UV-visible Spectroscopic Titrations Research Articles

Aqueous anion binder for phenolate and nitro substituted phenolates through second-sphere coordination network

A series of four cobalt(III) complexes, [Co(Hbig)3]1.5Cl3.5(Ph).2H2O (1), [Co(Hbig)3] (PNP)3.H2O (2), [Co(Hbig)3](DNP)3.H2O (3) and [Co(Hbig)3](TNP)3·4H2O (4) have been synthesized by reacting [Co(Hbig)3]Cl3.H2O (Hbig: biguanide) with sodium phenolates (Ph: pheonlate, PNP: 4-nitrophenolate, DNP: 2,4-dinitrophenolate or TNP: 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate) in 1:3 molar ratio in aqueous medium. All the complexes were initially characterized by physiochemical and spectroscopic (UV–Visible, IR and NMR) studies. Anion binding affinity of complex cation for anions has been studies in aqueous medium using UV–Visible spectroscopic titrations and found log β values for anions. The single crystal X-ray structures of complex 3 and 4 were also determined and stacking of layers has been observed in both the structures. These stacking layers contains layers of [Co(Hbig)3]3+, nitro-phenolate (DNP or TNP) and water molecules along b-axis. These layers connected with one another by numerous intermolecular N-H…O hydrogen bonds leads to formation of second-sphere coordination network. Further, all the complexes and their respective reactants have been tested for antimicrobial activities against strain of Gram negative (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi), strain of Gram positive bacteria (B. subtilis, S. epidermidis) and antifungal against C. herbarum, A. alternata and F. oxysporum.

Binding of permanganate anion to pentaammineazidocobalt(III) cation in solution and solid phases: synthesis, characterization, X-ray structure, and genotoxic effects of [Co(NH3)5N3](MnO4)2⋅H2O.

A pentaammineazidocobalt(III) complex, [Co(NH3)5N3](MnO4)2XH2O has been synthesized by an one-pot synthesis method. It was characterized by studies such as infrared (IR) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The single crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that the title complex crystallizes in space group Cc. The cobalt center is six coordinated with slightly octahedral geometry. The supramolecular architecture is also formed by intermolecular N-H…O (anion and H2O) and Mn-O…O-H hydrogen bonds. The binding property of the cation, [Co(NH3)5N3]2+ with the anion, MnO4– has also been determined (in solution phase) with the help of UV-visible spectroscopic titrations. Further, the genotoxic effects of KMnO4, [Co(NH3)5N3]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5N3](MnO4)2XH2O were studied using Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay and it revealed that the genotoxicity of the newly synthesized complex is 1.97–1.76 fold, which is less compared to KMnO4. The order of genotoxic potential has been observed to be KMnO4 > [Co(NH3)5N3](MnO4)2XH2O > [Co(NH3)5N3]Cl2.

Complexation of Chiral Zinc(II)Porphyrin Tweezer with Chiral Guests: Control, Discrimination and Rationalization of Supramolecular Chirality.

A series of 1:1 sandwich complexes consisting of chiral zinc(II) bisporphyrin hosts and a series of chiral guests has been synthesized and has rationalized the underpinning mechanism of chirality transfer in the host-guest supramolecular assemblies. The number of stereogenic centers is also varied in both the host and guests, which provides insight into the overall helicity of the assembly. The interactions between the chiral host and chiral guests have been investigated by UV-visible, CD, and 1H NMR spectroscopic titrations along with extensive DFT studies. Interestingly, CD spectral changes are very different between chiral guests with one and two chiral centers. It has been observed that the sign of the CD couplet of the host-guest complexes is dictated by the chirality of the host only with guests having one chiral center. The match and mismatch of the chirality of the guest only affects the amplitude of the CD signal; the sign, however, remains intact. In sharp contrast, the helicity of the 1:1 sandwich complex is dictated by the chirality of the guests having two chiral centers. However, amplification of the CD couplet is observed upon matching of the chirality between the host and guest, while a mismatch leads to an inversion of the CD couplet. The enantiomeric host also displays similar trends with chiral guests but with opposite sign. The enantioselective host also displays excellent chiral discrimination ability toward enantiomeric guests with two chiral centers. The guest with the same chirality as the host binds much stronger as compared to its enantiomer. Remarkable enantiodiscrimination effects were also detected in the 1H NMR spectra of the diastereomeric complexes in which well-resolved separation of the signals is clearly visible. The theoretical calculations are consistent with those of the experiment.

