Vaccination History Research Articles

Serological evidence of natural exposure to rabies in rural populations in Gabon.

Rabies is one of the oldest known zoonotic diseases, with dogs being the main reservoir for 99% of the cases of human rabies. However, wild animals may also be rabies vectors. In most cases, contact with a rabid animal results in rabies without pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis, and the disease is nearly always fatal. Nevertheless, a few studies have documented cases of rabies-specific antibodies detection in people with no history of vaccination, suggesting that individuals can be in contact with the virus without developing fatal rabies. To further investigate this possibility of non-lethal human rabies exposure, we carried out a retrospective serological analysis, using both immunoassays (ELISA) and seroneutralization assays (RFFIT), on 430 sera collected between 2005 and 2008 from rural unvaccinated Gabonese populations in the Estuaire and Ogooué-Ivindo provinces. Eleven (11) samples (2.5%) were positive for rabies-specific antibodies using both techniques: 1 in Estuaire and 10 in Ogooué-Ivindo. One of three positive people from the Ogooué-Ivindo province, resampled in early 2023, was still positive for rabies-specific antibodies, suggesting that some degree of immunity can be maintained over many years. Our results also show a marginally significant higher prevalence among hunters. This study demonstrates that rabies circulates actively in Gabon and some unvaccinated individuals living in rural environments can be exposed to the virus and survive, with the development of a significant and specific humoral response that can persist for more than 15 years. This passive seroprevalence survey underlines the need to establish a national surveillance system of rabies in both humans and animals in urban and rural areas, and to enhance access to pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.

Analysis of the current status of the protection in children from of polio

Introduction. There is a risk of an exponential increase in the incidence of polio in the world, if there is a deviation from the current plan of measures to localize endemic areas of polio and until global eradication of the virus achieved. Routine immunization against polio and widespread vaccination is the main goal of the polio control strategy. There is currently no need to strengthen planned vaccination work in Russia to consolidate the results of the polio control program, as evidenced by the data of dynamic serological monitoring. Aim: Evaluate the level of seroconversion after administration of poliovaccine and the duration of protective antibody titer maintenance in children. Materials and methods. A single-stage, single-center determination of the titer of antibodies to poliovirus types 1 and 3 was carried out using the neutralization method. There were studied 162 samples collected as part of the assignment from the Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Republic of Buryatia (1.44% of the pediatric population of the children’s polyclinic): three groups of 1–2 years, 3–4 years and 15–17 years children. The average age in the group 1 was 1.64 ± 0.48 years, group 2 — 3.48 ± 0.54 years, and group 3 — 15.38 ± 0.67 years. Medical documentation was analyzed and compared: completed preventive vaccination cards (form 063/u) and preventive vaccination sheet in the child development card (form 112/u) for a complete collection children’s vaccination history. Results. Deviations of vaccination dates from the current national calendar of preventive vaccinations noted in all age groups with a high frequency. In our analysis, 100% of children demonstrate the presence of protective antibodies to poliomyelitis types 1 and 3. The duration of preservation of neutralizing antibodies is 13.05 ± 0.94 years, with an average of 9–15 years. Conclusion. The analyzed serological monitoring of postvaccinal immunity to poliomyelitis testifies to the high efficiency of the preventive work.

Rubella antibody levels in the healthy Chinese population: a meta-analysis

ObjectivesTo gain a comprehensive understanding of rubella seroprevalence in the healthy population in China and to offer data-driven support for the goal of rubella elimination.MethodsCNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database, CBM, PubMed, web of Science, and Embase databases were searched to collect studies reporting the positive rate of rubella antibody among the Chinese healthy populations between 2001 and 2022. We conducted a meta-analysis using R language, and data were combined using random effects model.ResultsA total of 97 studies were included, encompassing a sample size of 103,018. Meta-analysis showed that the overall prevalence of rubella antibody positivity in the Chinese healthy population was 77.29% (95% CI: 75.26-79.33). The prevalence of rubella antibody varied significantly based on age and vaccination status. Among the age groups studied, the <1-year-old group exhibited the lowest positivity rate for rubella antibody at 47.87% (95% CI: 41.53-54.21),while the ≥50 years old group showed the highest positivity rate at 85.43% (95% CI: 81.01-89.85); individuals with a history of vaccination demonstrated a higher antibody positivity rate compared to those without vaccination history.ConclusionsThe prevalence of rubella antibody in healthy Chinese population is relatively low. In order to establish a solid immunity threshold levels, it requires conducting timely immunization programs on key groups such as middle school students and the women of childbearing age on the basis of ensuring a high level of rubella-containing-vaccines (RCV) coverage, so as to achieve the goal of eliminating rubella.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42024607949.

