Vague Properties Research Articles

Субстантивные предложения как средство выражения британскими политиками суждений о своей идентичности (на материале стенограмм заседаний парламента Великобритании за 2020 г.)

The paper examines the semantic-structural characteristics of substantive sentences used by British politicians when verbalizing their identity judgements in parliamentary discourse. Attention is focused on the substantive sentences with the structure “S (Pr) + P (Vfcop + N)” implementing the proposition P(x) with the semantics “attribution of a feature to the subject of judgment”. The aim of the study is to determine what view of the speaker as an identity holder is formed by means of these sentences, depending on their semantic-structural properties. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it identifies and describes types of substantive sentences that differ in their semantic-structural characteristics and reveals their correlation with the verbalization of certain information about the speaker’s identity. As a result of the study, it is found that in English substantive sentences of different types a different format of the speaker’s perception is created: the speaker can act as a representative of a certain category (group) of people, as a single whole with a community of people sharing the same characteristics, as an owner of rather vague properties and characteristics inherent in all members of the group to which the speaker himself belongs.

RAHASIA AMTSAL DALAM AL-QUR’AN

The Qur'an is the word of Allah SWT which contains many miracles, both in terms of meaning and language. One aspect of the beauty of its language lies in the use of metaphors or proverbs. Amtsal is a form of comparison that describes an expression by equating it with another expression because of similarities. Therefore, this paper discusses the Secret of Proverbs in the Qur'an, focusing on: 1) Definition, history, and characteristics of Qur'anic Proverbs; 2) Types of Qur'anic Proverbs; and 3) Benefits and wisdom of Qur'anic Proverbs; 4) Ethnography regarding the actualization of human quality in the verse of proverbs. This research uses a qualitative approach with Library Research as a data collection technique. Qur'anic Proverbs is a method used in the Qur'an to describe something abstract to become real. The characteristics of proverbs involve similarities between two objects, concretizing something abstract, and explaining vague properties or circumstances. Proverbs are divided into three types, namely musharahah proverbs, kaminah proverbs, and mursalah proverbs. Proverbs can also reflect the ethnography of the actualization of quality human beings, as illustrated in the parable of Allah SWT in Q.S. Ibrahim: 24-25, which shows that good speech (Tayyibah) is an indicator of human quality.

Borderline consciousness, when it’s neither determinately true nor determinately false that experience is present

This article defends the existence of borderline consciousness. In borderline consciousness, conscious experience is neither determinately present nor determinately absent, but rather somewhere between. The argument in brief is this. In considering what types of systems are conscious, we face a quadrilemma. Either nothing is conscious, or everything is conscious, or there’s a sharp boundary across the apparent continuum between conscious systems and nonconscious ones, or consciousness is a vague property admitting indeterminate cases. Assuming mainstream naturalism about consciousness, we ought to reject the first three options, which forces us to the fourth, indeterminacy. Standard objections to the existence of borderline consciousness turn on the inconceivability of borderline cases. However, borderline cases are only inconceivable by an inappropriately demanding standard of conceivability. I conclude with some plausible cases and applications.

Vagueness and the Evolution of Consciousness

<i>Vagueness and the Evolution of Consciousness</i>

Taming vagueness: the philosophy of network science

In the last 20 years network science has become an independent scientific field. We argue that by building network models network scientists are able to tame the vagueness of propositions about complex systems and networks, that is, to make these propositions precise. This makes it possible to study important vague properties such as modularity, near-decomposability, scale-freeness or being a small world. Using an epistemic model of network science, we systematically analyse the specific nature of network models and the logic behind the taming mechanism.

A vehicular traffic congestion predictor system using Mamdani fuzzy inference

The process of traffic control systems significantly relies on the immediate detection of breakdown states. As a result of their crisp (non-fuzzy) based calculation procedures, conventional traffic estimators and predictors cannot effectively model traffic states. In fact, these methods are characterized by exact features, while traffic is defined by uncertain variables with vague properties. Furthermore, typical numerical methodologies have constraints on evaluating the overall system status in heterogeneous and convoluted networks mainly due to the absence of reliable and real-time data. This study develops a fuzzy inference system that uses data from the Hungarian freeway networks for predicting the severity of congestion in this complex network. Congestion severity is considered the output variable, and traffic flow along with the length and the number of lanes of each section are assigned as input variables. Seventy-five fuzzy production rules were generated using accessible datasets, percentile distribution, and experts' consensus. The MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox simulates the designed model and analysis steps. According to available resources, the results demonstrate linkages among input variables. Analyses are also used to construct intelligent traffic modeling systems and further service-related planning.

