Vaccination Of Atlantic Salmon Research Articles

A case of melanization after intramuscular vaccination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)-Possible causes and implications.

A case of melanization after intramuscular vaccination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)-Possible causes and implications.

Full recombinant flagellin B from Vibrio anguillarum (rFLA) and its recombinant D1 domain (rND1) promote a pro-inflammatory state and improve vaccination against P. salmonis in Atlantic salmon (S. salar)

Flagellin is the major component of the flagellum, and a ligand for Toll-like receptor 5. As reported, recombinant flagellin (rFLA) from Vibrio anguillarum and its D1 domain (rND1) are able to promote in vitro an upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo stimulatory/adjuvant effect for rFLA and rND1 during P. salmonis vaccination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We demonstrated that rFLA and rND1 are molecules able to generate an acute upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12β), allowing the expression of genes associated with T-cell activation (IL-2, CD4, CD8β), and differentiation (IFNγ, IL-4/13, T-bet, Eomes, GATA3), in a differential manner, tissue/time dependent way. Altogether, our results suggest that rFLA and rND1 are valid candidates to be used as an immuno-stimulant or adjuvants with existing vaccines in farmed salmon.

Saprolegnia infection after vaccination in Atlantic salmon is associated with differential expression of stress and immune genes in the host

This study assessed the impact of routine vaccination of Atlantic salmon pre-smolts on gene expression and the possible link to saprolegniosis on Scottish fish farms.Fish were in 4 different groups 1) ‘control’ – fish without handling or vaccination 2) ‘vaccinated’ - fish undergoing full vaccination procedure 3) ‘non vaccinated’ - fish undergoing full vaccination procedure but not vaccinated and 4) ‘vaccinated-MH’ – fish undergoing vaccination, but procedure involved minimal handling. A strong increase in cortisol and glucose levels was observed after 1 h in all groups relative to the control group. Only in the non-vaccinated group did the level decrease to near control levels by 4 h. Expression levels of six stress marker genes in general for all groups showed down regulation over a 9-day sampling period. In contrast, expression levels for immune response genes in the head kidney showed significant up-regulation for all eight genes tested for both vaccinated groups whereas the non-vaccinated group showed up-regulation for only MHC-II and IL-6b in comparison to the control.Both the vaccination procedure and the administration of the vaccine itself were factors mediating changes in gene expression consistent with fish being susceptible to natural occurring saprolegniosis following vaccination.

Vaccination of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., with Aeromonas salmonicida and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) showed a mixed Th1/Th2/Treg response

Vaccination of Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i> L., with <i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i> and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) showed a mixed Th1/Th2/Treg response

Anesthesia during Vaccination of Atlantic Salmon: Compliance with Recommended Procedures

The preparation and use of two anesthetic agents for fish, a buffered metacaine solution for anesthesia in connection with vaccination procedure, and an available benzocaine solution for minor procedures, were studied at a commercial fish farm producing Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts. The procedures were compared with the given recommendations to evaluate compliance with recommended procedures and labels. The personnel were evaluated to be non-compliant with labels and procedures for both anesthetic agents used and the recommended exposure time in the baths. Five important themes were identified: the preparation and use of the anesthetics, fish welfare, training procedures, and occupational hazard aspects. One important reason for non-compliance was that the rate of delivery of anesthetized fish to the vaccination table was more dependent on the speed of vaccination, and less on the anesthetic depth of the fish. This may be a management issue. Management decisions may create an environment leading to situations where errors are more likely to occur. Better communication between the fish health-service team and the personnel, more tailored procedures, and a preprepared anesthetic agent might increase compliance with procedures and may promote fish welfare and welfare of the employees.

Differential expression profiles and gene structure of two tumor necrosis factor-α variants in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.)