Securing long-term immunity: The possible necessity of supplementary measles vaccination.

The global initiative to eliminate measles, spearheaded by the World Health Organization, has yet to achieve its intended goals. In Turkey, despite robust vaccination strategies, recent increases in measles cases have been attributed to vaccine hesitancy and irregular migration. This study evaluates measles serology within a pediatric population to determine the impact of vaccination regimens on immunity. A retrospective study at Ankara Bilkent City Hospital analyzed serum measles IgG levels in children aged 1-18 years from January 2020 to August 2023. Exclusions were applied for individuals with positive IgM results, incomplete vaccinations, and immunocompromised conditions. Patients were categorized based on their M-M-R®II vaccine status into those having received either one or two doses. Seropositivity was assessed using the ELISA method. Of the 686 children, 30.2% received a single dose, and 69.8% received two doses of the MMR vaccine. Overall, 70.7% exhibited positive IgG levels. No significant differences were found in IgG levels between those who received one dose and those who received two doses. However, a decline in IgG levels was observed with age, particularly notable in adolescents aged 14-18 years. The study reveals seropositivity rates lower than expected, highlighting challenges in achieving WHO targets. This suggests a potential need for booster doses during adolescence to maintain protective antibody levels. The findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and research to adapt vaccination strategies effectively and prevent measles outbreaks, particularly considering the decline in antibody levels and diverse vaccination histories across populations.

Examining the Effect of Parental COVID-19 Vaccination Prior to Birth and the Association Between COVID-19 and Cancer in Children Under Six.

The biology of COVID-19 has intricate links to childhood cancer, exacerbated by pandemic disturbances. This research aims to explore the association between childhood cancer in children under 6 years old and COVID-19 immunisation, in addition to the effects of vaccination on parents before delivery. The study employs a case-control approach, gathering informed consent and matching factors like age, marital status, and socioeconomic status between cases and controls. A survey was distributed, culminating in 191 children under six, with data from 136 diagnosed cancer cases collected in 2023, adhering to methodological standards in epidemiological research. The analysis utilised SPSS28, employing chi-square testing and logistic regression. Chi-square testing confirmed a significant rise in childhood cancer rates post-COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic rates. Key factors influencing cancer incidence include the mother's age at childbirth, parental vaccination history before pregnancy, maternal vaccination details during pregnancy, the child's COVID-19 infection status, and maternal marriage age. Notably, younger mothers faced higher COVID-19 infection risks, but vaccination appears to mitigate paediatric cancer risk. The post-pandemic surge in childhood cancer underscores a complex interplay of early exposures and maternal viral infections. Emphasising vaccination's protective effects before and during pregnancy, the study advocates integrating vaccination into maternal health programs. Public health measures should promote immunisation and address socioeconomic inequalities to lower paediatric cancer risk, aligning with previous studies linking parental health behaviours to childhood cancer incidence.

