UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method Research Articles

Smartphone-integrated inkjet-printed paper sensor and UV/Vis spectrophotometric method for on-site detection of As3+ and L-cysteine in food samples using novel AMTPP-functionalized silver nanoparticles

The increasing prevalence of arsenic (As3+) in water and its health impacts necessitate advanced detection methods. Similarly, monitoring L-Cysteine, a vital thiol-containing amino acid, is crucial for assessing physiological processes and disorders. This study presents a novel method for detecting As3+ and L-Cysteine in food samples using 4-amino-3-(D-galactopentitol-1-yl)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AMTPP) functionalized silver nanoparticles (AMTPP-AgNPs) by UV/Vis spectrophotometric method and smartphone-assisted inkjet-printed paper-based sensors. AMTPP-AgNPs, synthesized through a detailed process, show exceptional selectivity and sensitivity to As3+ and L-Cysteine, undisturbed by other metal ions and amino acids. Characterization techniques like FTIR, DLS, Zeta Potential, AFM, and SEM detailed their morphological and interaction properties. Optimizing detection parameters, such as response time, pH, and temperature, improved sensitivity and achieved low detection limits. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.0052 μM for L-cysteine and 0.0092 μM for As3+, as calculated using UV–Vis spectrophotometric methods. The method also demonstrated high recovery rates in spiked meat and corn samples. This research offers a cost-effective, rapid method for on-site food analysis, significantly aiding environmental and public health monitoring.

Simultaneous estimation of prasugrel and aspirin in bulk drugs by chemometric methods

A UV–Vis spectrophotometric method enhanced by chemometric techniques, specifically Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of prasugrel (PRA) and aspirin (ASP) in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. The method demonstrated high accuracy, precision, and robustness, achieving mean recoveries of 100.63% for PRA and 100.08% for ASP with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 3%. Both PCR and PLS models showed excellent predictive capabilities, with RMSEP values of 0.45–0.48 for PRA and 0.78–1.13 for ASP, indicating the models’ reliability. In line with green and white chemistry principles, the method minimizes environmental impact by reducing solvent consumption and waste generation compared to traditional chromatographic methods. The Analytical Eco-Scale score was 84, reflecting excellent compliance with green chemistry standards. The method’s simplicity, low energy consumption, and reduced chemical waste further support its alignment with sustainability goals. However, acetonitrile, a hazardous solvent, was still used in small quantities, and solvent recycling was not implemented, slightly affecting the eco-score. To evaluate the method’s greenness, the RGB12 algorithm was applied, achieving a high score of 94.4%, with the majority of parameters related to reagent consumption, waste production, energy efficiency, and safety scoring optimally. The method’s safety, cost-effectiveness, and minimal environmental footprint make it suitable for routine pharmaceutical analysis, particularly in quality control environments where resource efficiency and sustainability are prioritized. Thus, the developed method offers a sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly solution for the simultaneous analysis of prasugrel and aspirin in pharmaceutical formulations, making it a valuable tool for routine analysis in the pharmaceutical industry.

Environmental Friendly Analysis: Development and Validation of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Methotrexate Quantification in Marketed Dosage Forms and Nano Transethosomes

Environmental Friendly Analysis: Development and Validation of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Methotrexate Quantification in Marketed Dosage Forms and Nano Transethosomes

Phytochemical Analysis and Nanoparticle Formulations of Extracts Myristica fragrans Houtt Leaves as Antibacterial

