critical care medicine, wound care, and hyperbaric medicine. He also participated in numerous wound care outreach programs around the globe.Robert A. Warriner III, MD, FACA, FCCP, FCCWS, ABPM/UHM, center, as he received the 2009 Sharon Baranoski Founder’s Award from Sharon Baranoski, MSN, RN, CWOCN, APN, DAPWCA, FAAN, and Richard “Sal” Salcido, MD.Dr Warriner is survived by his wife of 36 years, Karen, and their children and grandchildren. We will greatly miss him in the wound care community. But his contributions to wound care will continue on as his outstanding influence and leadership have charted new heights for us all to achieve.FigureRichard “Sal” Salcido, MD

Episode (review)

Reviewed by: Episode Jack Smith (bio) Robert Garner McBrearty . Episode. Pocol Press. In Making Shapely Fiction, Jerome Stern states, "American comic fiction tends to be serious, satiric, and, often, a bit grotesque." It takes a master stylist to pull all this off, Stern emphasizes, and certainly Robert Garner McBrearty, winner of the 2007 Sherwood Anderson Foundation Fiction Award, is one such master stylist in Episode. As in his first collection, A Night at the Y, McBrearty's Episode is peopled with antiheroes slogging [End Page 170] through life the best they know how, sometimes mounting a valiant struggle, at other times pretty well petered out, engulfed by a kind of Carveresque bleakness. Whatever the mood or tone of his story, McBrearty is a very serious writer, zany in his seriousness, brewing up a compelling mix of the quirky, absurd, ridiculous, and improbable. The major emphasis in McBrearty's fiction tends to be on the alienated self pursuing some sort of meaning, importance, victory, or basic human happiness. How can life be more bearable, more livable?—this is the central question in a McBrearty story. McBrearty's light stories tend to be Thurberesque, cartoonish almost, but they represent only a small portion of this collection. Most of the stories drift toward the dark, dealing with characters who have failed themselves or are experiencing life somehow failing them. Things are deteriorating, decaying. If in the lighter stories comedy functions to intensify our amusement at the outrageous and zany, in the darker pieces it works to color our sense of the lived experience as often laughable yet paradoxically, at times, eerily sinister. McBrearty's out-and-out farces (which all of his work seems to hover on) are allegory at its best, sheer comedic performances that zero in on psychological and social phenomena in ways not accessible through straight realism. "The Real World," a story light in mood and tone, has a compelling Chaplinesque quality to it, calling to mind the bizarre victimization of the hero of Modern Times. Here, as in other stories in this collection, McBrearty's protagonists find themselves in the midst of a world they can't quite handle, one without a suitable place for them. Jim, the beleaguered protagonist in this story, lives in some friends' garage, and when winter comes he faces the prospect of sharing his already cramped space with their car. "It was a small car, though, and I was hoping I could adjust." This kind of outrageous setup, with the protagonist's deadpan response, is typical of a McBrearty story, in which the limits of ordinary, experienced reality are stretched. Needing work, Jim accepts a friend's offer to try out the plumbing business, a vocation his friend glorifies and even gets him to glorify, against all evidence to the contrary: "Sewer and drain cleaners really were lonely saints of the underworld, engaged in a noble battle." The use of mock epic, a typical McBrearty device, serves here to deride any touted wonders of achieving success in the "real world." There's certainly no glory in the plumbing business for Jim; with savage irony, McBrearty's protagonist wishes at the end to return to his "humble garage." Unlike "The Real World," "Transformations," though in many ways comic, is a rather dark, disturbing story. The story tests out a central tenet of fiction writing: character change. As fiction writers, editors, and readers, we say we must have it, but does life really work that way?—do characters actually improve, get better? The narrator declares himself a skeptic. McBrearty's protagonist, Paul, begins the narrative (the so-called fictional equilibrium) as "a hard thug of a guy who's drinking in a bar with some of the boys," a bar where those who are not watching the television are "puking, fighting, or engaging in sex acts in dark corners." In [End Page 171] the midst of this freakish mayhem, Paul is about to have his first glimpse of meaningful transformation: he suddenly notices a woman on the TV, who is "saying something nice to a young man who is distressed." She is stroking "his hair in a gentle sort of way." Reminded of a nice girl...