Orthoflavivirus circulation in South-East Queensland, Australia, before and during the 2021–2022 incursion of Japanese encephalitis virus assessed through sero-epidemiological survey of a sentinel equine population

An incursion and outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was reported in Australia in 2021 and 2022, respectively. There was speculation that JEV may have been circulating in Australia unknowingly prior to the detection. In this study, we determined sero-prevalence and transmission of West Nile virus (WNV), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and JEV, prior to and post JEV incursion in a sentinel equine population in south-east Queensland (SEQ), Australia, using blocking ELISAs (screening test) and virus neutralisation test (confirmatory). Serum samples collected between 2018 and 2020 (prior to JEV incursion; n = 607) from horses residing in SEQ revealed that sero-prevalence to pathogenic orthoflaviviruses was low, specifically WNV (1.3 %; 8/607), MVEV (1.2 %; 7/607), and JEV (4.9 %; 30/607). The significantly higher prevalence of JEV (P < 0.05) was skewed by the high proportion of horses previously enrolled in one or more JEV vaccine studies (17/30; 56.7 %) and the unknown JEV vaccination history due to international travel (6/30; 20 %). Thirty-two foals were enrolled as sentinels to monitor for arbovirus transmissions in SEQ between 2020 and 2023. Results showed that JEV seroconversion was first detected in April 2022 (n = 4), with seven more seroconversions detected in the following months until November 2022. This study (i) confirms that it is highly unlikely that JEV incursion in SEQ occurred prior to February 2022; (ii) circulation of WNV in SEQ remains very low; and (iii) highlights the complexity in the interpretation of orthoflavivirus serological results. The authors propose that horses should be included as sentinels for arbovirus transmission monitoring in Australia.

The Impact of the U.S. Maternal Tdap Vaccination Program on Preventing Pertussis in Infants 2-&amp;lt;6 Months of Age: A Case-control Evaluation

Abstract Background To protect infants aged &amp;lt;2 months against pertussis, the United States recommends Tdap (tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis) vaccination during each pregnancy. Data are limited on the strategy’s effectiveness against pertussis in infants aged ≥2 months. Methods Pertussis cases aged 2-&amp;lt;6 months with cough onset between 1/1/2011-12/31/2014 were identified in six U.S. states. Controls were 2-&amp;lt;6 months of age, hospital-matched, and selected by birth certificate. Mothers were interviewed to collect demographic and healthcare information. Provider-verified vaccination history was obtained for infants and mothers. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression; overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated as (1 - aOR) x 100. To describe maternal Tdap VE modified by infant DTaP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis) doses, case-control sets were unmatched and a time-to-event analysis conducted through a Generalized Linear Mixed Model. Results A total of 335 cases and 927 controls were enrolled. The overall adjusted VE estimate for Tdap during pregnancy was 45.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.8% – 68.5%) and increased slightly, but not significantly against infant hospitalization (55.7% (-116.8% – 90.9%)). Although point estimates were not significant, VE was modified by infant DTaP doses (58.8% (-6.0% – 84.0%) for zero DTaP doses, 30.5% (-21.4% – 60.2%) for one DTaP dose, and 3.2% (-170.8% – 65.4%) for two DTaP doses). Conclusions Our study suggests that there is some benefit of maternal Tdap vaccination beyond the first two months of life, however, on-time vaccination of infants remains critical to maintain protection from pertussis.

Incidence of Shoulder Prosthetic Joint Infection Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction1-2% of patients who undergo anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty are diagnosed with a prosthetic joint infection which requires revision surgery, prolonged recovery and rehabilitation, and antibiotic treatment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, anecdotal evidence suggested an increased rate of PJI among all patient populations. However, there have been no studies characterizing PJI incidence following shoulder arthroplasty during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the incidence of shoulder PJI during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & MethodsPatients undergoing revision shoulder arthroplasty for PJI at an academic medical center between 2017-2021 were identified: patients before COVID-19 (2017-2019) and patients during COVID-19 (2020-2021). Patient demographics, laboratory data, history of COVID-19 infection and vaccination, antibiotic treatment, and final surgical treatment were collected. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) (ASES, SANE, SAS, PROMIS (Physical Function, Pain Intensity, Upper Extremity, Global 10), and VR/SF12) were collected. PJI incidence was calculated from a retrospective chart review which identified patients with PJI as defined by the International Consensus meeting (ICM) on Musculoskeletal Infection in 2018 and who underwent revision surgery and antibiotic treatment. Incidence rate analysis and independent t-tests were conducted to compare mean baseline PROMs. Descriptive analysis of the collected data included means and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for discrete variables. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. Results46 patients were identified with 20 patients undergoing a revision surgery for a PJI during the pre-COVID-19 time interval and 26 during the COVID-19 time interval. 20% underwent single stage revision (4 pre-COVID-19 and 5 during COVID-19), 50% underwent two stage revision (10 pre-COVID-19 and 13 during COVID-19), and 30% underwent a DAIR procedure (6 pre-COVID-19 and 8 during COVID-19). There was a significant increase in shoulder PJI infections between the pre-COVID-19 time interval and during COVID-19, with PJI incidence rates of 1.1% and 2.1%, respectively (p = .028). There was no significant difference in any outcome scores, microbes on aspiration, inflammatory markers, or duration of treatment between the two time intervals. ConclusionWhile this study does not show clear evidence to an underlying mechanism explaining the increased PJI incidence observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study does show a significant increase in the rate of shoulder PJI status post shoulder arthroplasty during COVID-19. Further investigation into how the vaccine and COVID-19 infection may affect the body’s immune system may provide insight into this increase.

