Vacuoles In Group Research Articles

Combined Use of Subnormothermic Extracorporeal Support and Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion for Liver Graft After Cardiac Death in Pigs

The use of grafts from donors after cardiac death (DCD) would greatly contribute to the expansion of the donor organ pool. This study aims to determine the benefits of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) in a large animal model of DCD liver. After cardiac arrest, the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava were cannulated and connected to an ECMO circuit. Porcine livers were perfused in situ with ECMO at 22°C for 60 minutes after 45 minutes of cardiac death. Then, the livers were perfused for 4 hours by cold storage (CS) or HOPE. In group 1, non-in situ ECMO and grafts were preserved by HOPE. In group 2, in situ ECMO and grafts were preserved by HOPE. In group 3, in situ ECMO and grafts were preserved by CS. After preservation, all grafts were evaluated using an isolated reperfusion model (IRM) with autologous blood for 2 hours. During HOPE, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and hepatic arterial pressure in group 2 tended to be lower than in group 1. Hematoxylin-eosin staining findings after HOPE showed more massive sinusoidal congestion and hepatocyte cytoplasmic vacuolization in group 1 than in group 2. The AST and LDH levels in group 2 at the start-up of IRM tended to be lower than in group 1. The combined use of in situ subnormothermic ECMO and HOPE is essential for the functional recovery of DCD liver grafts.

The histological effect of the injection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on sciatic nerve of rats

The ongoing work aims to compare the effect of extraneural and intraneural injection of therapeutic doses of meloxicam and diclofenac sodium on the sciatic nerve of rats. Six groups of adult albino rats were used with five animals per group. Control group (A), group (B), and group (C) received a single extraneural injection of normal saline (NS) 0.25 ml/kg/rat, meloxicam (M) 0.11 mg/kg/0.25ml/rat and diclofenac sodium (V) 1.1 mg/kg/0.25ml/rat respectively. In contrast, control group (D), group (E), and group (F) received a single intraneural injection of the same doses of normal saline, meloxicam, and diclofenac sodium, respectively. Histological evaluation reveals an increased thickening of epineurium, dilatation, congestion of epineurial blood vessels, intrafascicular edema, axonal degeneration, myelin degeneration, and vacuolization in group (C) which was higher than those in the group (B). These changes were also greater in group (F) compared to groups (D) and (E). The histopathological changes of the sciatic nerve were greatest in the case of intraneural injection of saline, meloxicam, and diclofenac sodium, which means that the damaging effect of intraneural injection of the drug was greater than the extraneural injection of the same drug. It is concluded that extraneural and intraneural injections of therapeutic doses of meloxicam cause less damage to the sciatic nerve compared to diclofenac sodium. Thus it is considered to be more secure than diclofenac sodium after intramuscular injection. Sciatic nerve injury can occur following intramuscular injection into the gluteal region, particularly if the needle hits the nerve.

Induction of vacuolization in spermatozoa from men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia after cryopreservation with glycerol and polyvinylpyrrolidone

Background. The two–step method using penetrating cryoprotectant glycerol is a routine for cryopreservation of spermatozoa from men with normal spermatogenesis. However, the use of this freezing method in the case of oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) leads to additional cells damage and there is a need to search for new effective cryopreservation method. The sperm vacuolization inherent in male gametes plays a negative role, reducing the fertilizing ability of cells. Objective. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of vacuolization induced in human OAT sperm after cryopreservation by a two–stage method using glycerol and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), molecular mass 360000. Methods. The isolated sperm fraction was divided into 3 groups: group I – native spermatozoa, II – spermatozoa cryopreserved by the two–stage method with 10% glycerol, group III – spermatozoa cryopreserved by the two–stage method with 10% PVP. Results. About 5% of spermatozoa contained vacuoles in group I. The number of spermatozoa with one small vacuole increased to (19.68 ± 2.27)% in group II. And in group III the number of cells without vacuoles was comparable with native spermatozoa: 95.59 ± 1.59 and (96.09 ± 2.02)%, respectively. Conclusion. Thus, the use of a penetrating cryoprotectant of glycerol at 10% concentration for two–stage method cryopreservation of human spermatozoa initiates the vacuoles formation while the use of non–penetrating PVP can prevent vacuolization.

Effects of Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) on Adriamycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Although immune-mediated pathogenesis in adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy has been proposed recently, studies are lacking about the effects of immunmodulators, such as vitamin D, on ADR-induced nephrotoxicity. We hypothesized that vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) would be beneficial on ADR‐induced nephropathy because of its immunmodulatory properties. Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 6): group 1 (control), group 2 (single ADR injection intravenously), and group 3 (similar single ADR injection intravenously + daily oral cholecalciferol for 21 days) were used in the study. A single high dose of ADR resulted in increased urinary protein: creatinine ratio for all three weeks of the experiment in both groups 2 and 3 compared with the controls. Histological examination of the kidney tissue revealed distinct tubular lesions as tubular necrosis, hyaline casts in tubular lumen, tubular degeneration, tubular dilatation, and tubular vacuolization in group 2 compared with group 1. These tubular lesions were significantly reduced in group 3 compared to group 2. The results of this study indicate that cholecalciferol causes satisfactory tubulointerstitial recovery in ADR-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Colonic pseudolipomatosis, microscopically classified into two groups

