Effects Of Valence Research Articles

Anxiolytic Effects of Chronic Intranasal Oxytocin on Neural Responses to Threat Are Dose-Frequency Dependent

Introduction: Anxiety disorders are prevalent mental conditions characterized by exaggerated anxious arousal and threat reactivity. Animal and human studies suggest an anxiolytic potential of the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT), yet, while a clinical application will require chronic administration protocols, previous human studies have exclusively focused on single-dose (acute) intranasal OT effects. Objective: To facilitate the translation of the potential anxiolytic mechanism of OT into clinical application, we determined whether the anxiolytic effects of OT are maintained with repeated (chronic) administration or are influenced by dose frequency and trait anxiety. Methods: In a pre-registered double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pharmaco-fMRI trial the acute (single dose) as well as chronic effects of two different dose frequencies of OT (OT administered daily for 5 days or every other day) on emotional reactivity were assessed in n = 147 individuals with high versus low trait anxiety (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03085654). Results: OT produced valence, dose frequency, and trait anxiety-specific effects, such that the low-frequency (intermittent) chronic dosage specifically attenuated a neural reactivity increase in amygdala-insula-prefrontal circuits observed in the high anxious placebo-treated subjects in response to threatening but not positive stimuli. Conclusions: The present trial provides the first evidence that low-dose frequency chronic intranasal OT has the potential to alleviate exaggerated neural threat reactivity in subjects with elevated anxiety levels, suggesting a treatment potential for anxiety disorders.

Spin texture as polarization fingerprint of halide perovskites

Halide perovskites are perceived to be the promising class of materials for optoelectronics, spinorbitronics and topological electronics due to presence of strong spin-orbit coupling and polarized field. Here, we develop a Hamiltonian using quasi-degenerate perturbation theory to describe polarized field driven band structures and unique topological phases such as Dirac semimetallic rings for the universal class of Halide perovskites including both inorganic and hybrid members. The spin textures obtained through this theoretical model captures minute effects of polarization and hence can be used as a modern tool to determine the polarized field directions which have significant influence on spinorbitronics. The analysis brings out the concepts of hybrid spin textures intermixing the effects of valence and conduction bands under topological quantum phase transitions, and spin texture binaries where alignment of the spins are reversed between domains in the momentum space with sharp boundaries. The results are validated through density functional calculations.

Model of charge triplets for high-[formula omitted] cuprates

Starting with a minimal model for the CuO2 planes with the on-site Hilbert space reduced to a charge triplet of the three effective valence centers [CuO4]7−,6−,5− (nominally Cu1+,2+,3+) with different conventional spin, different orbital symmetry, and different local lattice configuration, we develop a unified non-BCS spin–pseudospin model to describe the main phase states of doped cuprates. We argue that antiferromagnetic insulating, charge ordered, superconducting, and Fermi-liquid phases are possible phase states of a model parent cuprate, while typical phase state of a doped cuprate, in particular mysterious pseudogap phase, is a result of a phase separation. Superconductivity of cuprates is not a consequence of pairing of doped holes, but the result of quantum transport of on-site composite hole bosons, whereas main peculiarities of normal state can be related to an electron–hole interplay for unusual Fermi-liquid phase and features of the phase separation. Puzzlingly, but it is the electron–lattice interaction, which in the BCS model determines s-wave pairing, in the model of local composite bosons gives dx2−y2-symmetry of the superconducting order parameter, thus showing once again a substantial involvement of the lattice in the cuprate’s HTSC.

A study on the effects of background film music valence on para-social interaction and consumer attitudes toward social enterprises

This study aims to determine appropriate communication strategies for prosocial marketing, with special attention placed on social enterprises. Social enterprises epitomize companies that must satisfy their prosocial and financial goals simultaneously. Social enterprises often face limitations in terms of marketing communication, such as budgetary constraints. Moreover, specialized social enterprises that have diverse mandates, such as hiring workers with disabilities, must overcome stigmatization of the employees as well as the products that they make. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the power of film in overcoming these biases with a special focus on the effects of background music. Films in general, and background music in particular, have the capacity to create positive emotional responses with consumers. While the study centers on social enterprises, as prosocial marketing becomes increasingly important to mainstream companies, the implications of our findings can be more broadly relevant to the latter, especially those that communicate via a film. Through two experiments, this study tests whether the valence (inspiring vs. sad) of the background music in a corporate social responsibility film influences viewers’ perceived para-social interaction, their attitudes toward the diversity protagonist, and their attitudes toward the social enterprise brand. We find that inspiring music leads to increased para-social interaction levels of its subcomponents of empathy, closeness, and elevation. In contrast, no such effect arises when sad music is used. Instead, the only para-social interaction subcomponent that is promoted is consumer feelings of pity.