Assessment of humoral immunity to the measles virus in healthcare workers

BACKGROUND: measles is an anthroponotic viral disease characterized by high contagiousness. In the early 2000s in the Russian Federation, the infection was on the verge of elimination, but outbreaks in 2003, 2014, 2019 and the rise in incidence since 2022 refutes this situation. Cleanup vaccination of risk groups and revaccination of persons vaccinated once are ongoing. It is relevant to determine antibodies in blood serum in the vaccinated population and in persons with an unknown vaccination and post-infection history. AIM: of the study is to present the results of a study of humoral immunity to the measles virus in healthcare workers vaccinated against measles and with an unknown vaccination and post-infectious history. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study was conducted in Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan. The study involved employees of a skin and venereal disease clinic, children's clinics, and a blood center in the amount of 133 people (including 2 men), who were vaccinated and revaccinated with live measles vaccine, after which a sufficient amount of time had passed for the formation of an immune response - 3-4 weeks, as well as 40 female employees with an unknown vaccination and post-infection history. Specific IgG to the measles virus was determined in the test blood sera using the enzyme immunoassay method using the Vector-Best kit (Novosibirsk, Russia). Statistical analysis was carried out using the StatTech v.4.1.9 program (developed by Stattech LLC, Russia). RESULTS. The study was conducted in Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan. The study involved employees of a skin and venereal disease clinic, children's clinics, and a blood center in the amount of 133 people (including 2 men), who were vaccinated and revaccinated with live measles vaccine, after which a sufficient amount of time had passed for the formation of an immune response - 3-4 weeks, as well as 40 female employees with an unknown vaccination and post-infection history. Specific IgG to the measles virus was determined in the test blood sera using the enzyme immunoassay method using the Vector-Best kit (Novosibirsk, Russia). Statistical analysis was carried out using the StatTech v.4.1.9 program (developed by Stattech LLC, Russia). CONCLUSIONS. The ongoing outbreaks of measles in 2003, 2014, 2019, 2022-2023 require constant monitoring of the epidemiological situation with the study of the post-vaccination immune response in vaccinated people and the post-infection response in people with an unknown history of measles

Epidemiological characteristics and survival analysis of pertussis in Quzhou

ABSTRACT Despite high vaccination coverage in high-income countries, recent reports of pertussis resurgence have heightened public concern about vaccine effectiveness and vaccination. Quzhou City has gradually transitioned from DTwP to DTaP vaccines, achieving a remarkable vaccination coverage rate of 99%. However, since 2024, there has been a significant surge in pertussis cases in Quzhou City. We collected data on pertussis cases, described the epidemiological characteristics of pertussis outbreaks in Quzhou City, examined pertussis vaccination history, and conducted a COX survival analysis. Pertussis cases reported in Quzhou City from January to April 2024 were far higher than those reported in previous years during the same period. Geographically, cases were concentrated in the central region and predominantly affected children under 9 years old, with a focus on the 5–9 age group. Survival analysis revealed that the risk of pertussis incidence increased by 2.84 times (HR = 2.87, 95% CI = 2.27 ~ 3.63) when comparing self-paid vaccines to free vaccines. The pertussis situation in Quzhou City remains critical, emphasizing the need for enhanced immunization strategies and further optimization of pertussis immunization protocols.

