UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method Research Articles

A Comprehensive Examination of UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Methods in Pharmaceutical Analysis Between 2015-2023.

Quality control is a system of validated procedures in which many samples, including active pharmaceutical ingredients and final products, are analyzed using standard or validated analytical methods. Analytical methods used in analyzing active pharmaceutical ingredients or final products in the pharmaceutical industry can be methods registered in pharmacopeias and developed by the company itself. For this reason, published papers related to pharmaceutical analysis attract analysts and researchers' attention. In this study, pharmaceutical analysis and bioanalysis studies carried out between 2015 and 2023 were examined using Google Scholar, and the recent trends were determined for pharmaceutical analysis. Among the published papers performing conventional analytical techniques for pharmaceutical analysis, those applying UV-VIS spectrophotometry method were selected to predict a future perspective in this study. In addition to the data obtained, the current situation of the pharmaceutical industry was considered to correlate with the obtained data for pharmaceutical analysis. The results were presented with comparative tables and summarizing graphs. Interpreting the results allowed us to determine the trends that pharmaceutical analysis studies will lead in the future. This study can be helpful for researchers working on pharmaceutical analysis in both the industry and academia to predict future trends in pharmaceutical analysis. As a result of the literature research covering the dates 2015-2023, 56% of UV-VIS Spectrophotometric methods are used on pharmaceutical dosage forms, 27% are bulk, 16% are pure, 2% are biological materials, and 0.4% are herbal. Made from materials. Of these studies, 28% were conducted in the 200-240 nm range, 27% were conducted in the 240-300 nm range, and only 44% were conducted at >300 nm. Interpreting the results allowed us to determine the trends that pharmaceutical analysis studies will lead in the future. This study can be helpful for researchers working on pharmaceutical analysis in both the industry and academy side to predict future trends for pharmaceutical analysis.

Development And Validation of UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Triamcinolone from Dissolution Media

A simple, accurate UV-VIS Spectrophotometric method has been developed using a dissolution media, Tween 20 (0.15%) as a solvent to determine the Triamcinolone. At predetermined λmax of 240 nm, method was proved linear in the range of 10-50 µg/ml with good correlation coefficient (R2= 0.998) and excellent recovery (between 98 and 101%). This method was successfully applied to the determination of Triamcinolone from dissolution media, 0.15% Tween 20 aqueous solution. This method can be employed for the dissolution study of Triamcinolone in injectable suspension.

Development and Validation of UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Methylprednisolone from Dissolution Media

A simple, accurate UV-Spectrophotometric method has been developed using a dissolution media, 0.1% Tween 20 as a solvent to determine the Methylprednisolone. At a predetermined λmax of 245 nm, method was proved linear in the range of 5- 40 μg/ml with good correlation coefficient (R2= 0.998) and excellent recovery (between 98 and 101%). This method was successfully applied to the determination of methylprednisolone from dissolution media, 0.1% Tween 20 solution. This method can be employed for the dissolution study of methylprednisolone in injectable suspension.

Neurospora sp. Mediated Synthesis of Naringenin for the Production of Bioactive Nanomaterials.

The application of Neurospora sp., a fungus that commonly thrives on complex agricultural and plant wastes, has proven successful in utilizing citrus peel waste as a source of naringin. A UV-Vis spectrophotometric method proved the biotransformation of naringin, with an absorption maximum (λmax) observed at 310 nm for the biotransformed product, naringenin (NAR). Further verification of the conversion of naringin was provided through thin layer chromatography (TLC). The Neurospora crassa mediated biotransformation of naringin to NAR was utilized for the rapid (within 5 min) synthesis of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoconjugates using sunlight to accelerate the reaction. The synthesized NAR-nano Ag and NAR-nano Au conjugates exhibited monodispersed spherical and spherical as well as polygonal shaped particles, respectively. Both of the nanoconjugates showed average particle sizes of less than 90 nm from TEM analysis. The NAR-Ag and NAR-Au nanoconjugates displayed potential enhancement of the antimicrobial activities, including antibacterial and nematicidal properties over either standalone NAR or Ag or Au NPs. This study reveals the potential of naringinase-producing Neurospora sp. for transforming naringin into NAR. Additionally, the resulting NAR-Ag and NAR-Au nanoconjugates showed promise as sustainable antibiotics and biochemical nematicides.

