V2G Networks Research Articles

A Charging and Discharging Data Privacy Protection Scheme for V2G Networks Based on Cloud–Fog-End

A Charging and Discharging Data Privacy Protection Scheme for V2G Networks Based on Cloud–Fog-End

PUF-Based Robust and Anonymous Authentication and Key Establishment Scheme for V2G Networks

PUF-Based Robust and Anonymous Authentication and Key Establishment Scheme for V2G Networks

Lightweight three-party key agreement for V2G networks with physical unclonable function

Electric vehicles (EV) are gradually replacing traditional fuel-based vehicles to reduce carbon emissions and protect the human living environment. EVs can be easily integrated into the smart grid infrastructure, and achieve the rapid demand response of power exchange in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) ecosystem, and achieve optimal energy allocation. However, it is a challenge to simultaneously solve the security, privacy and efficiency of communication in V2G. To meet this challenge, we propose a three-party key agreement protocol based on Physical Unclonable Function (PUF). The proposed protocol just uses a small amount of XOR operations, PUF functions, and hash functions with low computation cost. It is a truly lightweight and efficient three-party key agreement protocol. It realizes the privacy protection of one-time random pseudonym under the condition that the server only needs to store two pseudonyms. And it also provides a supplementary sub-protocol for pseudonym error conditions to achieve high robustness of the authentication system. Strict security formal proof shows the proposed protocol meets various security requirements. Compared with similar protocol, the proposed protocol reduces the total communication cost by 73% and the computing cost by 79%.

A 3C Authentication: A Cross-Domain, Certificateless, and Consortium-Blockchain-Based Authentication Method for Vehicle-to-Grid Networks in a Smart Grid

As an important component of the smart grid, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) networks can deliver diverse auxiliary services and enhance the overall resilience of electrical power systems. However, V2G networks face two main challenges due to a large number of devices that connect to it. First, V2G networks suffer from serious security threats, such as doubtful authenticity and privacy leakage. Second, the efficiency will decrease significantly due to the massive requirements of authentication. To tackle these problems, this paper proposes a cross-domain authentication scheme for V2G networks based on consortium blockchain and certificateless signature technology. Featuring decentralized, open, and transparent transactions that cannot be tampered with, this scheme achieves good performance on both security and efficiency, which proves to be suitable for V2G scenarios in the smart grid.

A Secure and Efficient Pairing-Free Certificateless Aggregate Signcryption Scheme for V2G Networks

A Secure and Efficient Pairing-Free Certificateless Aggregate Signcryption Scheme for V2G Networks

Traceable and Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for Energy Trading in V2G Networks

Traceable and Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for Energy Trading in V2G Networks

PAP: A Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme With Anonymous Payment for V2G Networks

PAP: A Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme With Anonymous Payment for V2G Networks

Anonymous Authentication Scheme for Fog-Assisted V2G Networks

Anonymous Authentication Scheme for Fog-Assisted V2G Networks

Enhancing V2G Network Security: A Novel Cockroach Behavior-Based Machine Learning Classifier to Mitigate MitM and DoS Attacks

Enhancing V2G Network Security: A Novel Cockroach Behavior-Based Machine Learning Classifier to Mitigate MitM and DoS Attacks

On the security of a novel privacy‐preserving authentication scheme for V2G networks

AbstractVehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) network has a clear advantage in terms of economic advantages, it has attracted the interest of electric vehicle (EV) and power grid users. However, numerous security concerns limit its further progress. In existing V2G protocols a trusted third party independently generates the master key of the system, so if the adversary compromises the third party, then the system may become vulnerable to system master key leakage attack. Recently, Su et al. presented a privacy‐preserving mutual authentication protocol for V2G networks. Firstly, we crypt‐analysis Su et al.'s protocol and show that their protocol is vulnerable to several security attacks such as the reveal of the master secret key, impersonation attacks and the incorrect notion of EV's anonymity and traceability and does not meet the security features they claimed in their paper. Secondly, we verify that Su et al.'s protocol is unsafe against impersonation attacks, system key leakage, and electrical vehicle anonymity attack using the AVISPA tool.

A dynamic anonymous authentication scheme with trusted fog computing in V2G networks

As an important component of smart grid, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is helpful to improve grid stability, save on generation costs, and reduce energy consumption. However, the existing V2G authentication schemes focus on the trustworthiness of electric vehicles (EVs), instead of the trustworthiness of fog servers (FSs). For unsuspecting EVs, malicious FSs may steal their sensitive data and compromise privacy. We propose a dynamic anonymous authentication scheme with trusted fog computing in V2G networks. In our scheme, to ensure the trustworthiness of the FSs in V2G networks, a collaborative trust evaluation model among FSs is designed. The trust value of FSs can be calculated by comprehensively analyzing the timeliness, authenticity, and execution of FSs' behavior in the collaboration process. Meanwhile, trust evaluation is incorporated into the dynamic anonymous authentication scheme against malicious FSs and ensure a trusted environment of EVs in the authentication process. During the authentication process, to avoid the key escrow and computational overhead of FSs, the certificateless mechanism and aggregated signatures of non-linear pairs are used. We use a combination of long-term anonymity (LID) and temporary anonymity (TID) to ensure the anonymity and the signatures freshness of EVs. Finally, security proofs based on random oracle models and non-formal security analysis show that our scheme satisfies seven security requirements and resists five common attacks. The simulation results show that, in comparison with the five reference schemes, our scheme reduces average computational and communication overheads by 80.05% and 47.68%, respectively.