An interdisciplinary approach: Exploring the five dimensions of the tools deployed by EUVABECO

Abstract To effectively address the complexities of vaccination across the EU, EUVABECO’s 14 partners are implementing a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach. Twelve pilot projects will be implemented from September 2024 to August 2025 in six MS (BE, DE, EL, LV, LU, PL, PT). These pilots will test innovative tools across five domains-medical, social, industrial, modelling and forecasting, and digital-to optimize vaccination outcomes: Medical/Clinical Tool: A decision support system that aids patients and healthcare professionals by providing current, evidence-based information tailored to individuals, thereby facilitating informed vaccination decisions. Social Tool: Data linkage on an individual level, to enhance the targeting and monitoring of vaccine campaigns, and ensuring equitable access to vaccines, especially for vulnerable populations. Industrial Tool: An electronic vaccine leaflet that boosts the flexibility and responsiveness of vaccine distribution by offering dynamic, real-time information in local languages to both healthcare providers and patients - regardless of the source and point of use of the vaccine. Modelling and Forecasting Tool: A disease simulator that models infection dynamics and evaluates the impact of public health interventions, crucial for strategic planning and resource allocation. Digital Tool: A citizen-held digital vaccination card that enables individuals to maintain a comprehensive, accessible record of their own vaccination histories, enhancing continuity of care across borders.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Office Employees in Qom, Iran Regarding Dental Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on the Health Belief Model

Background and Objectives: COVID-19 can spread from human to human primarily through respiratory secretions. In this regard, dental procedures can pose a high risk of COVID-19 transmission. This study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of office employees in Qom, Iran regarding dental treatment during COVID-19 pandemic based on health belief model (HBM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 510 office employees in Qom Province. Data collection tools included a demographic form and a KAP questionnaire based on the HBM constructs. Results: The mean age of participants was 36.7±9.1 and 252(52%) were female. The practice variable had a statistically significant relationship with perceived susceptibility (P&lt;0.001), perceived barriers (P&lt;0.001), history of vaccination (P&lt;0.001), and history of chronic diseases (P&lt;0.001). Age had a significant relationship with perceived severity (P&lt;0.001) and perceived benefits (P&lt;0.001). Gender had a significant relationship only with perceived severity (P&lt;0.001). Marital status had a significant relationship with knowledge (P&lt;0.001), perceived severity (P&lt;0.001) and perceived barriers (P=0.03). Educational level had a significant relationship with knowledge (P=0.01), perceived severity (P&lt;0.001), perceived benefits (P&lt;0.001), perceived barriers (P&lt;0.001). History of vaccination had a significant relationship with knowledge (P&lt;0.001), perceived susceptibility (P&lt;0.001), perceived severity (P=0.02), and perceived benefits (P=0.02). History of chronic disease had a significant relationship with perceived susceptibility (P&lt;0.001), perceived severity (P&lt;0.001), perceived benefits (P&lt;0.001), and perceived barriers (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers of office employees in Qom regarding dental treatment during COVID-19 pandemic are at moderate level. Their perceived susceptibility and severity have a positive relationship with visiting dental clinics.

Immune Response Against Influenza in a Cohort of Repeatedly Vaccinated Adults During the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 Seasons