Vague property status and future risk of mangroves: lesson learned from South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Mangrove forest management in South Sulawesi is challenging due to jurisdictional boundaries to biophysical processes, resource characteristics, and community development dynamics. The research aims to study the future risk of mangrove forest management growing on accretion land due to its vague status. Data and information were collected through in-depth interviews involving 17 key-informants selected by using the snowball method. Mangrove forest in the research site grows on accretion land, and it was classified as state property with Common Pool Resources (CPR) characteristics. Late attendance of the Indonesian government has instigated the “de jure” status of accretion land becomes illegitimate as the local community does not recognize it as state property. The situation leads to the ambiguity of mangrove forest property status, resulting in multilayer property formulation for several products/services/benefits generated. Several strategies to prevent its transformation into other usages are proposed, i.e., (a) improve the community understanding of the economic value of mangrove resource and risk if vanished; (b) strengthening and intensive socialization of regulations both at the local and higher-level; and (c) providing legal access for the community to manage mangrove forest through the development of Social Forestry Program in the area.

Risk analysis of offshore terminals in the Caspian Sea

Nowadays in offshore industry there are emerging hazards with vague property such as act of terrorism, act of war, unforeseen natural disasters such as tsunami, etc. Therefore industry professionals such as offshore energy insurers, safety engineers and risk managers in order to determine the failure rates and frequencies for the potential hazards where there is no data available, they need to use an appropriate method to overcome this difficulty. Furthermore in conventional risk based analysis models such as when using a fault tree analysis, hazards with vague properties are normally waived and ignored. In other word in previous situations only a traditional probability based fault tree analysis could be implemented. To overcome this shortcoming fuzzy set theory is applied to fault tree analysis to combine the known and unknown data in which the pre-combined result will be determined under a fuzzy environment. This has been fulfilled by integration of a generic bow-tie based risk analysis model into the risk assessment phase of the Risk Management (RM) cycles as a backbone of the phase. For this reason Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) are used to analyse one of the significant risk factors associated in offshore terminals. This process will eventually help the insurers and risk managers in marine and offshore industries to investigate the potential hazards more in detail if there is vagueness. For this purpose a case study of offshore terminal while coinciding with the nature of the Caspian Sea was decided to be examined.

Benefit distribution in urban renewal from the perspectives of efficiency and fairness: A game theoretical model and the government's role in China

Due to the complexity of stakeholder relationships, social conflicts related to unbalanced benefit distribution hinder the implementation of urban renewal. Based on game theory, this study investigates the bargaining process between developers and residents concerning benefit distribution and considers the government's role in achieving through various regulatory strategies the goals of either fairness or efficiency. The fairness-efficiency solution for both stakeholders in the model is the symmetric Nash bargaining solution with equal information. Urban renewal in China is gradually changing from being efficiency oriented to being fairness oriented, while the issues of vague property boundaries and defective articles remain. To promote cooperation and reduce negotiation costs, the simplification of administration procedures, the establishment of information sharing mechanisms and the introduction of third-party agencies to ensure harmony between developers and residents is recommended.

Generalized multiset theory

The paper gives a formal (axiomatic) theory of collections, such that elements may occur some number of times in these collections, and this number is allowed to be an arbitrary real number; e.g., a negative one. The presented theory is a generalization of multiset theories and some fuzzy set theories. Some important consequences of the theory are revealed. Among potential applications of the theory, expressing of vague properties and relations is anticipated. The usefulness of the theory and its consequences for applications involving vague properties is demonstrated by an example of multi-criteria decision making based on vague properties of alternatives.

