UVB Exposure Research Articles

Nannochloropsis oceanica Lipid Extract Moderates UVB-Irradiated Psoriatic Keratinocytes: Impact on Protein Expression and Protein Adducts.

Psoriasis is characterized by excessive exfoliation of the epidermal layer due to enhanced pro-inflammatory signaling and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, further modulated by UV-based anti-psoriatic treatments. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of a lipid extract derived from the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica on the proteomic alterations induced by lipid derivatives in non-irradiated and UVB-irradiated keratinocytes from psoriatic skin lesions compared to keratinocytes from healthy individuals. The findings revealed that the microalgae extract diminished the viability of psoriatic keratinocytes without affecting the viability of these cells following UVB exposure. Notably, the microalgae extract led to an increased level of 4-HNE-protein adducts in non-irradiated cells and a reduction in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-protein and 15-deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2)-protein adducts in UVB-exposed keratinocytes from psoriasis patients. In healthy skin cells, the extract decreased the UV-induced elevation of 4-HNE-protein and 15d-PGJ2-protein adducts. The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory attributes of the lipid extract from the Nannochloropsis oceanica suggest its potential as a protective agent for keratinocytes in healthy skin against UVB radiation's detrimental effects. Moreover, it could offer therapeutic benefits to skin cells afflicted with psoriatic lesions by mitigating their proliferation and inflammatory responses during UV radiation treatment.

Enhanced SIRT1 Activity by Galangin Mitigates UVB-Induced Senescence in Dermal Fibroblasts via p53 Acetylation Regulation and Activation.

Human skin aging, a complex process influenced by intrinsic aging and extrinsic photoaging, is marked by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause DNA damage, impaired dermal fibroblast function, and wrinkle formation. External stressors, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, can trigger cellular senescence. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), an NAD+-dependent enzyme in the sirtuin family, plays a crucial role in deacetylating p53, thereby inhibiting its nuclear translocation and reducing skin senescence. Galangin, a flavonoid found in honey and Alpinia officinarum root, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigates the protective mechanism of galangin against UVB-induced senescence in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) by examining its effects on SIRT1 and its target, acetylated-p53. An in vitro model of UVB-induced senescence using HDFs and an in vivo model using nude mice were employed to assess the dermal protective effects of galangin. The results demonstrate that while UVB exposure does not decrease SIRT1 protein levels, it impairs its enzymatic function. However, galangin treatment counteracts these adverse effects. Additionally, UVB exposure significantly reduces cell viability and upregulates senescence markers like p16, p21, and p53 nuclear transactivation. An increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) positive cells was observed in UVB-exposed dermal fibroblasts. Galangin treatment mitigates UVB-induced cellular senescence by enhancing SIRT1-mediated p53 deacetylation, thereby inhibiting nuclear translocation and reducing dermal senescence. These findings suggest that galangin is a promising agent for alleviating UVB-induced skin aging and could be a potential component in antiaging cosmetic formulations.

Protective Effects of Keratinocyte-Derived GCSF and CCL20 on UVB-Induced Melanocyte Damage.

The skin microenvironment created by keratinocytes (KC) influences the stress responses of melanocytes (MC) to UVB insults. This study employed RNA sequencing analysis as well as in vitro and in vivo models to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our RNA-Seq analysis revealed a statistically significant upregulation of GCSF and CCL20 genes in UVB-irradiated KC, correlating with the protective effects of KC on MC responses to UVB exposure. Recombinant GCSF and CCL20 exhibited the most pronounced modulation of UVB-induced MC responses. These effects included the attenuation of apoptosis and reduction of ROS formation, along with the upregulation of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, which are involved in the melanogenic pathway. ELISA was also used to confirm that UVB could induce the secretion of GCSF and CCL20 from KC. A similar correlation between GCSF and CCL20 expression in KC and tyrosinase levels in MC was observed in UVB-irradiated mouse skin. Our study provides novel insights into the protective role of GCSF and CCL20 in the paracrine effects of KC on UVB-induced MC damage through the modulation of stress response pathways, the MITF-tyrosinase axis, and the regulation of p53. These findings have implications for the development of pharmacological strategies targeting KC-derived paracrine factors for the prevention of skin photodamage.