Does emotional valence modulate word recognition? A behavioral study manipulating frequency and arousal

Effects of emotional valence have been observed in lexical decision tasks, suggesting that valence information modulates early word recognition. However, is still unclear the processing advantage of the different valence categories, and how these advantages might be modulated by word frequency and arousal. To clarify this question, a lexical decision task was designed using emotional words as stimuli. Emotional words were divided into three categories: 60 positive, 60 negative, and 60 neutral words. Word frequency was manipulated into low and high conditions and arousal was controlled among experimental conditions (word valence and frequency). In the first experiment, 54 participants performed the task with a maximum stimuli exposure time of 2000 ms. In a follow-up experiment, 42 participants performed the same task with two shorter fixed time exposures (150 ms and 300 ms). The results were similar between experiments: positive words were recognized faster and negative words were recognized slower than neutral ones. Furthermore, this valence effect was modulated by word frequency, affecting only words that take longer to be recognized (low-frequency words). However, the valence by frequency interaction was attenuated for high-arousal words when the pressure to respond was high (short exposure time - 150 ms). Overall, the results confirm that the emotional status of a word can affect word processing at early stages when automatic processes are taking place.

Supplemental Material for Re-Examining the Spread of Moralized Rhetoric From Political Elites: Effects of Valence and Ideology

Supplemental Material for Re-Examining the Spread of Moralized Rhetoric From Political Elites: Effects of Valence and Ideology

Ultra-Trace Simultaneous Detection of Hg(Ii), Cd(Ii), and Cu(Ii) and Mechanism Based on Co/Coo/Co3o4 Heterojunctions Via the Valence Effect

Ultra-Trace Simultaneous Detection of Hg(Ii), Cd(Ii), and Cu(Ii) and Mechanism Based on Co/Coo/Co3o4 Heterojunctions Via the Valence Effect

Revealing the promoting effect of multiple Mn valences on the catalytic activity of CeO2 nanorods toward soot oxidation.

Mn-modified CeO2 nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention as efficient and promising catalysts for soot combustion due to their low cost and high catalytic activity. However, a detailed mechanism of how Mn promotes soot oxidation over CeO2 is still not clearly elucidated, which is crucial to further optimize the catalyst for achieving its practical applications. We here report a Mn-doped CeO2 catalyst with tunable surface Mn chemical valence states to study the Mn-promoting mechanism for improving CeO2 catalyst activity in soot oxidation. Experimental results show that Mn-doped CeO2 nanorods with surface Mn chemical valence states being optimized (Mn0.19Ce0.81O2) can lower the eliminating temperature of soot to 410 °C (T90) when in a loose contact and exhibit a strong resistance towards water molecules. The catalytic performances of Mn0.19Ce0.81O2 nanorods are comparable with those of other reported oxide catalysts both in the mimetic realistic and ideal reaction environments. Detailed characterization and theoretical calculation results demonstrate that balanced multiple Mn valences can dramatically enhance the catalysts' redox properties and their ability to activate O2 molecules, as well as improve the dynamic contact efficiency during the oxidation, which synergistically result in superior catalytic performances. This work might provide insight for the future design and preparation of catalysts to efficiently eliminate soot particles.

Effect of Emotional Valence and Emotional Support on the Psychological Well-Being of Caregivers – Analysis Based on Facebook Alzheimer's Community

Effect of Emotional Valence and Emotional Support on the Psychological Well-Being of Caregivers – Analysis Based on Facebook Alzheimer's Community

Assessing the impact of valence asymmetry in ionic solutions and its consequences on the performance of supercapacitors.