Background/Objectives: The influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) is recommended each autumn and winter season by the relevant authorities in EU/EEA countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) uptake during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons on vaccine-derived immunity against influenza. Methods: A cohort study of HCWs vaccinated with an annual TIV was conducted from October 2017 to June 2019. The protective antibodies against the influenza vaccine strains were assessed at three time points: prior to vaccination and at one and six months following vaccination for each season. Sera were tested by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Participants were grouped according to their history of TIV vaccination over four seasons (since 2015/16), with the groups designated as “frequently vaccinated” (≥3 vaccines) and “occasionally vaccinated” (≤2 vaccines). Seroprevalence, geometric mean titer (GMT) and seroconversion rate were compared between the frequently and occasionally vaccinated groups. Results: A total of 97 healthcare workers (HCWs) were enrolled in the study; 49 HCWs participated in both seasons. Thirty-two (43.2%) and forty-three (59.7%) individuals had ≥3 vaccines since 2015/2016, at recruitment and during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 influenza seasons, respectively. One month following vaccination, HCWs who had received occasional vaccinations demonstrated a higher prevalence of protective antibodies and a greater GMT for both influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses. For influenza B Victoria, the frequently vaccinated HCWs demonstrated a higher seroprevalence rate, seroconversion, and GMT. Conclusions: Previous vaccination can influence the immune response, although without substantially compromising the immunogenicity of annual influenza vaccination. HCW annual influenza vaccination is required to re-establish and maintain the antibody titers against influenza.

Adherence to COVID-19 vaccination recommendations and vaccine hesitancy in US blood donors.

General vaccination rates have been falling globally despite unequivocal health benefits. Noncompliance can result from access barriers and/or hesitant attitudes. Few studies have investigated the prevalence and determinants of noncompliance with COVID-19 vaccination in blood donors. We surveyed blood donors on COVID-19 infection and vaccination history, barriers and motivations for COVID-19 vaccination, and comorbidities. We estimate the prevalence of noncompliance, the prevalence of hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccines, and investigate associated factors using multivariable models. From December 2021 to December 2022, 33,610 survey respondents were included. Of these, 24% had not been vaccinated for COVID-19 or had missing vaccination information, and 99% of those who reported reasons for being unvaccinated declared at least one of three hesitant attitudes presented in the survey (safety concerns; personal/cultural/religious beliefs; being young and not worrying about being vaccinated). Among noncompliant donors, <2% reported access barriers. In the multivariable model addressing factors associated with vaccine noncompliance, younger age, male gender, White/Caucasian race, absence of comorbidities, residency in a State with less restrictive COVID-19 policies, and living in micropolitan or rural areas were identified as significant predictors. Younger age and White/Caucasian race were independently associated with vaccine hesitancy among noncompliant donors. We found high rates of noncompliance with COVID-19 vaccination in blood donors, mostly driven by vaccine hesitancy. Understanding vaccine adherence among blood donors-a relatively highly educated and healthy population, with good healthcare access and usually motivated by altruism-could provide key information on determinants of vaccine noncompliance that may be harder to overcome.

Institutional trust, conspiracy beliefs and Covid-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy among adults in Ghana.

Vaccine hesitancy is considered one of the ten threats to global health. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy may undermine efforts toward controlling or preventing the disease. Nevertheless, limited research has examined vaccine hesitance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It is thus imperative to examine how institutional trust and conspiracy belief in tandem influence the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. Using data (n = 2059) from a cross-sectional study in Ghana, this study examines the association between institutional trust, conspiracy beliefs, and vaccine uptake among adults in Ghana using logistics regression. The regression model (model 3) adjusted for variables such as marital status, age, gender, employment, income, and political affiliations. The results show that individuals were significantly less likely to be vaccinated if they did not trust institutions (OR = .421, CI = .232-.531). Similarly, we found that individuals who believed in conspiracy theories surrounding the COVID-19 vaccine were less likely to be vaccinated (OR = .734, CI = .436-.867). We also found that not having a COVID-19-related symptom is associated with vaccine refusal (OR = .069, CI = .008-.618). Similarly, compared to those with a vaccine history, those without a vaccine history are less likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine (OR = .286, CI = .108-.756). In conclusion, our results demonstrate the need for enhanced education to tackle conspiracy beliefs about the disease and enhance vaccine uptake. Given the role of trust in effecting attitudinal change, building trust and credibility among the institutions responsible for vaccinations ought to be prioritized.