Evaluating the Efficacy of an Extract for UV Defense and Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Transitioning from Biomass to Bioprotection

This study evaluated natural extracts from plant biomass for UV protection and oxidative stress reduction. Conducted in Bucharest, Romania, it focused on medicinal mushrooms and pomegranate bark. The biotechnological process involved a two-phase extraction: hot water processing of Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus, and Tremella mushrooms, followed by ethanol extraction with pomegranate bark and green tea. The spectrophotometric analysis identified phenolics and flavonoids. The ethanol extract showed higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity, particularly in DPPH radical scavenging. UVB exposure tests demonstrated its protective effect, comparable to vitamin B3, delaying oxidative stress onset by 30 min. This research underscores the potential of using natural biomass extracts in skincare, promoting environmental sustainability and economic viability by converting agricultural waste into valuable bioactive compounds.

Does pigmentation provide protection to bdelloid rotifers in a high ultraviolet B environment?

AbstractAquatic species found in habitats with limited shade and little dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have increased vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) damage. Pigmentation is a common mechanism used by animals for protection from UVR. A pigmented bdelloid rotifer, Philodina, occurs in high densities in shallow rock pools in El Paso Co., TX, and is subject to repeated desiccation and high UVR. To understand the roles of DOC, pigmentation, and dormancy in reducing the effects of UVR exposure in these rotifers: (1) DOC levels in rock pools were measured before and after the summer monsoon season and (2) hydrated or dormant bdelloids (desiccated for 0, 1, 7, or 32 d) that differed in degree of pigmentation (highly, moderately, lightly, and none) were exposed to three intensities of UVB radiation (low, mid, or high) and monitored for survival after 48 h. Pigmented bdelloids were found in rock pools with lower DOC concentrations. Logistic regression analysis indicated that pigmentation level, desiccation time, and UVB intensity all affected survival. Bdelloids in the dormant form for 1 d were more resistant to UVB exposure at all pigmentation levels. However, as desiccation time increased, the odds of surviving decreased. Hydrated highly pigmented bdelloids were three times more likely to survive desiccation, UVB radiation, and their combined effects. Prolonged periods of drought due to the changing climate will alter DOC concentrations, causing photoprotection to become an increasingly important survival strategy for aquatic invertebrates, especially those inhabiting shallow waters.

Allergic Potential & Molecular Mechanism of Skin Sensitization of Cinnamaldehyde Under Environmental UVB Exposure

Fragrance, a key ingredient in cosmetics, often triggers skin allergy causes rashes, itching, dryness, and cracked or scaly skin. Cinnamaldehyde (CA), derived from the bark of the cinnamon tree, used as a fragrance and is a moderate skin sensitizer. CA exhibits strong UVB absorption, its allergic potential and the molecular mechanisms underlying skin sensitization under UVB exposure remain largely unexplored. To investigate the allergic potential and molecular mechanisms of CA-induced skin sensitization under ambient UVB radiation, we employed various alternative in-silico, in-chemico and in-vitro tools. CA under ambient UVB isomerizes from trans to cis CA after 1hr of exposure. Furthermore, DPRA assay and docking with simulation studies demonstrated the enhanced allergic potential of cis-CA. Additionally, our study evaluated intracellular ROS levels and the expression of Nrf2, Catalase, and MMP-2, and 9 in KeratinoSens cells, showing significant upregulation under UVB exposure in the presence of CA. Moreover, our findings indicate that CA activates THP-1 cells co-stimulatory surface marker (CD86) via the activation of intracellular ROS, phagocytosis, and genes of the TLR4 pathway. These insights into the mechanisms uncovered by our study are crucial for managing triggers of allergic skin diseases caused by fragrance use and concurrent exposure to environmental UVB/sunlight.