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to describe the properties of hypothetical salt electrolytic solutions. The main focus of this work is the valence asymmetry, which in recent years has been considered an important aspect in the physical chemistry of aqueous electrolytes. In general, our results show that the structural, energetic, and dynamic properties respond differently to the asymmetry of ionic solutions, but in all cases, appreciable changes were observed. Graphene supercapacitors based on the investigated electrolytes were studied in light of their electrostatic properties. We observed that the electrode capacitances, positive and negative, were greatly influenced by the presence of cations in the electrical double layer of the negative electrode and by the absence of these cations, in the double layer of the positive electrode. In general, we assess that quantitative variations due to valence asymmetry may indeed be an important factor for the development of new and more efficient electrolytes.

A Comparative Study of the Catalytic Oxidation of Co Over Au/Xap (X = Oh, Cl, F) Catalyst: The Effect of Gold Valence on Catalytic Activity

A Comparative Study of the Catalytic Oxidation of Co Over Au/Xap (X = Oh, Cl, F) Catalyst: The Effect of Gold Valence on Catalytic Activity

The effect of emotional valence on rudimentary sympathy

The effect of emotional valence on rudimentary sympathy

Восприятие амбивалентного Другого в условиях контрастного пре-стимульного воздействия

Objective. Pre-stimulus effects of extreme personal valence on the perception of an ambivalent person.Background. The purpose of modern information technologies is not only to inform, but also to form certain views and opinions. These technologies are used in the media space, as well as in other areas of social interaction. The effects of behavioral conditioning, or priming, play an important role in the perception construction. At the same time, the question of the factors leading to its direct (assimilative) and inverse (contrast) effects remains poorly understood. Thus, any forecast of behavioral reactions in vivo becomes too imprecise.Study design. During the experiment, participants watched video interviews with a target object (male or female), who answered the Short Dark Triad questions, demonstrating the ambivalence of dark features. In two experimental groups, the perception of the target object was preceded by the presentation of an extremely “bad” or extremely “good” personality. In the control group, the target object was presented without pre-stimulus exposure. After viewing, the participants completed the Target Attitude Scale. The data were processed using ANOVA. Additionally, the effects of gender on the attitude variable were monitored.Participants. The sample consisted of 608 students from 17 to 35 years old (M=20.17, SD=1.53), including 173 men (28%) and 435 women (72%).Measurements. Short Dark Triad by D. Jones and D. Paulhus, adapted by M.S. Egorova et al., The Scale of the General Attitude to the Perceived Object by S.A. Shchebetenko et al.Results. The general attitude towards an ambivalent object, measured by the Scale of the General Attitude to the Perceived Object, becomes significantly more positive after presentation of a negative pre-stimulus, compared to the control and a positive pre-stimulus conditions (p<0.001). In the male sample, there is no significant effect of a negative pre-stimulus on the perception of a woman with an ambivalent representation of dark features (p>0.10).Conclusions. Pre-stimulus of extreme intensity can determine the contrast effect not only in perception of abstract object, but also in perception of ambivalent person. It is shown that the preliminary presentation of an extremely negative person shifts the assessment of the ambivalent person upward. An extremely positive person pre-stimulus does not make the same effect. The effect of a negative pre-stimulus is significant in the perception of men by women, but does not extend to the perception of women by men.

Valence, Arousal, and Gender Effect on Olfactory Cortical Network Connectivity: A Study Using Dynamic Causal Modeling for EEG

The cortical network including the piriform (PC), orbitofrontal (OFC), and entorhinal (EC) cortices allows the complex processing of behavioral, cognitive, and context-related odor information and represents an access gate to the subcortical limbic regions. Among the several factors that influence odor processing, their hedonic content and gender differences play a relevant role. Here, we investigated how these factors influence EEG effective connectivity among the mentioned brain regions during emotional olfactory stimuli. To this aim, we acquired EEG data from twenty-one healthy volunteers, during a passive odor task of odorants with different valence. We used Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) for EEG and Parametric Empirical Bayes (PEB) to investigate the modulatory effects of odors’ valence on the connectivity strengths of the PC-EC-OFC network. Moreover, we controlled for the influence of arousal and gender on such modulatory effects. Our results highlighted the relevant role of the forward and backward PC-EC connections in odor’s brain processing. On the one hand, the EC-to-PC connection was inhibited by both pleasant and unpleasant odors, but not by the neutral one. On the other hand, the PC-to-EC forward connection was found to be modulated (posterior probability (Pp)>0.95) by the arousal level associated with an unpleasant odor. Finally, the whole network dynamics showed several significant gender-related differences (Pp>0.95) suggesting a better ability in odor discrimination for the female gender.