Seismic vulnerability assessment of urban buildings and traffic networks using fuzzy ordered weighted average

Urban buildings and urban traffic network are considered as the vital arteries of cities which have particular effects especially after the crisis in the search and rescue operations. The aim of this study is to determine the vulnerability of urban areas especially, buildings and traffic networks using multicriteria geographic information systems and decisionmaking methods. As there are many effective criteria on the seismic vulnerability that they have uncertain and vague properties, the method of this paper is applying fuzzy ordered weighted average (OWA) to model the seismic vulnerability of urban buildings and traffic networks in the most optimistic and pessimistic states. The study area is district 6 of Tehran that is affected by the four major faults, and thus will be threatened by the earthquakes. The achieved results illustrated the vulnerability with different degrees of risk levels including very high, high, medium, low and very low. The results show that in the most optimistic case 14% and in the pessimistic case 1% of buildings tolerate in very low vulnerability. The vulnerability of urban street network also indicates that in the optimistic case 12% and in the pessimistic case at most 9% of the area are in appropriate condition and the North and North-East of the study area are more vulnerable than South of it.

On the local and non-local plate models of single layer graphene

In the application of continuum plate theories for modeling the mechanics of single layer graphene, significant inconsistencies exist in the literature on how to deal with the discrepancy between the continuum assumptions and discrete nature of the graphene lattice, whether using the classical plate theories or the more recent non-local elasticity based plate models. Physically vague properties such as graphene thickness and non-local parameter are often used as fitting parameters for calibrating the numerical results against those obtained from atomistic models or experimental data. However, very often a set of parameters that work well for a particular case can lead to large errors in other cases. This work attempts to answer the following question: can the mechanical behavior of single layer graphene sheets be described accurately and consistently using a continuum plate model? By using the results from atomic lattice mechanics calculations as reference for error analysis, we demonstrate that, when the sources of error in the classical plate model are properly identified, mechanics of single layer graphene can be accurately described by a modified non-local plate model with an interatomic potential based constitutive relation and a corrected boundary configuration.

Redefining property rights over collective land in the urban redevelopment of Shenzhen, China

Urban development in China is based on two types of land ownership, namely, state land owned by states and collective land owned by village collectives. Legally speaking, urban development must be based on state land. In practice, informal development based on collective land has played important roles in the rapid urbanization process over the past decades. Nonetheless, the vague property rights over collective land have led to inferior and suboptimal development outcomes in expansive urban areas. The redevelopment of collective land has become an important means to sustain urban development in an ongoing urbanization process. By adopting theoretical perspectives from New Institutional Economics, this study presents an integrated conceptual framework on the institutional arrangements of land property rights and transaction costs to understand the changes in land policies and their institutional implications for the redevelopment of collective land in Shenzhen, China. The findings reveal that the new policies have redefined the relationship among the government, village collectives, and real estate developers as well as their property rights over collective land. The change of institutional arrangements in land property rights has significantly reduced the transaction costs in the redevelopment process and effectively promoted land redevelopment activities.

Translates of Vague Groups

As an abstraction of the geometric notation of translation, we introduce two operators T α+ and T α- called the vague translation operators. First we define the operators on vague sets and derive some of the properties .Then we investigate their action on vague groups, we prove that all translates of vague subgroups are vague normal sub groups [VNG], we observe that vague abelianness is not translation invariant. Subject classification:- 2000 AMS subject classification : 03G25 ,04A72 ,08A72 Keywords: α-increasing vague translation operator, α-decreasing vague translation operator ,vague translation groups ,translation of vague normal sub groups , vague conjugate property .

Metaphysical Indeterminacy, Properties, and Quantum Theory

It has frequently been suggested that quantum mechanics may provide a genuine case of ontic vagueness or metaphysical indeterminacy. However, discussions of quantum theory in the vagueness literature are often cur- sory and, as I shall argue, have in some respects been mis- guided. Hitherto much of the debate over ontic vagueness and quantum theory has centered on the indeterminate construal of ontic vagueness, and whether the quantum phenomenon of entanglement produces particles whose identity is indeterminate. I argue that this way of framing the debate is mistaken. A more thorough ex- amination of quantum theory and the phenomenon of entanglement reveals that quantum mechanics is best in- terpreted as supporting what I call the property construal of ontic vagueness, where vague properties are understood in terms of determinable properties without the corresponding determinates.