Preparation of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer on Polyethylene Terephthalate Platform Using Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization for Tartrazine Analysis via Smartphone.

This work describes the preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) platform on polyethylene terephthalate (MIP-PET) via RAFT polymerization for analyzing tartrazine using a smartphone. The MIP-PET platform was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and confocal microscopy. The optimal pH and adsorption time conditions were determined. The adsorption capacity of the MIP-PET plates with RAFT treatment (0.057 mg cm-2) was higher than that of the untreated plates (0.028 mg cm-2). The kinetic study revealed a pseudo-first-order model with intraparticle diffusion, while the isotherm study indicated a fit for the Freundlich model. Additionally, the MIP-PET demonstrated durability by maintaining its adsorption capacity over five cycles of reuse without significant loss. To quantify tartrazine, images were captured using a smartphone, and the RGB values were obtained using the ImageJ® free program. A partial least squares regression (PLS) was performed, obtaining a linear range of 0 to 7 mg L-1 of tartrazine. The accuracy of the method was 99.4% (4.97 ± 0.74 mg L-1) for 10 samples of 5 mg L-1. The concentration of tartrazine was determined in two local soft drinks (14.1 mg L-1 and 16.5 mg L-1), with results comparable to the UV-visible spectrophotometric method.

Colorimetric Concurrent Determination of Ultra-Trace Amounts of Pilocarpine and Timolol as anti-Glaucoma Drugs in Binary Mixtures Using a Multivariate Calibration Approach Based on the Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles.

To study the ultra-trace simultaneous determination of drugs, the colorimetric method in combination with chemometrics can be used. In this study, a simple, rapid, and sensitive UV-Vis spectrophotometric method using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was introduced for the simultaneous determination of ultra-trace amounts of Pilocarpine (PIL) and Timolol (TIM) in binary mixtures and biological sample. AuNPs interacted with components and the aggregation mode of NPs occurred and finally, the color change of the solution (red to gray) was observed with the naked eye without the most modern and expensive instruments. The characterization of AuNPs was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The validation of the colorimetric way was studied in the concentration range of 100-800 and 100-600 μg/L with good linearity equal to 0.9772 and 0.9891 for PIL and TIM, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 165.00 and 92.40 μg/L, where the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 500.00 and 280.00 μg/L for PIL and TIM, respectively. The effect of some factors such as interaction time, the concentration of components, and the volume of buffer on absorbance was investigated. Partial least squares (PLS) as an efficient multivariate calibration method was combined with colorimetry for the simultaneous determination of PIL and TIM in binary mixtures. The optimum number of latent variables was selected by k-fold cross-validation based on minimum mean square error prediction (MSEP) and the number of components equal to 1 with MSEP of 1.085 and 0.763 was considered for PIL and TIM, respectively. The mean recovery was obtained at 100.20% and 101.55% for PIL and TIM, respectively. The colorimetric method can be introduced as a proper option for the simultaneous determination of components in pharmaceutical formulations and other samples. A colorimetric method using AuNPs was proposed.PLS method was coupled with a colorimetric method for the ultra-trace simultaneous estimation of PIL and TIM in binary mixtures.Ultra-trace amounts of PIL and TIM were also determined in biological sample.The proposed method is simple, fast and less expensive than chromatography methods.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivated in three agro-ecological regions of Bangladesh: Unveiling the variability of methylxanthine, bioactive phenolic compound, and antioxidant activity

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a widely consumed beverage known for its numerous health benefits, largely attributed to its rich content of quality determining secondary metabolites such as methylxanthine compounds and bioactive phenolic compounds. The goal of this study was to find out variations of the levels of methylxanthines, bioactive phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity in methanolic and hot water extracts of 129 tea samples grown in three different ecological regions of Bangladesh named Panchagar, Sylhet, and Chattogram. Methylxanthine and bioactive phenolic compounds were determined by using HPLC-DAD, and the antioxidant profile was analysed by UV–vis spectrophotometric methods for methanol and hot water extracts of tea leaves. The IC50 values showed the trend as Panchagar > Sylhet > Chattogram and Sylhet > Chattogram > Panchagar for water and methanol extract, respectively. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) variations in the levels of methylxanthines content: Panchagar > Chattogram > Sylhet. Caffeine was significantly higher (103.02 ± 5.55 mg/g of dry extract) in the methanolic extract of tea leaves of Panchagar district and lower (53.33 ± 4.30 mg/g of dry extract) in the hot water extract of Sylhet district. Panchagar and Chattogram possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher catechin content for methanol (57.01 ± 5.50 mg/g dry extract) and hot water (55.23 ± 4.11 mg/g dry extract) extracts, respectively. The utilization of canonical discriminant functions yielded highly favorable outcomes in the classification of tea from three distinct cultivation origins in Bangladesh, relying on their inherent features. This study demonstrated the potential effects of geographical variations on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of tea, emphasizing the importance of regional differences in tea cultivation for optimizing its health benefits as well as dispersing tea cultivation across the country.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI PELARUT TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SEDIAAN SERUM EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus Polyrhizus)