Reward-based decision-making in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis pre- and post-surgery

BackgroundCorrect functioning of the reward processing system is critical for optimizing decision-making as well as preventing the development of addictions and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, apathy, and anhedonia. Consequently, patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-UHS) represent an excellent opportunity to study the brain networks involved in this system. ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to evaluate decision-making and the electrophysiological correlates of feedback processing in a sample of mTLE-UHS patients, compared to healthy controls. In addition, we assessed the impact of mesial temporal lobe surgical resection on these processes, as well as general, neuropsychological functioning. Method17 mTLE-UHS patients and 17 matched healthy controls completed: [1] a computerized version of the Game of Dice Task, [2] a Standard Iowa Gambling Task, and [3] a modified ERP version of a probabilistic gambling task coupled with multichannel electroencephalography. Neuropsychological scores were also obtained both pre- and post-surgery. ResultsBehavioral analyses showed a pattern of increased risk for the mTLE-UHS group in decision-making under ambiguity compared to the control group. A decrease in the amplitude of the Feedback Related Negativity (FRN), a weaker effect of valence on delta power, and a general reduction of delta and theta power in the mTLE-UHS group, as compared to the control group, were also found. The beta-gamma activity associated with the delivery of positive reward was similar in both groups. Behavioral performance and electrophysiological measures did not worsen post-surgery. ConclusionsPatients with mTLE-UHS showed impairments in decision-making under ambiguity, particularly when they had to make decisions based on the outcomes of their choices, but not in decision-making under risk. No group differences were observed in decision-making when feedbacks were random. These results might be explained by the abnormal feedback processing seen in the EEG activity of patients with mTLE-UHS, and by concomitant impairments in working memory, and memory. These impairments may be linked to the disruption of mesial temporal lobe networks. Finally, feedback processing and decision-making under ambiguity were already affected in mTLE-UHS patients pre-surgery and did not show evidence of clear worsening post-surgery.

Компьютерное моделирование наноскопических фазово-неоднородных состояний и фазовых диаграмм ВТСП купратов и никелатов

More than 35 years of experience in the study of cuprate superconductors shows that the main characteristics of the phase diagram can only be obtained by taking into account mesoscopic static/dynamic phase inhomogeneity as a key property of these materials. Within a minimal model for the CuO2 planes with the on-site Hilbert space reduced to only three effective valence centers [CuO4]7-,6-,5- (nominally Cu1+,2+,3+) with different conventional spin and different orbital symmetry we propose a unified non-BCS model that allows one to describe the main features of the phase diagrams of doped cuprates within the framework of a simple effective field theory. Using Maxwell's construction, the global nature of the electronic phase separation in the CuO2 planes of HTSC cuprates is established, which makes it possible to understand and explain many fundamental features of the physics of the normal and superconducting state of cuprates, including the mechanism of formation of the HTSC and pseudogap phase. The features of phase-inhomogeneous states and their evolution with temperature and doping degree, including the special role of the impurity potential in cuprates/nickelates with nonisovalent substitution, are considered for particular examples of the charge triplet model in the framework of the classical Monte Carlo method.

Computer simulation of nanoscopic phase-inhomogeneous states and phase diagrams of HTSC cuprates and nickelates