Occupational differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS) study in 2022

BackgroundDuring the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, essential workers (e.g. medical workers) may be at a high prevalence of contracting COVID-19; however, the trend remains unclear in Japan. This study aimed to investigate occupational differences in the prevalence of COVID-19.MethodsData were retrieved from the 2022 Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey. We analyzed the self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection as of October 2022. We included 21,875 participants aged 20–64 years. Participants were classified into five occupation groups (“medical workers,” “off-site medical workers,” “care workers,” “other essential workers”, and “non-essential workers”), as well as those unemployed. The prevalence ratio of COVID-19 was computed using Poisson regression. We included sex, age, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination history, number of households, education level, and residential area as covariates. Additionally, we performed similar analyses for three time periods: (1) August–September 2022, (2) October 2021 to July 2022, and (3) before September 2021.ResultsThe overall cumulative prevalence of COVID-19, as of October 2022, was 16.5%. Regarding occupation, medical workers had a higher prevalence than non-essential workers (23.5% vs 16.2% (difference: 7.2% point [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.2–10.2])). Similar results were observed among care workers compared with non-essential workers (22.1% vs 16.2% (difference: 5.9% point [95% CI: 2.5%–9.3%])). Other essential workers had a similar prevalence to non-essential workers (17.6% vs 16.2% (difference: 1.4% point [95% CI: -0.1%–2.8%]). In relative terms, medical workers and care workers were associated with an increased prevalence of COVID-19 (prevalence ratio: 1.44 [95% CI: 1.20–1.73] and 1.36 [95% CI: 1.11–1.66], respectively). In addition, we found that younger age, living in endemic region (e.g., Tokyo and Osaka), and living with more than four people contributed to the higher prevalence. According to the time period, the prevalence was significantly higher in medical and care workers than in non-essential workers only during August–September 2022, which corresponded to the severest outbreak period in Japan.ConclusionsIn Japan, medical and care workers had a higher prevalence of contracting COVID-19 compared to non-essential workers. However, this trend emerged during the peak of the COVID-19 spreading in the summer of 2022.

Adopting Covid-19 and Flu Testing Strategies In An Underserved Community

Abstract Introduction/Objective The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on communities worldwide, while little is known about how medically underserved minority communities perceive and experience COVID-19 and/or COVID- 19/Flu combined testing. This research target at a medically underserved community in east Harris County, Texas, and was designed to 1) understand the perception of the single COVID-19 test as well as the COVID-19 and flu combined test, 2) implement different testing strategies in collaboration with the local community. Methods/Case Report Residents in the eligible communities who are age ≥ 18 years or older are recruited through community engagement groups and community originations. Participant’s demographic information, perception and histories of vaccination and testing were collected through a cross-sectional questionnaire. Participants willing to undergo testing were assisted by community health workers, who then collected feedback on test acceptability via follow-up questionnaires. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) A total of 325 individuals participated in the study from Sept 2022-June 2023. 52% of participants are minority ethnicity, including 35% African American and 17% Latino. 11% of participants are uninsured and 32% of participants are from households with income lower than 25,000 a year. We surveyed our participants on their opinion of COVID-19 and Flu testing and vaccination, majority of our participants have had more experience in COVID-19 (92% had been tested and 93% had been vaccinated) than Flu (64% had been tested and 85% had been vaccinated). 96% consider COVID-19 testing tolerable, with major barrier of being tested is fear of painful sampling (49%). PCR testing is the dominant testing method in the community (&amp;gt; 40%) for COVID-19, while only 16% received antigen testing. Conclusion Our findings suggest that while participants recognized the role of COVID-19 testing, there were significant barriers to access and uptake of testing, including concerns about painful sampling, inconvenience, and a lack of trust in the healthcare system. Participants also expressed a desire for clearer information about testing and more accessible testing sites. Participants have less experience with Flu testing and many of whom had never been tested in the past. Our study highlights the need for targeted community education and outreach efforts to increase testing uptake. Development and implementation of these efforts would better prepare us for combating other commutable diseases of public health significance in the future.