Myristica fragrans Houtt leaves contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids, which have antibacterial properties. At the nanoscale, the particles have a bigger surface contact area, resulting in increased amounts and solubility of the active chemical. This leads to a stronger antibacterial activity. This study aims to examine the influence of several chitosan variations on particle size, antibacterial properties and the form of nanoparticles produced from Myristica fragrans leaves ethanol extract. Ethanol extract was analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method to quantify total flavonoid content. Nanoparticles were synthesized using the ionic gelation technique with several ratios of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate, specifically 8:1, 10:1 and 12:1. Nanoparticles were analyzed with a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Agar diffusion test for bacteria germs using a paper backer. Myristica fragrans leaves ethanol extract was 50, 40 and 30 %, while nanoparticle extract was 5, 4 and 3 %. The overall flavonoid concentration in the QE/ethanol extract was 39.7252 ± 1.9596 mg. Antibacterial test results against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria and Myristica fragrans leaves extract limit inhibition area at 30 % (13.35 mm), 40 % (13.68 mm) and 50 % (13.93 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus and 30 (13.28), 40 (13.45) and 50 % (13.81 mm) for Escherichia coli. Myristica fragrans leaves extract chitosan nanoparticles included 3 (14.70), 4 (15.30) and 5 % (15.56 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus and 3 (14.60), 4 (14.65) and 5 % (15.05 mm) for Escherichia coli. Ionic gelation can create nanoparticles of Myristica fragrans leaves ethanol extract with chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. Myristica fragrans leaves nanoparticle ethanol extract exhibits better antibacterial activity than ethanol extract. Increasing chitosan concentration affects particle size. The ethanol extract of Myristica fragrans nanoparticle leaves showed slightly better antibacterial activity than the ethanol extract. HIGHLIGHTS Nanoparticles of extracts and extracts have proven excellent antibacterial activity against human pathogens through paper disc diffusion method. Antibacterial test results against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria and Myristica fragrans leaves extract limit inhibition area at 30 % (13.35 mm), 40 % (13.68 mm), and 50 % (13.93 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus and 30 % (13.28 mm), 40 % (13.45 mm), and 50 % (13.81 mm) for Escherichia coli. Myristica fragrans leaves extract chitosan nanoparticles included 3 % (14.70 mm), 4 % (15.30 mm), and 5 % (15.56 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus and 3 % (14.60 mm), 4 % (14.65 mm), and 5 % (15.05 mm) for Escherichia coli. The synthesized extract nanoparticles can be used against human pathogens acts as antibacterial drugs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Rapid UV-Vis spectrophotometric method aided by firefly-PLS models for the simultaneous quantification of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enrofloxacin in their laboratory mixture, dosage forms and water samples: greenness and blueness assessment

Herein, a novel UV spectrophotometric method coupled with chemometric tools was developed for the simultaneous determination of three fluoroquinolone antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enrofloxacin. Such integration of UV spectroscopy and chemometric analysis proved to be a simple, rapid, and cost-effective approach for the quantification of these clinically important pharmaceutical compounds and aid in their quality control analysis. The method employed firefly algorithm for variable selection and partial least squares (PLS) regression for model calibration. The developed method was validated by independent test set in addition the accuracy, intra and inter-day precision as per ICH guidelines which showed a satisfactory performance with mean recovery ranged between 98.18 and 101.83 with %RSD < 2. Besides, the developed method displayed ultrasensitive levels with LODs (0.0803, 0.1125, 0.1309 µg/mL) and LOQs (0.2434, 0.3409, 0.3968 µg/mL) for ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enrofloxacin, respectively. The greenness and blueness of the developed method were also evaluated using the recently proposed Analytical GREEnness metric approach (AGREE) and Blue applicability grade index (BAGI) tools, which showed a high AGREE score of 0.79 and a BAGI score of 77.5. These results indicate that the developed method provides an environmentally friendly alternative to the traditionally used chromatographic techniques, while maintaining high analytical practicability. Finally, the application of the developed methodology was demonstrated on real pharmaceutical and tap water samples, and the results were in good agreement with those obtained by the reference HPLC method indicating the reliability and suitability of the proposed spectrophotometric method for routine analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Optimization, molecular dynamics and quantum parameters simulations of Zingiber officinale rhizome as a green corrosion inhibitor