More than 35 years of experience in the study of cuprate superconductors shows that the main characteristics of the phase diagram can only be obtained by taking into account mesoscopic static/dynamic phase inhomogeneity as a key property of these materials. Within a minimal model for the CuO2/NiO2 planes with the on-site Hilbert space reduced to only three effective valence centers [CuO4]7-,6-,5- (nominally Cu1+,2+,3+) with different conventional spin and different orbital symmetry we propose a unified non-BCS model that allows one to describe the main features of the phase diagrams of doped cuprates within the framework of a simple effective field theory. Using Maxwell's construction, the global nature of the electronic phase separation in the CuO2 planes of HTSC cuprates is established, which makes it possible to understand and explain many fundamental features of the physics of the normal and superconducting state of cuprates, including the mechanism of formation of the HTSC and pseudogap phase. The features of phase-inhomogeneous states and their evolution with temperature and doping degree, including the special role of the impurity potential in cuprates/nickelates with nonisovalent substitution, are considered for particular examples of the charge triplet model in the framework of the classical Monte Carlo method. Keywords: cuprates, nickelates, effective field theory, phase diagram, phase separation, Monte-Carlo.

아동을 위한 디지털 교육 게임성취시스템이 학습 참여에 미치는 복합적 영향

At present, the value of the achievement system children’s digital educational game (DEG) achievement system has not attracted extensive attention. The lag of theoretical research makes the research and design of the DEG achievement system lack of theoretical basis and reference experience. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of DEG achievement system on learning engagement under the mediating effect of academic emotions. In this process,509 children took part in this research. A structural equation model was used to verify the role and relationship. The results show that: First, the DEG achievement system has a significant impact on learning engagement through the mediating effect of academic emotion. The achievement system is an important factor affecting learning engagement in deg. Second, Under the mediating effect of different valence and arousal academic emotions, the impact of the achievement system on learning engagement is significantly different, which makes learning engagement change. Third, the achievement system has a greater impact on positive-high arousal emotion and negative-low arousal emotion. Strengthening the two emotions through an achievement system will enhance learning engagement. The conclusion of this study has theoretical and practical guiding significance for the research and design of the DEG achievement system.

Synthesis of V-doped urchin-like NiCo2O4 with rich oxygen vacancies for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reactions

In this paper, 3D urchin-like V-doped NiCo2O4 was synthesized as an efficient electrocatalyst for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). NH4VO3 and VCl3 act as various dopants to provide V5+ and V3+ ions, and the valence effects of V dopants on the structural modulation of NiCo2O4 are examined systematically. XPS results show that the doping of V3+ to NiCo2O4 provides an extra 16.40% percentage of oxygen vacancies (Ov) than that of V5+ doping, which can significantly modulate the OH− adsorption on NiCo2O4. EPR tests further confirm that the content of Ov in V3+ doped NiCo2O4 (V(Ⅲ)-NiCo2O4) is 2.81 times higher than that in V5+ doped NiCo2O4 (V(V)-NiCo2O4). Besides, V(Ⅲ)-NiCo2O4 shows higher molar content of Co2+ comparing to V(V)-NiCo2O4, resulting in an increased probability of forming CoOOH catalytic active sites. Electrochemical investigations show that V(Ⅲ)-NiCo2O4 electrocatalyst achieves excellent OER catalytic activity with a low overpotential of 344 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and it holds superior OER stability of electrocatalysis at 100 mA cm−2 for 50 h without significant change in electrode potential. Thus, this paper shows the importance of the valence of dopant precursor to the doped structures, and these findings pave a new sight of designing heteroatom doped electrocatalysts for OER.

Energy levels and transition data of 3p63d8 and 3p53d9 configurations in Fe-like ions (Z = 57,60,62,64,65)

Atomic data of highly charged ions (HCIs) offer an attractive means for plasma diagnostic and stars identification, and the investigations on atomic data are highly desirable. Herein, based on the fully relativistic multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) method, we have performed calculations of the fine-structure energy levels, wavelengths, transition rates, oscillator strengths, and line strengths for the lowest 21 states of 3p63d8–3p53d9 electric dipole (E1) transitions configurations in Fe-like ions (Z = 57, 60, 62, 64, 65). The correlation effects of valence–valence (VV) and core–valence (CV) electrons were systematically considered. In addition, we have taken into account transverse-photon (Breit) interaction and quantum electrodynamics (QED) corrections to treat accurately the atomic state wave functions in the final relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) calculations. Our calculated energy levels and transition wavelengths are in excellent agreement with the available experimental and theoretical results. Most importantly, we predicted some new transition parameters that have not yet been reported. These data would further provide critical insights into better analyzing the physical processes of various astrophysical plasmas.