The Study of an Energy Management Strategy within a Microgrid with Photovoltaic Production of the <<PROPRE.MA>> Project in the City of Tangier and Integrating V2G Technology

The energy stored in an electric vehicle’s (EV’s) battery would be drawn and distributed to the electrical grid to better drive energy consumption within a microgrid that includes a renewable generator(s) managed by a specific energy management strategy. This concept, known as vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G), makes the energy stored in the electric vehicle’s battery more beneficial by discharging it to the public grid during periods of high demand. In this study, we will consider a vehicle system connected to a microgrid, which includes a photovoltaic generator reported from the <<PROPRE.MA>> project in the city of Tangier, and will elaborate on a strategy of the car connected to the V2G (vehicle to grid) network. This study proposes an optimal energy management strategy within the micro grid to charge the battery of a single electric vehicle during off-peak hours when energy costs are low, and to discharge them for driving purposes during peak hours when the energy cost is high. This is explored through a case study of two scenarios in the form of two different driving profiles of electric vehicles. The goal is to understand the behavior of the system in terms of energy redistribution from the V2G and from G2V (grid to the vehicle), and the contribution of the photovoltaic array reported by the <<PROPRE.MA>> photovoltaic generator in the city of Tangier. This study is conducted in a simplified standard Matlab microgrid with the necessary adaptation for the integration of this project generator into the grid, along with a judicious choice of an EV to ensure more explicit battery behavior in relation to our grid parameters. The simulation covers a single day (24 h). This strategy will manage the solar power, the load power, the state of charge of the EV battery, the time of day, and the driving scenario. Using two driving profiles, we will show the performance of the proposed energy management strategy. On the one hand, the V2G technology depends on the driving profile of the EV user is demonstrated. On the other hand, the 100%, 4.65% and 3.32% contributions of the 6 kW photovoltaic generator of the project <<PROPRE.MA>> in the city of Tangier are demonstrated. This contribution covers the load demand for charging of the battery of the electric vehicle that does not have the possibility to charge at work, as well as charging of the battery of the electric vehicle that can be charged at work.

A robust ECC-based authentication framework for energy internet (EI)-based vehicle to grid communication system

The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the smart grid system through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables bi-directional power delivery, allowing EVs to distribute excess electricity to the grid and recharge as needed. However, V2G networks face significant security and privacy challenges due to the involvement of large amounts of data and untrusted entities. To address these challenges, we propose a new authentication protocol based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) that enables secure communication between EVs and charging stations in V2G networks. The proposed plan functions by going through four primary phases, which are: 1) Initialization, 2) Registration, 3) Authentication and 4) password change, vehicle revoke and new joining. Our protocol aims to maintain secure connections while minimizing computation and communication costs through the use of lightweight cryptographic operations such as one-way hash functions, concatenation, and bitwise Xor operations. We validated the security of our protocol through both informal and formal security analyses, including verification with the Scyther Verification tool, which confirms that the proposed protocol is free from security threats within bounds. Our ECC-based authentication protocol for V2G is more secure and lightweight compared to other related protocols in the same context. Our contributions are: 1) A new ECC-based authentication framework for energy Internet (EI)-based V2G communication systems, and 2) The use of lightweight cryptographic operations to reduce computational expenditure and improve resource utilization. Overall, our proposed protocol provides a robust and secure framework for V2G communication that can address the significant security and privacy challenges facing V2G networks.

An Efficient Multilayered Linkable Ring Signature Scheme With Logarithmic Size for Anonymous Payment in Vehicle-to-Grid Networks

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) networks are emerging as an outstanding technique for alleviating energy and environmental concerns. Whereas, malicious attackers thirst for private information from frequent electricity/service exchanges between electric vehicles (EVs) and smart grids (SG) in V2G networks. Several attempts have been made to use ring signatures to achieve privacy-preserving payment and ensure reliable services in V2G. Nevertheless, most of the existing ring signature-based payment proposals may still have numerous limitations in the V2G paradigm due to their heavy signature size. To address the aforementioned problem, we propose Emularis, an efficient multilayered linkable ring signature scheme with a logarithmic size. Specifically, we implement an anonymous payment scheme for V2G using Emularis. We then prove that Emularis guarantees security and privacy requirements through rigorous security analysis. Furthermore, our scheme significantly outperforms existing schemes in terms of communication and computation costs. Extensive experimental results indicate that our scheme is suitable for deployment in V2G security-related applications.