High-glucose impact on UVB responses in human epidermal keratinocytes: Insights on diabetic skin's resistance to photocarcinogenesis

Ultraviolet (UV) B-induced damage in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) initiates photocarcinogenesis. However, how diabetes influences photocarcinogenesis is not well understood. To investigate the impact of high-glucose environments on responses to UVB, we cultured HEKs in normal-glucose (NG) or high-glucose (HG) conditions (G6 and G26), followed by UVB irradiation at 25 mJ/cm2 (G6UVB and G26UVB). We performed next-generation sequencing and analyzed HEKs' expression profiles bioinformatically to identify candidate genes and cellular responses involved. We found UVB induced consistent responses in both NG- and HG-cultivated HEKs, but it also triggered certain distinct processes and pathways specifically in the HG groups. The 459 differentially expressed (DE) genes in the HG groups revealed their roles in chromatin remodeling, nucleosome assembly, and interferon signaling activation. Moreover, the 29 DE genes identified in G26UVB/G6UVB comparison, including the potent tumor suppressor gene TFPI2, were considered key genes contributing to HEKs' altered response to UVB in HG environments. UVB irradiation induced significantly higher TFPI2 expression in HG-cultivated HEKs than their NG-cultivated counterpart. Finally, HG-cultivation significantly increased oxidative stress, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, and apoptosis, while reducing HEKs' viability after UVB irradiation. These changes under HG conditions probably mediate cell fate toward death and tumor regression. Overall, our findings provide evidence and associated molecular basis on how HG conditions reduce keratinocytes' photocarcinogenic potential following UVB exposure.

An elevational cline in leaf variegation: Testing anti-herbivory and abiotic heterogeneity hypotheses in maintaining a polymorphism.

While some studies have found leaf variegation to reduce photosynthetic capacity, others showed that it can increase photosynthesis. Thus, what maintains variegation remains an open question. Two primary hypotheses-the anti-herbivory and abiotic heterogeneity hypotheses-have been posited, yet little empirical research explicitly investigates the maintenance of naturally occurring variegation. We used field surveys, image analysis, and climatic associations to explore the anti-herbivory and abiotic heterogeneity hypotheses in 21 populations of Hexastylis heterophylla and H. shuttleworthii, both polymorphic for leaf variegation. We measured the frequency of variegated individuals, variegation intensity, and herbivory for each morph, assessed abiotic correlates with variegation, and measured photosynthetic efficiency. We found a strong elevational cline in leaf variegation strongly linked with abiotic heterogeneity; variegation was more common in lower-elevation populations characterized by higher temperatures, UV-B exposure, seasonal light change, and drier, more basic soils. Variegated and nonvariegated individuals experienced similar levels of herbivory. Morphs had similar photosynthetic quantum yields. However, nonvariegated leaves experienced more nonphotochemical quenching, an indication of photoinhibition, and had higher surface temperatures under high light. Our results suggest that variegation may serve as an adaptation to high temperatures and light conditions and can reduce photoinhibition in certain environmental contexts. Thus, abiotic factors can maintain variegation in wild populations and shape geographic clines in variegation.

Langerhans cells orchestrate apoptosis of DNA-damaged keratinocytes upon high-dose UVB skin exposure.

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the skin causes mutations that can promote the development of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. High-dose UVB exposure triggers a vigorous skin reaction characterized by inflammation resulting in acute sunburn. This response includes the formation of sunburn cells and keratinocytes (KC) undergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis) when repair mechanisms of DNA damage are inadequate. The primary objective of this research was to clarify the involvement of Langerhans cells (LC) in the development of acute sunburn following intense UVB skin irradiation. To address this, we subjected the dorsal skin of mice to a single high-dose UVB exposure and analyzed the immediate immune response occurring within the skin tissue. Acute sunburn triggered an activation of LC, coinciding with a rapid influx of neutrophils that produced TNF-α. Furthermore, our investigation unveiled a marked increase in DNA-damaged KC and the subsequent induction of apoptosis in these cells. Importantly, we demonstrate a crucial link between the inflammatory cascade, the initiation of apoptosis in DNA-damaged KC, and the presence of LC in the skin. LC were observed to modulate the chemokine response in the skin following exposure to UVB, thereby affecting the trafficking of neutrophils. Skin lacking LC revealed diminished inflammation, contained fewer TNF-α-producing neutrophils, and due to the prevention of apoptosis induction, a lingering population of DNA-damaged KC, presumably carrying the risk of enduring genomic alterations. In summary, our results underscore the pivotal role of LC in preserving the homeostasis of UVB-irradiated skin. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying acute sunburn responses and their implications for UV-induced skin cancer.