A 4-(1H-Benzo[d]oxazole-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol as Dual Selective Sensor for Cyanide Ion Detection

A dual sensor based on benzoxazole containing moiety S3 was successfully synthesized and applied for detection of CN− ion. The S3 molecule changed its colour for dark brown to dark green on addition of the CN− ion only in DMSO solvent. The limit of detection (LOD) and association constant (Kass) values was 0.4 × 10−6 M and 1.0 × 107 M−1; and 0.46 × 10−4 M and 1.0 × 105 M−1 determined by UV-visible spectroscopic titration and fluorescence titration, respectively.

Pyronaridine exerts potent cytotoxicity on human breast and hematological cancer cells through induction of apoptosis.

The potent antimalarial drug pyronaridine (PND) was tested for its potential as an anticancer drug. After exposing cancerous (17) and non-cancerous (2) cells to PND for 72 hr, PND was found to exhibit consistent and potent cytotoxic activity at low micromolar (μM) concentrations that ranged from 1.6 μM to 9.4 μM. Moreover, PND exerted a significant selective cytotoxicity index (SCI) on five out of seven breast cancer cell lines tested, with favorable values of 2.5 to 4.4, as compared with the non-cancerous breast MCF-10A cell line. By using the same comparison, PND exhibited a significant SCI on three out of four leukemia/lymphoma cell lines with promising values of 3.3 to 3.5. One breast cancer and one leukemia cell line were tested further in order to determine the likely mode of action of PND. PND was found to consistently elicit phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial depolarization, and DNA fragmentation, in both the triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HL-60 leukemia cell lines. In addition, PND treatment altered cell cycle progression in both cancer cells. Subsequent DNA mobility-shift assays, UV-Visible spectroscopic titrations, and circular dichroism (CD) experiments revealed that PND intercalates with DNA. The findings presented in this study indicates that PND induces apoptosis and interfered with cell cycle progression of cancer cell lines and these results indicate that this drug has the potential as a repurposed drug for cancer therapy.

Alleviating the hepatotoxicity of trazodone via supramolecular encapsulation

In order to develop a novel strategy to alleviate the inherent hepatotoxicity of antidepressant trazodone (TZ), Cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) was adopted as pharmaceutical excipients and was studied for its capability to reduce the hepatotoxicity of TZ via supramolecular encapsulation. CB[7] was found to form strong 1:1 host-guest complexes with TZ and its metabolite m-chlorophenyl piperazine (mCPP), with binding constants of 1.50 (±0.13) × 106 M−1 and 6.90 (±0.49) × 105 M−1, respectively. The supramolecular complexations were examined by 1H NMR and UV-visible spectroscopic titrations, ESI-MS and ITC. In the presence of 0.5 mM CB[7], the IC50 values of TZ and mCPP on a human normal liver cell line L02 were increased from 215.5 ± 3.3 μM to 544.1 ± 51.2 μM, and from 166.8 ± 3.8 μM to 241.7 ± 6.8 μM, respectively. Evaluation on a zebrafish model demonstrated that CB[7] (0.1 mM) significantly alleviated the TZ induced liver toxicity, as shown by the level of liver degeneration, liver size and yolk sac retention. Our study may provide a supramolecular strategy to alleviate the hepatotoxicity induced by TZ and its metabolite mCPP, and this strategy may be extendable to other drugs that have inherent hepatotoxicity or other adverse effects.

Molecular Encapsulation of Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists by Cucurbit[7]Uril: An Experimental and Computational Study

The histamine H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine, famotidine and nizatidine are individually encapsulated by macrocyclic cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), with binding affinities of 6.57 (±0.19) × 103 M−1, 1.30 (±0.27) × 104 M−1 and 1.05 (±0.33) × 105 M−1, respectively. These 1:1 host-guest inclusion complexes have been experimentally examined by 1H-NMR, UV-visible spectroscopic titrations (including Job plots), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), as well as theoretically by molecular dynamics (MD) computation. This study may provide important insights on the supramolecular formulation of H2-receptor antagonist drugs for potentially enhanced stability and controlled release based on different binding strengths of these host-guest complexes.

One-pot synthetic approach to isolate a single isomer of bis(diethylenetriamine)cobalt(III) cation in bulk using benzoates and the isomeric effects of the cation on ion association with anions