Colonic pseudolipomatosis is rare and the pathogenesis is controversial. The purpose of the present paper was to clarify endoscopic and histological characteristics of colonic pseudolipomatosis and to discuss the etiology. A total of 15 lesions from 14 patients was reviewed. They were able to be histologically classified into two groups on the basis of variety in size of the vacuoles: Group A, the ratio of largest vacuole to smallest vacuole in size is less than three, Group B, the ratio is more than four. Four of 15 lesions were group A, and were endoscopically polypoid or flat lesions covered with normal-looking mucosa. They were microscopically characterized by (i) predominant location in the upper portion of the lamina propria; (ii) no submucosal involvement; (iii) less variation in vacuolar size; and (iv) no association with lymph follicles. The vacuoles of group A contained proteinaceous materials in two of four lesions. Group B (11 lesions) had small elevated mucosa with normal-looking surface or non-elevated reddish mucosa. Microscopically, the lesions were mainly located in the lower portion of the lamina propria, occasionally also in the submucosa, had variable-sized vacuoles, and were related to lymph follicles. It is suggested that the vacuoles in group A contain fluid, and may indicate an abnormal stagnation of interstitial fluid. Microscopic appearance of group B is essentially similar to that of pneumatosis coli. It is thought that group B probably results from penetration of gas from the crypts into the mucosa during colonoscopy. It is unclear why group B had a preference for ileocecal valve and an association with lymph follicles.

Effect of colchicine on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, reduction of TGF-beta overexpression, apoptosis, and oxidative damage: an experimental animal study

Background Proinflamatory and profibrotic cytokines may be responsible for the cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity. Increased levels of apoptosis, free oxygen redicals, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), may play an important roles in the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity. In this experimental animal study, we sought to investigate the effects of colchicine on the cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Method Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: cyclosporine 15 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC); cyclosporine 15 mg/kg SC plus colchicine 30 mcg/kg orally; and a control group; equal doses of olive oil orally were administered to groups 1, 2, and 3. Renal function, cyclosporine levels, and serum malonyldialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured at the end of 4 weeks. Apoptosis, TGF-β, and other findings were detected in renal tissue with the TUNEL method, with a immunohistochemical method, and with routine staining procedures, respectively. Results There were significant differences in the values of mean creatinine clearance between group 1 and group 3 and between group 2 and group 3 ( P < .05 for each comparison), but not between group 1 and group 2 ( P > .05). MDA levels in group 1 were high compared with the control group ( P < .05) with a trend toward elevation relative to group 2 but the results were not statistically significant ( P > .05). Renal tubular vacuolization in group 1 and group 2 animal were greater than in the control group, but no significant difference were observed between any of the groups ( P > .05). Mononuclear cell infiltration in group 1 and group 2 hosts were higher than the control group, but there was no significant differences between the groups ( P > .05). Afferent arteriolar hyalinization was observed group 1 and 2 but not group 3. There was a statistically significant difference between group 1 and group 3 and between group 2 and group 3 ( P < .05 for each comparison). The expression level of TGF-beta was higher in group 1 than group 2 or group 3 ( P < .05 for each comparison) but group 2 and group 3 were similar ( P > .05). Apoptotic cell death count of group 1 was higher than that in group 2 or group 3 ( P < .05, for each comparison); moreover, group 2 also showed greater numbers of apoptotic cells than group 3 ( P < .001). At the end of the 4 weeks, there was no intersititial fibrosis in any of the hosts. Conclusion While cyclosporine caused increased TGF-β expression and apoptotic cell death in the renal tissue of rats colchicine prevented the increase in MDA serum levels, TGF-β expression, and apoptosis in renal tissue. Our study suggests that colchicine may diminish the cyclosporine nephrotoxicity by its suppressing the expression of TGF-β, apoptotic cell death, and MDA production.

Study of Lysosomal Changes in Rat Pancreas After Ingesting Monosodium L-Glutamate

An experiment was conducted on 54 male Wistar rats (36 experimental, 18 controls) to study adverse effects of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) on pancreatic acinar cells by measuring the qualitative and quantitative changes in acid phosphatase (ACPase) in these cells. Various concentrations of aqueous MSG were given to rats for various durations (Group I, 1% MSG for 1 month; Group II, 1% MSG for 1 week; Group III, 0.5% MSG for 1 week; Group IV, 0.2% MSG for 1 week; Group V, 0.1% MSG for 1 week; Group VI, 0.05% MSG for 1 week). The pancreas was then removed from each specimen for electron microscopic examination, cytochemical localization of ACPase, and cell fractionation for quantitative measurement of ACPase. Serum level of ACPase was determined in these animals before removal of the pancreas. The ultrastructural changes in pancreatic acinar cells revealed an increase in the number and size of autophagic vacuoles and various sizes of myelin figures in the cytoplasm and interstitial space. Dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, and altered zymogen granules were occasionally found. These changes occurred most often in Group I rats, which ingested 1% MSG for 1 month. The changes became less prominent as the dose of MSG administered was lessened. A reaction product of ACPase could also be seen in autophagic vacuoles in Group I rats. Regarding quantitative measurement, the serum level of ACPase for Group I rats was markedly higher than that of the controls and was statistically significant (20.52 +/- 4.92 vs. 12.62 +/- 4.13 U/L; p < 0.05)(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)