Protective effect of ferulic acid-hyaluronic acid copolymer against UVB irradiation in a human HaCaT cell line

Excessive UVB exposure increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative damage and epidermal inflammation. To enhance UVB protection effect, a strong phenolic antioxidant, ferulic acid (FA) was designed onto HA via a free radical mediated method. Our previous work has confirmed its structural characterization and in vitro antioxidant. The aim of this study was to evaluate its protective effects against UVB-induced damage in human HaCaT cells. We observed a significant reduction in cell viability to 57.43 % following UVB exposure at a dose of 80 mJ/cm2. However, pretreatment with FA-HA (250 to 2000 μg·mL−1) significantly attenuated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, FA-HA was found to suppress the intracellular generation of ROS and up-regulated the expression of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). The elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as well as the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1/9 (MMP-1/9) induced by UVB irradiation, were also effectively reduced by FA-HA. Additionally, FA-HA treatment decreases the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), ultimately preventing apoptosis. These findings suggest that FA-HA is a promising candidate for UVB protection in skincare formulations.

BRAF Inhibition and UVB Light Synergistically Promote Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1-Induced Skin Tumorigenesis.

The development of keratinocytic skin tumors, presumably attributable to paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway, represents a relevant side effect of targeted therapies with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis). The role of cutaneous papillomavirus infection in BRAFi-associated skin carcinogenesis, however, is still inconclusive. Employing the Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1) skin infection model, the impact of BRAFis and UVB exposure on papillomavirus induced skin tumorigenesis was investigated in immunocompetent FVB/NCrl mice. Systemic BRAF inhibition in combination with UVB light induced skin tumors in 62% of the MmuPV1-infected animals. In contrast, significantly fewer tumors were observed in the absence of either BRAF inhibition, UVB irradiation or virus infection, as demonstrated by lesional outgrowth in 20%, 5% and 0% of the mice, respectively. Combinatory exposure to BRAFis and UVB favored productive viral infection, which was shown by high numbers of MmuPV1 genome copies and E1^E4 spliced transcripts and an abundance of E6/E7 oncogene mRNA and viral capsid proteins. BRAF inhibition, but not viral infection or UVB light, activated ERK1/2, whereas γH2AX expression, inducible by UVB light, remained unaltered by BRAFis. These results provide experimental evidence that BRAF inhibition and UVB irradiation synergistically promote MmuPV1-induced skin tumor development in vivo. This indicates an alternative pathway by which papillomavirus skin infection may contribute to BRAFi-associated skin tumorigenesis.

Chronic UVB exposure induces hepatic injury in mice: Mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics

Chronic UVB exposure poses a significant threat to both skin and visceral health. In recent years, the adverse role of chronic UVB exposure in liver health has been suggested but not fully elucidated. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the effects of chronic UVB exposure on liver health in male SKH-1 hairless mice and clarify potential mechanisms through multi-omics approaches. The findings suggested that 10-week chronic skin exposure to UVB not only triggers hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress but also, more importantly, results in lipid metabolism abnormalities in the liver. Hepatic transcriptomic analysis revealed significant alterations in various signaling pathways and physiological processes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. Further lipidomic analysis illustrated significant changes in the metabolism of glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and glycerophospholipids in the liver following chronic UVB exposure. The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated that chronic UVB exposure disrupts the structure and function of the microbiota. In search of potential mechanisms used by the microbiome to regulate the hepatic disease morphology, we filtered mouse fecal supernatants and cultured the supernatants with HepG2 cells. Fecal supernatant from UVB-exposed mice induced increased secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8, accumulation of MDA, reduced SOD activity, and decreased lipid content in normal hepatic cells. In summary, skin chronic exposure to UVB induces multiple liver injuries and gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice and gut microbiota metabolites may be one of the contributing factors to hepatic injury caused by chronic UVB exposure. These discoveries deepen the comprehension of the health risks associated with chronic UVB exposure.