Using a one-pot synthetic approach, a single isomer of bis(diethylenetriamine)cobalt(III) cation, [Co(dien)2]3+ is obtained in bulk from the isomeric mixture (s-fac : u-fac : mer is 7 : 28 : 65) using sodium salts of benzoates (BBz-bromobenzoate, DNBz-dinitrobenzoate, MBz-methylbenzoate) in aqueous medium. Herein, we report the syntheses and characterization of three complexes of composition mer-[Co(dien)2]Cl(p-BBz)2·H2O (1), s-fac-[Co(dien)2](o,p-DNBz)3·H2O (2) and mer-[Co(dien)2]Cl(p-MBz)2·4H2O (3) in the continuation of our earlier work, where benzoate (Bz), p-chlorobenzoate (CBz), p-nitrobenzoate (NBz) and p-aminobenzoate (ABz) were used. The isomeric identification of complex cation was initially made on the basis of spectroscopic characterization (UV–visible, IR and NMR). The binding properties of [Co(dien)2]3+ with benzoates (p-BBz, o,p-DNBz, p-MBz, Bz, CBz, NBz or ABz) have been studied using standard UV–visible spectroscopic titrations in aqueous medium and comparison indicate ion association constants of s-fac > mer. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure analysis of 3 reveals the presence of discrete ions ([Co(dien)2]3+, chloride, p-MBz) along with four lattice water molecules. The structure of 3, with formula [Co(dien)2](p-MBz)2Cl·4H2O, consists of alternating layers made of benzoate ions and layers made of [Co(dien)2]3+, chloride and water molecules. These layers result in the formation of their respective columns and intermolecular cohesion of p-MBz within the columns of [Co(dien)2]3+ is achieved via electrostatic and H-bonding interactions.

Supramolecular Inhibition of Neurodegeneration by a Synthetic Receptor.

Cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) was found in vitro to sequester the neurotoxins MPTP (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and MPP(+) (N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine). The CB[7]/neurotoxin host-guest complexes were studied in detail with (1)H NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, UV-visible spectroscopic titration, and molecular modeling by density functional theory. The results supported the macrocyclic encapsulation of MPTP and MPP(+), respectively, by CB[7] in aqueous solutions with relatively strong affinities and 1:1 host-guest binding stoichiometries in both cases. More importantly, the progression of MPTP/MPP(+) induced neurodegeneration (often referred to as a Parkinson's disease model) was observed to be strongly inhibited in vivo by the synthetic CB[7] receptor, as shown in zebrafish models. These results show that a supramolecular approach could lead to a new preventive and/or therapeutic strategy for counteracting the deleterious effects of some neurotoxins leading to neurodegeneration.

Anion-π interactions in layered structures of salts of 5-(hydroxyimino) quinolin-8-one and related salts

Relevance of anion-π interactions in chloride, bromide, nitrate and perchlorate salts of 5-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-8-one are discussed. Structures of nitrate salt of 5-aminoquinoline as well as nitrate salt of 4-hydroxyquinazoline are compared with the structure of nitrate salt of 5-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-8-one. From such a comparison, two different arrangements of nitrate ions with respect to the respective cations are discerned. Nitrate ions are sandwiched between aromatic planes of cations in nitrate salts of 5-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-8-one or 4-hydroxyquinazoline; whereas, nitrate ions are in oblique positions with respect to aromatic planes of counter cations in nitrate salt of 5-aminoquinoline. Binding constants of different nitrate salts in solution are determined by UV-visible spectroscopic titrations. Solution study shows formation of ion-pairs of these salts in solution. Relevance of anion-л interactions in chloride, bromide, nitrate and perchlorate salts of 5-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-8-one are discussed. Structures of nitrate salt of 5-aminoquinoline as well as nitrate salt of 4-hydroxyquinazoline are compared with the structure of nitrate salt of 5-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-8-one.

Naphthalimide-based organic nanoparticles for aluminium recognition in acidic soil and aqueous media

An organic compound 1 was prepared using 1,8-naphthalimide and diethylenetriamine, and the resultant receptor showed interesting potential for metal recognition. The chemosensor activity of the naphthalimide-based receptor was evaluated following the synthesis of the organic nanoparticles (ONPs) using a reprecipitation method. The organic nanoparticles were evaluated for their photophysical properties, mainly using fluorescence spectroscopy in aqueous media, and the studies revealed that the ONPs selectively recognized aluminium ions in aqueous media. The sensor showed competitive binding for Al3+ and none of the other metal ions tested caused any interference in the detection of Al3+. Titrations were performed with aluminium ions, and the lowest detection limit calculated was 677 nM. The sensor was used to determine the Al3+ content of river water and acidic soils; results were validated using existing methods and the performance of the ONPs was found to be in a satisfactory error range. Finally, the mechanism of fluorescence recognition was further confirmed using DFT calculations, which showed that the aluminium, upon addition to receptor 1, takes away the excess electrons i.e. a lone pair from the central nitrogen of the diethylenetriamine part of receptor 1. This causes a reduction in photo-induced electron transfer (PET) and an increase in fluorescence intensity, which was authenticated using NMR and UV-Visible spectroscopic titrations of receptor 1 with Al3+ ions.

