COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease, but it brings a significant risk of acute kidney injury or exacerbation of pre-existing kidney disease, especially in patients with comorbidities such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, and malignancies. We reviewed studies that assessed the association between chronic kidney disease and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection and infection outcomes, including hospitalization, severe COVID-19, need for intensive care, COVID-19 progression, and patient death. The results of the studies are varied and often contradictory, as the baseline data differ in many parameters, such as the period of the pandemic, the quality and size of the sample, and the degree of comorbidity. Nevertheless, all authors conclude that, in general, chronic kidney disease is an unfavorable factor with regard to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In patients with COVID-19, the presence of concomitant chronic kidney disease predisposes to severe COVID-19, viral pneumonia, development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury and other complications, which in turn are a negative prognostic factor for mortality. Patients with chronic kidney disease who survived COVID-19 are more likely to develop post-COVID syndromes with a variety of persistent or recurrent symptoms than convalescents without renal comorbidity. This category of patients requires long-term monitoring, optimization of therapy and priority for vaccination.