Enhancing ocular protection against UVB: The role of irigenin in modulating oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways In Vivo

Oxidative damage contributes to age-related macular degeneration. Irigenin possesses diverse pharmacologic properties, including antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. Our in vivo experiments indicated that irigenin mitigates UVB-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative DNA damage. Histologic analyses and TUNEL staining revealed that this compound dose-dependently ameliorated UVB-induced retinal damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, irigenin substantially reduced the level of 8-hydroxyguanosine, a biomarker of UVB-induced oxidative DNA damage. We further explored the molecular mechanisms that mediate the protective effects of irigenin. Our findings suggested that UVB-induced generation of ROS disrupts the stability of the mitochondrial membrane, activating intrinsic apoptotic pathways; the underlying mechanisms include the release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and subsequent degradation of PARP-1. Notably, irigenin reversed mitochondrial disruption and apoptosis. It also modulated the Bax and Bcl-2 expression but influenced the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Our study highlights the role of the Nrf2 pathway in mitigating the effects of oxidative stress. We found that UVB exposure downregulated, but irigenin treatment upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, irigenin activates the Nrf2 pathway to address oxidative stress. In conclusion, irigenin exhibits protective effects against UVB-induced ocular damage, evidenced by the diminution of histological alterations. It mitigates oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in the retinal tissues by modulating the intrinsic apoptotic pathways and the AIF mechanisms. Furthermore, irigenin effectively reduces lipid peroxidation, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes by stimulating the Nrf2 pathway. This protective mechanism underscores the potential benefit of irigenin in combating UVB-mediated ocular damage.

Ultraviolet-induced melanisation in lichens: physiological traits and transcriptome profile.

Lichens are important components of high-latitude boreal and Arctic habitats. While stress tolerant, they are among the most sensitive ecosystem components to climate change, in particular, an increase in ultraviolet light (UV) arising from polar ozone depletion and deforestation. This study is the first to explore the effects of UV-B on gene expression in lichens to predict metabolic pathways involved in tolerance. Using transcriptome profiling and bioinformatic analyses, here we studied the effects of UV-B on gene expression in lichens using Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoff. as a model species. UV-B exposure causes significant browning of the upper cortex of the thallus, which correlates to an increased expression of biosynthetic gene clusters involved in the synthesis of eu- and allomelanins and melanin precursors. Based on transcriptome analyses, we suggest that the biosynthesis of melanins and other secondary metabolites, such as naphthalene derivates, tropolones, anthraquinones, and xanthones, is a trade-off that lichens pay to protect essential metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. Expression profiles of general stress-associated genes, in particular, related to reactive oxygen species scavenging, protection of proteins, and DNA repair, clearly indicate that the mycobiont is the more UV-B-responsive and susceptible partner in lichen symbiosis. Our findings demonstrate that UV-B stress activates an intricate gene network involved in tolerance mechanisms of lichen symbionts. Knowledge obtained here may enable the prediction of likely effects on lichen biodiversity caused by climate change and pollution.

Micronized Shell-Bioaggregates as Mechanical Reinforcement in Organic Coatings.