Akira Takeshita (1940–2009)

Akira Takeshita, a great cardiologist, scientist, and mentor, passed away on March 15, 2009, after a valiant struggle with cancer. Dr Takeshita was raised in Kumamoto, Japan. He received his medical degree from the Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Japan, in 1965, after which he completed his residency training at Tachikawa US Military Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1970–1973, he was a cardiology fellow at University of Iowa, where he spent 1 year in research with Dr Allyn Mark. After returning to Kyushu University for a few years, he rejoined the Cardiovascular Division in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Iowa in 1976. There he was introduced to research on neural control of circulation and on vascular function and structure, which would later become his lifelong research interests.1,2 He spent 4 years in Iowa as an assistant professor and came back to Kyushu University in 1980. He was promoted to professor at the Department …

Posthumous presentation of the Julius M. Friedenwald Medal to Jon I. Isenberg, M.D.

The 2004 Julius M. Friedenwald Award will be awarded posthumously to Jon I. Isenberg, M.D. The Friedenwald Medal is the highest award given by the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), and is traditionally given to an individual for a lifetime of contributions to the AGA and the field of gastroenterology. Individuals honored with this award are those who have earned the respect of his or her peers by virtue of service, scholarship, and leadership for our profession. Jon died on October 10, 2003 after a valiant struggle against a lengthy illness. He was nominated while still alive, and selected for this honor shortly after his death. This is the first posthumous award of the Friedenwald medal by the AGA, and as a review of his life will reveal, Jon has left his profession better than he found it, and he has richly earned this legacy. Jon I. Isenberg, M.D.

‘We are on strike!’ The development of labor militancy in the airline industry

‘We are on strike!’ The development of labor militancy in the airline industry

To Seduce or to Flirt, that is the Question

Can we conceive a new knowledge, politics and ethics more suited to transient time - to know and use the moment and the occasion no matter how fleeting? But something beyond a vulgar opportunism. We will need more subtle distinctions - of time and of behaviour - than we are accustomed to. But can we, the West, break away from our entrenched attraction to enduring principles? From long-term quests? From immemorial causes like the valiant struggle against evil and the endless, triumphant crusades of goodness? We love to be seduced by eternal time. But we pay a price which we commonly fail to notice. If only for the moment, let us suspend conventional judgments and contemplate an alternative. Let’s flirt. Let’s risk uncertainty. And our technique, just for the occasion? A series of swift raiding parties not a sustained campaign of reasoned argument.

In Memoriam Professor Boaz Moav (1938-2002)

On January 28, 2002, Professor Boaz Moav passed away after a long and valiant struggle with his ailment. We have lost both a good friend and a dedicated scientist who contributed greatly to the scientific aspects of fish culture.