Synthesis and Binding Properties of Arylethyne-Linked Porphyrin-Zinc Complexes for Organic Electronics Applications

Conjugated meso-alkynyl 5,15-dimesitylporphyrin metal complexes have been synthesized by Sonogashira coupling reaction in good yields. Alkynyl groups were chosen as a link at the meso positions in order to extend the pi-conjugated length of porphyrin rings. These synthesized porphyrin derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Moreover, UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were also used to investigate their photophysical properties. It has been demonstrated that central metal ions as well as meso substituents on porphyrin rings affected the electronic absorption and emission spectra of the compounds. Spectroscopic results revealed that alkyne-linked porphyrin metal complexes showed higher pi-conjugation compared with porphyrin building blocks resulting in red shifts in both absorption and emission spectra. Coordination properties of synthesized porphyrins were preliminarily investigated by UV-visible absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopic titration with pyridine as axial ligand. The formation of porphyrin-pyridine complexes resulted in significant red shifts in absorption spectra and decrease of fluorescence intensity in emission spectra. Moreover, the 1H NMR titration experiments suggested that central metal ions play an important role to coordinate with pyridine and the coordination of porphyrin zinc(II) complex with pyridine occur in a 1:1 ratio. From these spectroscopic results, alkyne-linked porphyrin metal complexes offer potential applications as materials for optical organic nanosensors.

Anion Recognition and Cation‐Induced Molecular Motion in a Heteroditopic [2]Rotaxane

A heteroditopic [2]rotaxane consisting of a calix[4]diquinone-isophthalamide macrocycle and 3,5-bis-amide pyridinium axle components with the capability of switching between two positional isomers in response to barium cation recognition is synthesised. The anion binding properties of the rotaxane's interlocked cavity together with Na(+) , K(+) , NH(4) (+) and Ba(2+) cation recognition capabilities are elucidated by (1) H NMR and UV-visible spectroscopic titration experiments. Upon binding of Ba(2+) , molecular displacement of the axle's positively charged pyridinium group from the rotaxane's macrocyclic cavity occurs, whereas the monovalent cations Na(+) , K(+) and NH(4) (+) are bound without causing significant co-conformational change. The barium cation induced shuttling motion can be reversed on addition of tetrabutylammonium sulfate.

Flavonoids in plant nuclei: detection by laser microdissection and pressure catapulting (LMPC), in vivo staining, and uv–visible spectroscopic titration

Previous studies in our laboratory have indicated that the nuclei of a number of trees are associated with flavonoids, especially flavan‐3‐ols. In the present study, three techniques were applied to verify that flavonoids are naturally incorporated into nuclei. These were histochemistry, UV–visible (UV‐VIS) titration and laser microdissection. Nuclei from intact seed wings of Tsuga canadensis were isolated from their cells using laser microdissection and pressure catapulting (LMPC). Thereafter, the excised nuclei were stained with p‐dimethylamino‐cinnamaldehyde (DMACA), which resulted in a blue coloration due to the presence of flavanols. Thus, there is no doubt that the nuclei were, prior to staining, associated with flavanols. The nuclei of the coniferous species Abies lasiocarpa, Cedrus deodara, Cedrus libani, Juniperus communis, Picea abies, Picea orientalis and Pseudotsuga menziessii(Douglas fir) showed a yellow fluorescence typical for flavonols from the beginning of bud break over the entire growing season. However, after the bud‐breaking period, the nuclei of all species, except for Cedrus deodara, showed additionally a blue reaction for flavanols. Rather late, in midsummer, blue‐stained flavanols in nuclei were found in Picea orientalis. Generally, zeatin intensified the flavanol association with the nuclei. The main components of nucleosomes are DNA and the histone proteins. The nature of their association with the flavonols quercetin and rutin was investigated by UV‐VIS spectroscopic titration. The data were evaluated by means of the Mauser (A and AD) diagrams. The results indicate that DNA shows largely no spectroscopically detectable association equilibria under the experimental conditions chosen. However, association (aggregation) equilibria can be observed with rutin or quercetin and histone sulphate in Tris buffer (pH 8.0, 7.4 and 7.0). In phosphate buffer, rutin shows spectroscopically no or only weak association with histone sulphate, in contrast to its behaviour towards quercetin.

Synthesis and structures of new chiral diamide‐ester macrocycles

AbstractA series of new hetero‐macrocyclic diamide‐ester compounds (4a — 4z, 6a — 6b) were synthesized using 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine as catalyst and characterization by infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectra and elemental analyses. The structures of 4e and meso 4b were determined by X‐ray crystallography. The association constants of the compounds with various metal ions were determined by UV‐visible spectroscopic titration, and showed a selective recognition for certain metal ions.