Shells are primarily composed of calcite and aragonite, making the inclusion of micronized shells as bio-based fillers in organic coatings a potential means to enhance the mechanical properties of the layers. A water-based coating was reinforced with 5 wt.% Acanthocardia tuberculata powder, 5 wt.% Mytilus galloprovincialis powder, and 5 wt.% of an LDPE/ceramic/nanoceramic composite. An improvement in abrasion resistance was achieved using micronized seashells, as demonstrated by the Taber test (evaluating both weight loss and thickness reduction). Additionally, Buchholz hardness improved with powders derived from Mytilus galloprovincialis. No significant differences were observed among the samples in terms of color and gloss after 200 h of UV-B exposure. However, the delamination length from the scratch after 168 h of exposure in a salt spray chamber indicated that the addition of particles to the polymeric matrix resulted in premature degradation, likely due to the formation of preferential paths for water penetration from the scratch. This hypothesis was supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, which revealed a decrease in total impedance at 0.01 Hz shortly after immersion in a 3.5% NaCl solution. In conclusion, the particle size and shape of the micronized shells improved abrasion resistance without altering color and gloss but led to a decrease in the coating's isolation properties.

Dermal Injection of Recombinant Filaggrin-2 Ameliorates UVB-Induced Epidermal Barrier Dysfunction and Photoaging.

The epidermal barrier is vital for protecting the skin from environmental stressors and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Filaggrin-2 (FLG2), a critical protein in the stratum corneum, plays a significant role in maintaining skin barrier homeostasis. However, the precise role of FLG2 in mitigating the adverse effects of UV-induced barrier disruption and photoaging remains poorly understood. In this study, we revealed that UVB exposure resulted in a decreased expression of FLG2 in HaCaT keratinocytes, which correlated with a compromised barrier function. The administration of recombinant filaggrin-2 (rFLG2) enhanced keratinocyte differentiation, bolstered barrier integrity, and offered protection against apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by UVB irradiation. Furthermore, in a UV-induced photodamage murine model, the dermal injection of rFLG2 facilitated the enhanced restoration of the epidermal barrier, decreased oxidative stress and inflammation, and mitigated the collagen degradation that is typical of photoaging. Collectively, our findings suggested that targeting FLG2 could be a strategic approach to prevent and treat skin barrier dysfunction and combat the aging effects associated with photoaging. rFLG2 emerges as a potentially viable therapy for maintaining skin health and preventing skin aging processes amplified by photodamage.

NtMYB27 acts downstream of NtBES1 to modulate flavonoids accumulation in response to UV-B radiation in tobacco.

UV-B radiation can induce the accumulation of many secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, in plants to protect them from oxidative damage. BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1) has been shown to mediate the biosynthesis of flavonoids in response to UV-B. However, the detailed mechanism by which it acts still needs to be further elucidated. Here, we revealed that UV-B significantly inhibited the transcription of multiple transcription factor genes in tobacco, including NtMYB27, which was subsequently shown to be a repressor of flavonoids synthesis in tobacco. We further demonstrated that NtBES1 directly binds to the E-box motifs present in the promoter of NtMYB27 to mediate its transcriptional repression upon UV-B exposure. The UV-B-repressed NtMYB27 could bind to the ACCT-containing element (ACE) in the promoters of Nt4CL and NtCHS and served as a modulator that promoted the biosynthesis of lignin and chlorogenic acid (CGA) but inhibited the accumulation of flavonoids in tobacco. The expression of NtMYB27 was also significantly repressed by heat stress, suggesting its putative roles in regulating heat-induced flavonoids accumulation. Taken together, our results revealed the role of NtBES1 and NtMYB27 in regulating the synthesis of flavonoids during the plant response to UV-B radiation in tobacco.

Comprehensive characterization and expression profiling of BBX gene family in soybean in response to UV-B stress

The BBX gene family encodes transcription factors that regulate several biological processes, such as plant growth, development, and stress response. They have been identified and thoroughly studied in numerous plant species. The functional role of the BBX gene family against UV-B stress in soybean has not been well documented. Herein, this study focused on a comprehensive investigation of the GmBBX genes in soybean and their expression patterns in response to UV-B exposure. A total of 184 BBX genes were identified and analyzed to determine the conserved domain. Single and double B-box and CCT domains were found across these proteins, indicating potential functional diversity. The protein physicochemical properties showcased diverse characteristics, highlighting molecular size, stability, and hydrophobicity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five distinct clades, showcasing a non-uniform distribution of GmBBX genes. Chromosomal mapping showed a non-uniform distribution of GmBBX genes across the 20 chromosomes of soybean. The highest number of genes (26) were found on chromosome 13, whereas chromosomes 5 and 15 displayed the lowest number of genes (3 genes each). Gene structure analysis revealed variations in exon-intron patterns, while motif composition analysis unveiled conserved motifs among GmBBX proteins. Gene duplication indicated that the expansion of the GmBBX genes was linked with tandem and dispersed duplications. Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment of terms associated with light stimulus, response to abiotic stress, and molecular functions such as zinc ion binding. The promoter region reveals cis-acting elements related to hormones, light, and stress responses. The GmBBX genes exhibited differential expression in response to UV-B stress, suggesting their possible role in plant defense against UV-B stress. This study will provide a solid foundation for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of GmBBX genes in soybean against UV-B stress.