Here we present the gene structure and expression data on two Atlantic salmon TNF-α genes. Both genes are approximately 2.0 kb in length and organized into four exons and three introns. The open reading frame of both genes translates into 246 amino acid putative peptides, being 91.5% identical at the amino acid level. The upstream regulatory region of both genes were amplified by inverse PCR and analyzed for putative regulatory binding sites. Variant specific gene-expression both in vitro and in vivo revealed that the two variants are differentially regulated. TNF-α2 is the dominant variant throughout the experimental period following LPS stimulation of TO-cells. The picture was different in head kidney tissue following vaccination of Atlantic salmon with an experimental multivalent oil-based vaccine. TNF-α2 was the most dominant transcript in the non-stimulated controls and in the early phase. A shift from TNF-α2 to TNF-α1 was however seen, and from day 12 the TNF-α1 was most abundant transcript. Implications of variant specific gene-expression are discussed.

Vaccination of Atlantic salmon with recombinant VP2 of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), added to a multivalent vaccine, suppresses viral replication following IPNV challenge

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) pre-smolts vaccinated with Norvax®Protect (NP) or injected with saline, were demonstrated to have a significantly (P≤0·0001) higher probability of being IPNV-infected when sampled during 12 weeks post challenge (PC) with IPNV (11·7 times and 32·5 times higher, respectively), than fish vaccinated with Norvax®Protect-IPN (NP-IPN), a vaccine identical to NP except for the presence of recombinant VP2. Furthermore, following experimental challenge with IPNV, an IPNV-specific secondary humoral immune response was detected in the group vaccinated with NP-IPN. Statistical analysis revealed that NP-IPN-vaccinated fish had a significantly (P≤0·0001) higher probability of producing IPNV-specific antibodies during 12 weeks PC with IPNV, compared to NP-vaccinated or saline-injected fish (5·3 times and 7·6 times higher, respectively). The results support efficacy data from field trials in Norway, where NP-IPN has proven successful in the prevention of IPN in Atlantic salmon post-smolts. However, the immunological mechanisms behind the increased IPNV clearance remain unknown.

L6 11:30 Immunocompetence and duration of immunity against Vibrio salmonicida and Aeromonas salmonicida after vaccination of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) at low and high temperatures

L6 11:30 Immunocompetence and duration of immunity against Vibrio salmonicida and Aeromonas salmonicida after vaccination of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) at low and high temperatures

Immune response and protective immunity after vaccination of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) against furunculosis

The development of protective immunity in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) following intraperitoneal immunisation with an adjuvanted furunculosis vaccine was studied. The level of protection 6 weeks after vaccination was evaluated using cohabitation challenge. Serum antibody levels were measured weekly using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against whole cells of Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida , and against lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) and A-layer isolated from A. salmonicida . Six weeks after vaccination head kidney leucocytes were isolated and stimulated with the two mitogens, LPS from Echerichia coli and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and also with whole cells of A. salmonicida . Vaccinated fish were found to produce antibodies against all antigens tested, though some individual variation was seen. A significant increase in antibody level to whole cells of A. salmonicida was observed 3–8 weeks after vaccination. The antibody response to A-layer was not significant until 7 weeks after vaccination. Leucocytes from vaccinated fish were found to respond significantly stronger to whole A. salmonicida than did unvaccinated controls, while the responses to mitogens did not differ significantly. Vaccinated fish also showed a higher survival than unvaccinated, the relative percent survival (RPS) 21 days after challenge being 44%.

Vaccination of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) against cold-water vibriosis — duration of protection and effect on growth rate

Atlantic salmon which had been vaccinated against cold-water vibriosis were still protected up to 2 years after vaccination. Previous observations had revealed a mean relative percentage survival (RPS) 1 year after vaccination of 92. In outbreaks of the disease in two farms 1.5 to 2 years after vaccination, the RPS was 50 and 60, respectively, showing that the protection provided by the vaccine declined with time. When the experimental fish at six farms were slaughtered, it was found that vaccinated fish had a lower weight than unvaccinated. This might have been a side-effect of vaccination, though may also have been due to higher mortality among the smaller fish in the unvaccinated group. Results of the field trial showed that only half of the smolt which were transferred to sea-water reached market size 1.5 to 2 years later. The rest was lost due to diseases, accidents, or from unspecified of undetected causes.

A succesful vaccination of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) against “Hitra-disease” or coldwater vibriosis

A succesful vaccination of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) against “Hitra-disease” or coldwater vibriosis

Vaccination of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., against furunculosis with protease of an avirulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida

Vaccination of Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i> L., against furunculosis with protease of an avirulent strain of <i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i>