Preface

Dr. Gilda H. Loew, 70, president and founder of the Molecular Research Institute in Mountain View, California, passed away on January 5, 2001, after a long and valiant struggle against breast cancer. Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Dr. Loew attended Erasmus Hall High School and then earned a Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry at New York University. After completing a Master's Degree in Chemistry at Columbia University, she subsequently earned a doctorate in Chemical Physics from the University of California, Berkeley. In a succession of positions during the 1950s and 1960s, Dr. Loew was a pioneer in the application of computational chemistry to problems in the biological sciences. She began a long association with Stanford University in 1969. In 1979, Dr. Loew formed the Molecular Research Institute (MRI), where she led the efforts of a team of scientists for the next two decades. Establishing MRI was an expression of Dr. Loew's independent spirit, her persistence, and her desire to contribute successfully and productively to responsible science on her own terms. Dr. Loew is best known for the computational investigation of the structural and functional aspects of heme proteins and enzymes, to which she devoted more than four decades. She studied the electronic structure and electromagnetic properties, the mechanisms of heme-catalyzed reactions, substrate metabolism by heme enzymes, and her laboratory constructed and used the first three-dimensional models of heme proteins. In addition, her research interests covered such diverse topics as the mechanisms by which drugs such as opioids and anxiolytics stimulate receptors in the brain, the computer-aided risk assessment of chemical carcinogens, multicomponent chemical systems, and prebiotic synthesis and interstellar molecules. As listed in this volume, her publications include over 300 scientific articles, reviews, and book chapters co-authored with many associates in many countries and from many disciplines. Her co-authors were often young scientists whom she mentored with care and prepared for successful independent careers. The tireless support of these colleagues and the pride she took in their successes are most memorable. Dr. Loew was an enthusiastic and stimulating participant in the activities of many professional organizations, demonstrating the breadth of her interests and her ability to cross disciplines. She was a longstanding member of the American Chemical Society and was also a member of the American Physical Society, the Biophysical Society, the International Society of the Origin of Life, the International Society of Quantum Biology & Pharmacology, the New York Academy of Science, and American Women in Science. She served these societies in many leadership positions as a dedicated member of key committees and task forces that enhanced the lives and activities of thousands of her colleagues. She was president of the International Society of Quantum Biology and Pharmacology from 1990 to 1992 and served on numerous editorial boards as well as review and policy committees for the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration. Dr. Loew was a passionate conversationalist and debater of ideas and a favorite participant in professional and social gatherings of scientific colleagues and intellectuals around the world. Her personality and interactions were driven and sustained by her great passion for literature, the arts, dancing, politics, and travel. She leaves an unfillable void in the hearts and minds of all who knew her. This issue celebrates Gilda Loew's remarkable achievements as a researcher and scholar, and her boundless enthusiasm for science. This could be achieved only with the help of her many colleagues, students, and associates whose contributions help highlight the diversity of scientific areas in which she was active. Dr. Loew was particularly fond of the Sanibel Symposia organized yearly by the Quantum Theory Project and published in the International Journal of Quantum Chemistry (IJQC). We are therefore especially grateful to the Editors of IJQC for making this special issue possible.

The Expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, 1542-1543: An Historiographical Reexamination

INTHE TURY, heyday of the Golden State/' historians such as Hubert Howe Bancroft, George Davidson, Herbert E. Bolton, Charles E. Chapman, and Henry R. Wagner, discoverers of the Rodriguez Cabrillo voyage, reveled in the romanticism of primacy, tragic death of its commander, valiant struggle of Bartolome Ferrer to carry-on, and the reaching of a great northern latitude, ignoring the historical and political realities of the voyage. Davidson put Ferrer's highest latitude at Fort Ross (40 degrees corrected to 38° 31 ), Chapman placed Rodriguez Cabrillo at Fort Ross on 14 November 1542 and Drakes Bay from 16-18 November, with Ferrer reaching the Rogue River on 1 March 1543, and Wagner stated that Ferrer reached the Eel River in 41 degrees.1

Affirmative Action and Its Negative Repercussions

Whether preferential treatment comes packaged as a quota, a goal-and-timetable, a set-aside, or affirmative action, the consequence is the same. Favoring certain individuals because of race, gender, religion, or national origin inescapably means that individuals not similarly endowed are disfavored for the most offensive of reasons. To pretend such action is affirmative—or that such discrimination is benign—mocks the valiant struggle for an equal opportunity society that has defined America's domestic agenda for the last four decades. The nation lost sight of this fundamental truth during the decade of the 1970s and permitted governments to fashion affirmative action policies that made race, gender, and nationality the final arbiter of employment, student admissions, and contract decisions. It took a series of Supreme Court rulings in the late 1980s to right that wrong and restore the equality ideal that the Court had earlier resurrected in Brown v. Board of Education.