The skin of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) contains active substances that are useful for extracting in making natural serums. Antioxidants, one of the important compounds in serum that can protect the skin and capture free radicals. This study aims to prove the presence of antioxidants in serum made from red dragon fruit peel extract, and to compare the effect of using 70% and 96% ethanol solvents on the physical properties and antioxidant activity of the serum. The extraction method used was maceration extraction, by testing the flavonoid content and free ethanol content in the extract. The physical properties of the serum were tested including organoleptics, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability and stickiness. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity was tested using the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method. The research results show that red dragon fruit peel extract contains flavonoids with orange and red colors, and does not have an ester odor. Serum preparations from 70% and 96% ethanol extracts have semisolid form, characteristic odor, color differences, pH 5, homogeneous, with viscosities of 464 cPs and 341 cPs respectively. The spreadability of the serum is 7.1 cm and 9.7 cm, while the adhesive power is 0.88 and 0.93. The serum antioxidant activity of 70% and 96% ethanol extracts was 39.59 µg/mL and 45.87 µg/mL. The 70% ethanol extract serum meets the standard physical properties of serum and has stronger antioxidant activity compared to the 96% ethanol extract serum, indicated by the lower IC50 value. Flavonoids, as antioxidant compounds, have various types and different polarities depending on the position and number of hydroxyl groups.

Determination of Catechin Content in Green and Black Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) by UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method

Tea is one of the most commonly consumed beverages around the world. The chemical compounds contained in tea have a good effect on health because they contain polyphenolic compounds, catechins. This study examined the catechin compound content of black tea and green tea from Karanganyar (A) and Malang (B). This research aims to determine the differences in catechin levels in black and green tea types in Malang, East Java, and Karanganyar, Central Java plantations. The research method used was experimental. Identification of catechin content was done using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. Tea is extracted by brewing, 4 grams of green tea is brewed using distilled water for 6 minutes, while 5.6 grams of black tea is brewed using distilled water for 10 minutes with the comparison used is pure catechin solution. The results obtained for green tea Karanganyar (A) had a catechin content of 3.61±0.083%, green tea Malang (B) had a level of 2.97±0.037%, black tea Karanganyar (A) had a level of 3.14±0.065%, and black tea Malang (B) had a level of 1.60±0.009%. It is concluded that the catechin content of green tea is higher than black tea, and of the two samples, the high catechin content comes from Karanganyar (A). Keywords: catechins, green tea, black tea, malang, karanganyar

Smartphone-Based Spectrophotometer for Facile and Fast Determination of Lipid Peroxidation in Local Fried Food

During lipid peroxidation in foods, deterioration rancidity occurred, and a toxic by-product also accumulated. The well-known marker of lipid peroxidation in food is malondialdehyde (MDA), suspected to be carcinogenic and mutagenic in humans. MDA level is determined using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay. The pink color of the MDA-TBA2 complex after the reaction can be measured spectrophotometrically at 530-540 nm. Several analytical methods, including smartphone-based methods, have been used to determine the MDA-TBA2 complex, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC-DAD. Therefore, this research aimed to determine lipid peroxidation in fried food using a simple smartphone-based spectrophotometer. The device was established using a paper box, LED lamps, and a test tube. Various concentrations of MDA were reacted with TBA reagent and then submitted to the device. RGB intensity data were converted to absorbance values and used to construct linear regression. Results showed that the G value from the smartphone-based spectrophotometer provided consistent results with R2 of 0.9869, including 0.93 and 95.17% precision and accuracy, respectively. Then, the developed device was finally used to determine the MDA in local fried food samples. The concentration of MDA in fried foods was successfully determined with high precision (0.96) and accuracy (88.33 %) compared to the traditional UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. Thus, this study provides a practical guideline for developing quick and easy accessibility, portability, and low-cost spectrophotometer for lipid peroxidation assessment in fried food and other future food matrices.

DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOID CAPACITY BY USING ETHANOL EXTRACT OF CIPLUKAN LEAVES (Physalis angulata L.) USING UV-VIS SPECTROFOTOMETRY METHODS

Ciplukan leaves (Physalis angulata L.) have a composition of main phytochemical compounds including alkoloids, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids that can function as antioxidants, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and anticancer. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the levels of flavonoid compounds contained in the Ethanol Extract of Ciplukan Leaf (Physalis angulata L.) Ethanol extraction of Ciplukan Leaves (Physalis angulata L.) was carried out using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent, a flavonoid identification test was carried out on the Ethanol Extract of Ciplukan Leaves with the addition of Mg metal powder, concentrated HCI, and 10% NaOH, then determining Flavonoid levels using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method using Quercetin as a comparative raw material. A qualitative test of Ethanol Extraction of Ciplukan Leaves (Physalis angulata L.) containing flavonoids has been carried out. Determination of flavonoid levels using UV-vis spectrophotometry obtained 0.0235%.

Usability of simplified UV–Vis spectrophotometric methods for the determination of nitrate in the presence of organic matter and chloride as interfering factors

Abstract The presence of nitrate in groundwater and surface water in concentrations above levels suitable for human consumption is an increasingly common problem. This is mainly due to human activity, such as the excessive use of fertilizers and the inadequate deactivation of pits. Water analysis laboratories very often carry out analyses to determine nitrate to control the presence of this anion in water intended for human consumption. One of the most commonly used methods is spectrophotometry, both with commercially available kits and by direct measurement of specific wavelengths. However, in these methods, the presence of organic matter and chloride can influence the results obtained. Thus, in this study, the applicability of the simplification (without acidification) of two methods for the determination of nitrate in water by ultraviolet–visible absorbance was verified in the presence of the above-mentioned interfering factors, and it was found that the absorbance method at 220 nm corrected for the absorbance at 275 nm, in its simplified form without acidification, can be used with concentrations of organic matter of 20 mg L−1 for high nitrate concentrations (10 mg L−1 NO3-N).

Heterometallic bridged Pt(II)‐Zn(II) complexes: Influence of the substituent in 4′‐position in inert terpy ligand on antigenotoxicity, potential antitumor activity and mechanism of interactions of the complexes with biomolecules

The synthesis and characterization of novel hetrometallic complexes [{cis‐PtCl(NH3)2(μ‐4,4′‐bipyridyl)ZnCl(terpy‐Cl)}](ClO4)2 (C1a), [{trans‐PtCl(NH3)2(μ‐4,4′‐bipyridyl)ZnCl(terpy)}](ClO4)2 (C2a), [{cis‐PtCl(NH3)2(μ‐pyrazine)ZnCl(terpy‐Cl)}](ClO4)2 (C3a) and [{trans‐PtCl(NH3)2(μ‐pyrazine)ZnCl(terpy‐Cl)}](ClO4)2 (C4a) (where terpy‐Cl = 4′‐chloro‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine) was done. Acid–base titrations were performed by UV–Vis spectrophotometric method to evaluate the pKa values of corresponding aqua complexes. Interactions between complexes and important biomolecules, guanosine‐5′‐monophosphate (5′‐GMP) and glutathione (GSH) were examined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The chloride substituent at the 4′ position on the middle pyridine ring of terpyridine ligand significantly affects the coordination of biomolecules, as well as overall stability of complexes. The complexes were evaluated in vitro for the antioxidant prevention of DNA damages. All tested novel complexes demonstrated a significant reduction in DNA damage against oxidative modifications of DNA caused by the hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. Also, cytotoxicity evaluation showed that significant cytotoxicity occurs only after long‐term effect of C1a, C2a and C3a, complexes in HCT‐116 cells. Molecular docking studies predict results in agreement with experimental research.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Nutmeg Flesh (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) Ethanol Extract from South Aceh Province

The nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is often used as a medicinal ingredient and has medicinal efficacy. Nutmeg samples were obtained from South Aceh district, which is the main commodity obtained in the area. This study aims to measure the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the ethanol extract of nutmeg flesh. The dried nutmeg flesh was extracted (maceration) using an ethanol solvent, and the extract weight was 18.35%. The TPC and TFC analysis use the UV-visible spectrophotometer method and are measured at wavelengths of 759 nm and 495 nm, respectively. Gallic acid standards were used to measure total phenolic levels and quercetin standards to measure total flavonoid levels. Data of linearity, R square (R2), LoD, and LoQ were also calculated for each standard. The TPC and TFC contents in the ethanol extract of nutmeg flesh were found to be 76.972 ± 0.97 mg GAE/g and 15.625 ± 0.26 mg QE/g respectively. The presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids shows that the ethanol extract of nutmeg flesh has high value metabolites that show good biological activity.

Identification of Chlorogenic Acid, Caffeine, Melanoidin, Sucrose, and Protein Content of Local Indonesia Arabica Coffee Base on Its Cupping and Variety Variation

The increased demand for high-quality coffee led to the need to evaluate coffee quality for market acceptance. Indonesia has Arabica, which has the potential for high selling value. Arabica coffee varieties, including Ateng, Lini S, and Sigararutang, affect the content of compounds in coffee beans, such as chlorogenic acid, caffeine, melanoidin, sucrose, and protein. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of Arabica coffee varieties on the compound composition and flavor characteristics of coffee. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the quantity of chlorogenic acid, caffeine, melanoidin, sucrose, and protein in different Arabica coffee varietals. The study revealed that the content of these compounds differed among the varieties. The Lini S variety had the highest chlorogenic acid and caffeine content, while the Ateng variety had the highest melanoidin, sucrose, and protein content. The varying levels of chlorogenic acid and caffeine in coffee significantly impact its flavor, resulting in a unique sour and bitter taste in coffee brew. Melanoidin, a high-molecular-weight brown compound, contributes to the malty flavor of coffee, along with sweet, nutty, caramel, and spice notes. Sucrose adds a sweet hint to coffee brew, while protein has a relatively minimal influence on coffee flavor.

Validasi Metode Analisis Iodin Secara Spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada Dua Variasi Pelarut

In this study, the method of analysis of iodine by UV-Vis spectrophotometry was validated. Two other solvents, ethanol, and cyclohexane were used to validate this approach. The UV-Vis Spectrophotometer method's linearity, detection, and quantization limitations, precision, and accuracy were investigated as variables. The results of the linearity tests indicated that the method was proportionally verified because the r values for the two iodine solutions in ethanol and cyclohexane varied between 0.990 and 0.999, respectively. This suggests that the values were higher than 0.99. The LOD values for the ethanol solvent were 4.441 mg/kg and the LOQ was 14.802 mg/kg, whereas the cyclohexane solvent had an LOD value of 2.660 mg/kg and the LOQ was 8.866 mg/kg. According to the required precision acceptance, the %RSD value of 2%, precision values for both standard iodine solutions with two modifications of solvents demonstrated good results. Recovery percentages of ethanol solvents are 96% and cyclohexane solvents are 86%, respectively, according to accuracy measurements. The combined uncertainty value for this test is 0.109 for the ethanol solvent and 0.019 for the cyclohexane solvent, respectively. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the validity of the iodine analysis method, establishing a robust foundation for the sustainability and reliability of using UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the analysis

The Effect of Extraction Method on Total Flavonoid Content of Ageratum conyzoides Ethanol Extract

This research is a type of comparative research using a quantitative approach. The study population was the population of Bandotan plants in the Kudus and Jepara regions. The organ parts taken from the plant were leaves, while the stems, roots and flowers were not extracted in this study. The extraction method used maceration and soxhletation with 96% ethanol solvent. Furthermore, to determine the total flavonoid content of &lt;em&gt;Ageratum conyzoides &lt;/em&gt;leaf extraction results using the UV Vis Spectrophotometric method, it is known that &lt;em&gt;Ageratum conyzoides &lt;/em&gt;leaf extract using the Soxhletation method has a higher total flavonoid content (0.32% b/v) compared to the Maceration method (0.22% b/v). The results of the total flavonoid test were then analyzed using the &lt;em&gt;Mann Whitney U Test. &lt;/em&gt;Based on the &lt;em&gt;Mann Whitney U Test &lt;/em&gt;shows that the value of Asymp. Sig. (2- tailed) of 0.102 &amp;gt; 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant difference between maceration and soxhletation extraction methods on total flavonoids of &lt;em&gt;Ageratum conyzoides &lt;/em&gt;extract.