A role for YAP/FOXM1/Nrf2 axis in oxidative stress and apoptosis of cataract induced by UVB irradiation.

This study aims to investigate the hypothesis that Yes-associated protein (YAP) significantly regulates antioxidant potential and anti-apoptosis in UVB-induced cataract by exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms. To investigate the association between YAP and cataract, various experimental techniques were employed, including cell viability assessment, Annexin V FITC/PI assay, measurement of ROS production, RT-PCR, Western blot assay, and Immunoprecipitation. UVB exposure on human lens epithelium cells (HLECs) reduced total and nuclear YAP protein expression, increased cleaved/pro-caspase 3 ratios, decreased cell viability, and elevated ROS levels compared to controls. Similar Western blot results were observed in invivo experiments involving UVB-treated mice. YAP knockdown invitro demonstrated a decrease in the protein expression of FOXM1, Nrf2, and HO-1, which correlated with the mRNA expression, accompanied by an increase in cell apoptosis, caspase 3 activation, and the release of ROS. Conversely, YAP overexpression mitigated these effects induced by UVB irradiation. Immunoprecipitation revealed a FOXM1-YAP interaction. Notably, inhibiting FOXM1 decreased Nrf2 and HO-1, activating caspase 3. Additionally, administering the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) effectively mitigated the apoptotic effects induced by oxidative stress from UVB irradiation, rescuing the protein expression levels of YAP, FOXM1, Nrf2, and HO-1. The initial findings of our study demonstrate the existence of a feedback loop involving YAP, FOXM1, Nrf2, and ROS that significantly influences the cell apoptosis in HLECs under UVB-induced oxidative stress.

Comparative analysis of substrate components, nutritive value, ergosterol distribution, and vitamin D2 enrichment in shiitake mushrooms cultivated on wood substrates

This study investigated shiitake [Lentinula edodes (Berk.)] mushrooms cultivated on seven hardwood and two softwood substrates for production, compositional changes, nutritive value, and ergosterol conversion to vitamin D2 content. The findings demonstrated higher shiitake yields with hardwood species, particularly among Populus ciliata (PC) (163±10.7 g/kg) and Mangifera indica (MI) (112±7.14 g/kg) substrates. Shiitake mushrooms widely utilized hemicellulose (8.93–61.3 %) during mycelial growth, while cellulose (11.9–38.0 %) and lignin (6.66–63.2 %) were mainly consumed during fruiting body development. Additionally, optimization studies on ergosterol conversion to vitamin D2 indicated that 30 KJ m−2 of UV-B exposure significantly enhanced the vitamin D2 content (99.8±2.6 µg/g). Shiitake mushrooms showed a significant difference in ergosterol content (p<0.01) when cultivated on various substrates, with the highest content found on PC (6820±720 µg/g) and Tectona grandis (6810±480 µg/g). Further, the ergosterol conversion rate to vitamin D2 was the highest in the MI substrate (4.39 %), followed by Jacaranda mimosifolia (2.87 %), and was recorded lowest in the Grevillea robusta (1.6 %) substrates. Shiitake mushrooms cultivated on different wood substrates have also shown significant differences (p<0.05) in their nutritional composition. Overall, the study highlights the potential of shiitake mushrooms cultivated on various wood substrates to provide significant nutrients and vitamin D2 content.