Mao Zedong on the "Negation of the Negation": A Bibliographical Essay

Ironically, specific compilations regarding the dialectical materialist principle of the negation of the negation cannot be found in the corpora of Comrade Mao Zedong. And yet, in his life of valiant struggle for the Chinese revolution and socialist construction, the law informed to great effect Mao's investigations of and attempts to transform China. Not only are these thoughts encapsulated in numerous essays and speeches, they are also naturally reflected therein. However, some foreigners maintain that Mao Zedong's thought paid no heed to this law, either theoretically or practically. Such is not just ignorance, it is nothing but nonsense. To be sure, his later treatment of dialectics was marred by his perceptual deviations vis-a-vis the law of the negation of the negation. However, in light of his affirmation and application of, and elucidations on the law of the negation of the negation, this was but a somewhat non-harmonious finale to a majestic symphony.

'Send Us a Lady Physician': Women Doctors in America, 1835-1920

The year Henry Ford began work on his first car, Johns Hopkins established a medical school, and its chief, Dr William Osler, opened the door to women, promising innovative applications to medical education. Ruth J. Abram, editor of 'Send Us a Lady Physician': Women Doctors in America, 1835-1920 , implies Sir William's offer was precipitated by the half million dollars contributed to Johns Hopkins by women physicians, led by the president of Bryn Mawr, M. Carey Thomas. A scant ten years before, two eminent women physicians, Drs Marie Zabrezewsda and Elizabeth Blackwell, had somehow managed to scrape up $50 000 and offered it to Harvard, with the proviso that women be admitted to its medical school. Harvard refused and did not change its mind until 1946. Citing examples such as these, Abram traces the history of women in American medicine: their valiant struggle against the barrier of prejudice and the difficulties

Analytical Errors of the Kampuchean Communist Party

O N SEPTEMBER 27 1977, Pol Pot presented a long report to a Meeting to Commemorate 17th Anniversary of Founding of Communist Party of Kampuchea during which he officially revealed for first time existence of Kampuchean Communist Party (KCP) and reviewed history of revolution. While no one was surprised at revelation, speech is important nevertheless, for it presents most comprehensive statement available of how KCP had analyzed Khmer society, history, and its own success in achieving political power. In this report, Kampuchean history is presented in Stalinist mode: a period of primitive communism was followed by a stage of slavery, then feudalism, then capitalism, until KCP victory ushered in period of socialism. Many Western marxists would reject such a rigid typology as anti-historical, distorting specific structures of Khmer society by forcing it onto Procrustean bed of a general model whose utility was dubious at best. Pol Pot used model to make point that, at each historical moment of major change between stages, exploited classes did not succeed in eliminating exploitation because of the absence of a correct political line to direct struggle.' In most recent, feudal-capitalist era, struggle for national independence failed, according to Pol Poteven armed revolutionary struggle. What is reason? he asked. The lessons acquired at price of blood of our people in history of its valiant struggle teach us that absence of a correct and discerning (juste et clairevoyante) line to guide it in its revolutionary struggle is reason for successive failures of our people.2

Mental Health and the Law: Partners in Advancing Human Rights

It is a pleasure to contribute to this issue honoring Chief Judge David Bazelon. His broad and humanistic approach has helped to further understanding between lawN, and mental health, and reforms he has promoted benefit both fields. Both and mental health are rooted in individuals' struggle to live successfully together, to assist each other, to help with human suffering, and to absorb immense and complex variety of human behavior. Chief Judge Bazelon has observed that people tend to think of law as a fixed body of principles which judge finds; he stresses that they tend to overlook the kind of practical enterprise it really is. . .. At every turn it involves complex interactions of persons, institutions, diverse values, and more.1 The same is true of field of mental health. It too is a practical enterprise, full of complications, mirroring changing attitudes of community, reflecting both new knowledge and public's willingness to assume responsibilities. Each century has its major struggles, its historic problems. Our time has been tragically scarred by war, but has also been characterized by a continuous and valiant struggle to improve lot of sick, needy, disadvantaged, mentally ill, and mentally retarded. We have seen dawn of enlightenment and acceptance, of people admitting psychological