Complex-Forming Properties of the Anti-Inflammatory Sialorphin Derivative Palmitic Acid-Lysine-Lysine-Glutamine-Histidine-Asparagine-Proline-Arginine with Cu(II) Ions in an Aqueous Solution.

The present work describes the complexation of the anti-inflammatory sialorphin derivative Pal-Lys-Lys-Gln-His-Asn-Pro-Arg (palmitic acid-lysine-lysine-glutamine-histidine-asparagine-proline-arginine) with Cu(II) ions in an aqueous solution, at a temperature of 25.0 ± 0.1 °C, over the whole pH range. The complexing properties were characterized by potentiometric and UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods. The potentiometric method was used to calculate the logarithms of the overall stability constants (log β) and the values of the stepwise dissociation constants (pKa) of the studied complexes. The percentage of each species formed in an aqueous solution was estimated from the species distribution curve as a function of pH. The absorbance (A) and molar absorption coefficient (ε) values for the Cu(II)-sialorphin derivative system were determined with UV-Vis spectroscopy. Our studies indicate that the sialorphin derivative forms stable complexes with Cu(II) ions, which may lead to future biological and therapeutic applications.

The Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Total Tannin Content of Methanol Extract of Simpur Air Leaves (Dillenia suffruticosa)

The use of metal mordants in fabric dyeing can harm the environment and health, so it is necessary to look for natural mordants that are more environmentally friendly. The utilization of Simpur Air leaves (Dillenia suffruticosa) as a biomordant is one of the efforts to produce a more environmentally friendly tannin mordant. D. suffruticosa has been reported to contain tannin compounds in all parts of the plant. However, scientific evidence of differences in the total tannin content of methanol extracts of D. suffruticosa leaves with various extraction methods have not been found so far. This study aims to determine the effect of different extraction methods on the yield value and total tannin content of methanol extracts of D.suffruticosa leaves using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 755.8 nm with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. D. suffruticosa leaves are extracted by using three methods, namely maceration, soxhletation and reflux. Tannic acid is used as a comparator. The results show that the yield value of D. suffruticosa leaves extracted by maceration, soxhletation and reflux methods were 8.35%; 12.26%; and 25.24%, respectively. The total tannin content of methanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves with maceration method is 0.15% ± 0.007; soxhletation is 0.18% ± 0.007 and reflux is 0.21% ± 0.016. Based on the results of the data analysis, the significance value &lt;0.05 was obtained. It can be concluded that the extraction method affects the yield value and total tannin content of methanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves.

Application of validated UV spectrophotometric and colorimetric method to quantify minoxidil in the development of trilayer dissolving microneedle: Proof of concept in ex vivo and in vivo studies in rats

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune-induced hair loss condition, by utilizing MNX, a hair growth-promoting compound. However, minoxidil (MNX) administration's efficacy is hindered by low bioavailability and adverse effects. To enhance its delivery, Trilayer Dissolving Microneedles (TDMN) are introduced, enabling controlled drug release. The study's primary was to establish a validated UV-Vis Spectrophotometer method for Minoxidil analysis in rat skin affected by alopecia areata. This method adheres to International Conference Harmonization (ICH) and FDA guidelines, encompassing accuracy, precision, linearity, quantification limit (QL), and detection limit (DL). The validation method was conducted through two approaches, namely UV region validation using PBS and the colorimetric method in the visible region (Vis). The validated approach is then employed for assessing in vitro release, ex vivo permeation, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Results indicate superior MNX extraction recovery using methanol compared to acetonitrile. Method C (5mL methanol) is optimal, offering high recovery with minimal solvent usage. Precision assessments demonstrate %RSD values within MNX guidelines (≤15%), affirming accuracy and reproducibility. UV-Vis spectroscopy quantifies MNX integration into TDMN, using PVA-PVP, with concentrations aligning with ICH standards (95% to 105%). In conclusion, TDMN holds promise for enhancing MNX delivery, mitigating bioavailability and side effect challenges. The validated UV-Vis Spectrophotometer method effectively analyzes MNX in skin tissues, providing insights into AA treatment and establishing a robust analytical foundation for future studies.