Software Effort Estimation by Genetic Algorithm Tuned Parameters of Modified Constructive Cost Model for NASA Software Projects

Software estimation accuracy is one of the most difficult tasks for software developers. Defining the project estimated cost, duration and maintenance effort early in the development life cycle is greatest challenge to be achieved for software projects. Formal effort estimation models, like Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) are limited by their inability to manage uncertainties and impression in software projects early in the project development cycle. A software effort estimation model which adopts a binary genetic algorithm technique provides a solution to adjust the uncertain and vague properties of software effort drivers. In this paper, COCOMO is used as algorithmic model and an attempt is being made to validate the soundness of genetic algorithm technique using NASA project data. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of crisp inputs and genetic algorithm technique on the accuracy of system’s output when a modified version of the famous COCOMO model applied to the NASA dataset. Proposed model validated by using 5 out of 18 NASA project dataset. Empirical results show that modified COCOMO for software effort estimates resulted in slightly better as compared with results obtained in [30]. The proposed model successfully improves the performance of the estimated effort with respect to the Variance Account For (VAF) criteria, MMRE and Pred.

Vagueness: where degree-based approaches are useful, and where we can do without

The vagueness of a property becomes apparent when more than one level of granularity is addressed in a discourse. For instance, the adjective "tall" can be used to distinguish just two kinds of persons--those who are tall as opposed to those who are not. This coarse distinction contrasts with any finer one, in particular with the finest possible one, on which we specify sizes, beyond all limits of precision, by real numbers. We understand vagueness as a relative notion, causing a problem when information on a coarse level is to be transferred to a fine level. Under this viewpoint there is no problem to accept that, depending on the application, reasoning under vagueness may require different formal frameworks. In this paper, we consider the same kind of vague properties in two different contexts. We first discuss a version of the sorites paradox. In this case, it is necessary to combine reasoning on two levels of granularity in a single formalism. Following established practice, we choose an approach based on numerical degrees. Second, we consider generalised Aristotelian syllogisms. In this case, degree-based solutions are unnecessarily rich in structure and are not found adequate. We give preference to a formalism that stays entirely on the coarse level of argumentation. We conclude that there is no reason to call for a uniform formalism to cope with the problem of vagueness. In particular, degree-based approaches are usually applicable, but there can be simpler alternatives. Different problems may call for different solutions, and choosing diversity does not mean that we approach the problem of vagueness incoherently.

Plausible reasoning and graded information: A unified approach

We propose a formal method for reasoning both under uncertainty and under vagueness in a coherent way. We deal with implicational relationships where an explicit numerical degree is used to express uncertainty. The approach relies on Dubois and Prade's Possibilistic Logic. Furthermore, we take the possible vagueness of the involved properties into account. Namely, we deal with properties of the form that some vague criterion is fulfilled to a specific degree. Thus vague properties are treated as parametrised sets of crisp properties. Finally, a rule is included to ensure smoothness of the uncertainty degree with regard to changes of the degrees to which the properties under consideration hold. The calculus is applicable wherever graded properties are subject to uncertainty. Vagueness and uncertainty are treated independently, but can optionally be interconnected in a controlled way. A specific application suggests itself in the field of medical expert systems.

A Logic for Vagueness

This paper presents F, substructural logic designed to treat vagueness. Weaker than Lukasiewicz’s infinitely valued logic, it is presented first in a natural deduction system, then given a Kripke semantics in the manner of Routley and Meyer's ternary relational semantics for R and related systems, but in this case, the points are motivated as degrees to which the truth could be stretched. Soundness and completeness are proved, not only for the propositional system, but also for its extension with first-order quantifiers. The first-order models allow not only objects with vague properties, but also objects whose very existence is a matter of degree.

Applying fuzzy neural network to estimate software development effort

The ability to accurately and consistently estimate software development efforts is required by the project managers in planning and conducting software development activities. Since software effort drivers are vague and uncertain, software effort estimates, especially in the early stages of the development life cycle, are prone to a certain degree of estimation errors. A software effort estimation model which adopts a fuzzy inference method provides a solution to fit the uncertain and vague properties of software effort drivers. The present paper proposes a fuzzy neural network (FNN) approach for embedding artificial neural network into fuzzy inference processes in order to derive the software effort estimates. Artificial neural network is utilized to determine the significant fuzzy rules in fuzzy inference processes. We demonstrated our approach by using the 63 historical project data in the well-known COCOMO model. Empirical results showed that applying FNN for software effort estimates resulted in slightly smaller mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE) and probability of a project having a relative error of less than or equal to 0.25 (Pred(0.25)) as compared with the results obtained by just using artificial neural network and the original model. The proposed model can also provide objective fuzzy effort estimation rule sets by adopting the learning mechanism of the artificial neural network.