Blockchain-Based Co-Operative Caching for Secure Content Delivery in CCN-Enabled V2G Networks

Blockchain-Based Co-Operative Caching for Secure Content Delivery in CCN-Enabled V2G Networks

PRAFT and RPBFT: A class of blockchain consensus algorithm and their applications in electric vehicles charging scenarios for V2G networks

With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more and more popular, and the issue of vehicle to grid (V2G) energy trading is also put on the agenda. To protect the security and privacy of EVs when they trade energy with the grid, many scholars have introduced the emerging blockchain technology. However, there are few studies on the blockchain consensus algorithm for the EVs charging scenario, while the consensus is exactly the core technology in blockchain for reaching agreement in distributed systems, which to some extent determines the efficiency of V2G. Therefore, aiming at the above scenario, this paper proposes two low-complexity consensus algorithms, namely (PBFT-enabled RAFT) PRAFT and (RAFT-enable PBFT) RPBFT, which are combined the typical blockchain consensus PBFT and RAFT, and can be respectively applied to two EVs charging scenarios. In our V2G model, charging piles (CPs) and charging stations (CSs) will participate in the blockchain consensus as nodes. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, and compared with other methods, these two consensus algorithms have high scalability, low communication complexity, low storage overhead, high throughput, and low latency. Meanwhile they can also avoid the risk of Byzantine leader in RAFT. Finally, we demonstrate the two consensus algorithms in a real charging scenario, which show their transaction latency and energy consumption can well adapt to the EVs charging scenario in V2G networks.

Ultra Super Fast Authentication Protocol for Electric Vehicle Charging Using Extended Chaotic Maps

Due to the explosive increase of electric vehicles (EVs) and universal charging stations (CS), achieving fast authentication is an important topic in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) network at present. Fast authentication cannot only forcefully defend potential adversaries but also can greatly speed up the charging process between EVs and CSs. Although many researchers have realized this problem and proposed some lightweight cryptographic protocols for fast EV charging, desired security features are not entirely satisfied, such as man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, and impersonation attacks. In this article, we propose an ultra super fast authentication protocol for EV charging by utilizing the characteristics of extended chaotic maps. Furthermore, in view of the unsolved security issues mentioned previously, our proposed protocol can provide elaborate solutions to eliminate these possible attacks in a provable manner. Finally, compared with the relevant authentication protocols for V2G network, the communication and computation costs of our protocol are decreased a lot.

ABRIS: Anonymous blockchain based revocable and integrity preservation scheme for vehicle to grid network

The upcoming development in vehicle to grid network (V2G) allows for the flow of energy from battery powered Electric Vehicle (EV) to grid as well as the exchange of information between them. However, during the information exchange, the EV’s confidential information should be transferred from one charging station to another in a secure manner. Furthermore, the anonymity of the EV and charging station should be preserved. Despite the fact that many works on anonymous authentication and privacy preservation exist, there is an increase in computational cost in existing surveys. In this work, the new charging station authenticates the EV using blockchain technology without the involvement of a trusted entity, resulting in a reduction in computational time. Moreover, an efficient revoking mechanism is suggested to block the misbehaving charging station from the V2G network. In addition, security analysis section proves the resistant of our work against several possible well known attacks. Finally, to evaluate the performance of the work, the simulation is performed using CYGWIN platform and the results are proved to be noteworthy.

Toward Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based Electricity Auction for V2G Networks in the Smart Grid

With the development of electric vehicle (EV) technology, EV has become a key component in the future smart grid. Due to the sheer large number of EVs on the road, the emerging vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which allows for two-way electrical flows between EVs and the power grid, is gaining traction. However, establishing a fair and private electricity exchange scheme has gradually become a critical challenge. The emergence of blockchain technology offers a novel approach for resolving this issue. In this study, we overview the opportunities and challenges of blockchain in the smart grid. Then, we provide a privacy-preserving blockchain-based electricity auction scheme for V2G networks in smart grid. In particular, we exploit PS group signatures to keep the privacy of EVs or charging stations and leverage blockchain to provide automated auction execution. With our mechanism, the identity of EV/charging station is conditionally protected. In case of an emergency, the trusted authority (i.e., the group manager) can open the identity. Meanwhile, we present the security analysis to prove our scheme’s security. Finally, we implement the experiment to evaluate efficiency. The experimental results show that our proposal is efficient and suitable for V2G networks.

A Copula-Based Attack Prediction Model for Vehicle-to-Grid Networks

The Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) networks are a part of the Smart Grid networks. Their primary goal is to recharge electric vehicles. These networks, as with any computer system, are facing cyber attacks. For example, during a charge or recharge process, V2G networks can be vulnerable to attacks such as Man-in-the-Middle (MitM), Denial of Service (DoS), identity theft, and rebound attacks. It is therefore up to us to offer innovative solutions in order to reduce threats as much as possible. In this paper, a model based on copulas to detect intrusion cases in V2G networks is proposed. To achieve this model, a database is generated first from three scenarios using tools including MiniV2G, Wireshark, and CICflowMeter. Then, significant variables are selected using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The classification algorithm is based on the notion of copulas constructed under the software R. From the obtained results, it emerges that the created model has a very high prediction rate of attacks in the aforementioned network.