Clinical Features and Risk Factors for Outcome in Hemodialysis Patients with COVID-19 after Complete Liberalization of Epidemic Control in China

Introduction: Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are highly vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 and death after the complete liberalization of epidemic control in China. Methods: We followed the outcomes of the HD patients of Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, from December 6, 2022, to January 8, 2023. The non-contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) was performed on all COVID-19-infected hospitalized patients. We recorded the patient’s clinical characteristics, demographic features, vaccination history, treatments, and lung lesions. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression models to identify independent risk factors for COVID-19-related severity and mortality. Results: This study included a total of 858 HD patients, of which 660 were infected with COVID-19. The mean age was (55.61 ± 14.61) years, with a median (interquartile range) dialysis duration of 44.5 (69.5) months. Over half (60%) of the study participants were male, and the majority had hypertension as a comorbidity. Multivariable analysis revealed that age, pre-dialysis diastolic pressure, fever, white blood cell (WBC) count, potassium, β2-microglobulin level, and calcium were independent risk factors for disease severity, while platelets, urea nitrogen, serum chlorine and creatinine were identified as independent protective factors. Furthermore, total iron-binding capacity and vaccination were found to be independent protective factors against mortality, and WBC count was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality (p < 0.05). The most frequent CT finding among hospitalized patients with chest symptoms was patchy shadow or pleural effusion, observed in 64.8% of cases. More than half of the patients exhibited bilateral lung lesions, and over 60% involved two or more lobes. Conclusion: The majority of HD patients are susceptible to COVID-19. Demographic, clinical features, and laboratory indicators can be used to predict the severity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Our findings will assist clinicians in identifying markers for the early detection of high mortality risk in HD patients with COVID-19.

A seroprevalence study indicates a high proportion of clinically undiagnosed MPXV infections in men who have sex with men in Berlin, Germany

IntroductionDuring the mpox outbreak in 2022, the highest number of cases in Germany were registered in Berlin, almost all of them in men who have sex with men (MSM). However, the frequency of clinically undiagnosed infections is unknown.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among MSM in Berlin, Germany. Participants were recruited from private practices and community-based checkpoints specialised in HIV and STI care for MSM. They were asked to complete an online questionnaire on socio-demographic data, mpox diagnosis, vaccination history and sexual behaviour, and to provide a blood sample for serological analysis. The samples were tested for antibodies against a range of antigens to distinguish between antibodies induced by mpox infection and MVA vaccination, with pre-immune sera from childhood smallpox vaccination as a confounding factor. Associations of behavioural variables with reported and suspected mpox diagnosis as the outcome were tested using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsBetween the 11th April and 1st July 2023, 1,119 participants were recruited in eight private practices and two community-based checkpoints in Berlin. All participants provided a blood sample for serological testing. Information for the online questionnaire was provided by 728 participants; core data on age and mpox history for participants who did not provide questionnaire data were provided by the practices for an additional 218 participants. A previous diagnosis of mpox was reported for/by 70 participants (7.4%). Using a conservative and strict case definition, we serologically identified an additional 91 individuals with suspected undiagnosed mpox infection. Individuals with reported or suspected mpox infections reported more condomless anal sex partners in the past 3 months (OR = 5.93; 95% CI 2.10-18.35 for 5–10 partners; OR = 9.53; 95% CI 2.72–37.54 for > 10 partners) and were more likely to report sexual contact with partners diagnosed with mpox (OR = 2.87; 95% CI 1.39–5.84).ConclusionA substantial proportion of mpox infections were clinically undiagnosed. The number of condomless anal sex partners was strongly associated with both confirmed and suspected undiagnosed mpox infection. Therefore, mpox control measures based on clinical diagnosis of mpox are likely to have limited effectiveness in preventing mpox transmission in outbreak situations because many infections remain unrecognised and undiagnosed.

The Recent Research Progress of the Tumor mRNA Vaccine.

Tumors have long posed a significant threat to human life and health, and the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine is seen as an attractive approach for cancer immunotherapy due to its developmental simplicity, rapid manufacture, and increased immune safety and efficiency. In this review, we have summarized details of the developmental history of mRNA vaccines, discussed the basic molecular structure and the effect on the stable and translation level of mRNA, analyzed the underlying immune efficiency and mechanisms on tumors, and assessed the current status of clinical research. We explored the treatment and application prospects of mRNA vaccines, aiming to provide perspectives on the future of mRNA tumor vaccines for ongoing clinical research.