This study combines experimental and theoretical approaches to investigate ginger root extract (GRE) as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments at temperatures ranging from 303 to 333 K. Experimental techniques, including weight loss measurements, were used to assess the inhibiting performance and adsorption behavior of GRE, while GC-MS, FT-IR, and UV–visible spectrophotometric methods provided further characterization. Results indicated that the inhibition efficiency of GRE increased with higher concentrations and decreased with temperature, highlighting its potential to effectively prevent corrosion in H2SO4 medium. GC-MS analysis identified four major phenolic compounds—6-gingerol, 6-isoshogaol, zingerone, and vanillyl glycol—and two secondary metabolites, α-Farnesene and β-Bisabolene. Among these, 6-gingerol, the most active and abundant constituent, was selected for computational studies. Optimal corrosion inhibition of 81.3 % was achieved at 303 K with a GRE concentration of 10 g/L for 1 h. Thermodynamic activation parameters suggested a temperature-dependent process, and alignment with the Langmuir isotherm indicated a physical adsorption mechanism. Quantum chemical calculations for 6-gingerol revealed highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO) values of -6.286 eV and -0.366 eV, respectively, in its protonated state, and -8.338 eV and -0.247 eV, respectively, in its neutral state. Molecular simulations showed a binding affinity of -4.736 kJ/mol between 6-gingerol and the steel surface, supporting the experimental findings and underscoring the potential of GRE as an effective corrosion inhibitor.

ANALYSIS OF METANIL YELLOW IN PACKAGED JAMU BY UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD

Introduction. Metanil yellow is a synthetic coloring material used for textile products, wood paint, painting paint, and fur. Despite its use having been banned in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of Indonesia No. 239/MENKES/PER/V/1985, metanil yellow is still commonly found in the local community. In Indonesia, this coloring material is often misused to color various types of food, including herbs, crackers, noodles, tofu, and yellow snacks. The purpose of this research is to validate the analytical method for determining metanil yellow levels in herbal medicine of jamu using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. Method. In this research, the determination of metanil yellow levels was carried out by instrument analysis using the UV-Vis Sectrophotometric method. Result &amp; Analysis. In the linearity validation parameter, the regression equation y = 0.0548x-0.01398 is obtained with an r² value of 0.9999, the LOD parameter is 0.11686 ppm, LOQ is 0.5620 ppm, the precision parameter RSD value obtained is 0.87% which meets the requirements of ≤ 4%. Furthermore, the results on the determination of metanil yellow levels in each sample A obtained a percentage of 0.00006755% ± 3.9260; sample B obtained a percentage of 0.000110% ± 10.5309; and sample C obtained a percentage of 0.0001023% ± 9.2998. Discussion. Given the very low concentration, it is possible that the yellow color in the herbal medicine samples is not completely caused by metanil yellow, but it might also be influenced by other natural ingredients with yellow pigments.

Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid, Kadar Tannin serta Profil Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol 96% Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill)

One of the plants in Indonesia that can be used as traditional medicine is avocado seeds (Persea American Mill). Avocado seeds are known to contain flavonoid compounds, phenols and tannins. Flavonoids are one of the compounds that can ward off free radicals that cause degenerative diseases.The flavonoid compounds in avocado seeds are taken by extracting avocado seeds. Avocado seeds were extracted using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Determination of flavonoid levels begins with qualitative phytochemical analysis, then flavonoid levels are measured using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer method with the reference standard quercetin. The extract obtained was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis by testing phenolics, flavonoids and tannins using reagents appropriate to the test parameters. Meanwhile, quantitative phytochemical analysis of flavonoid compounds uses the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry method. The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis show that avocado seeds contain positive flavonoid compounds, phenols and tannins. Based on the results of quantitative phytochemical analysis using visible UV spectrophotometry, it shows that the level of flavonoid compounds in the ethanol extract of avocado seeds (Persea American Mill), which was read at the maximum wave obtained, namely 435 nm, was 0.2124%.

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT IN METHANOL EXTRACT OF ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) LEAVES BY DIGETION METHODS USING UV-VIS SPECTROFOTOMETRY METHODS

The methanol extract of resemary leaves contains terpenoids, alkanoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and polyphenols. The aim of this research was to determine the total phenol of methanol extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) by digestion method using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. In this study, methanol extract of rosemary leaves extracted using the digestion method was used as a sample and gallic acid as a standard. A standard solution of 200 ppm gallic acid was prepared to determine the operating time at 100 minutes and the maximum wavelength at 747 nm. Next, a comparison solution of gallic acid was made with a concentration range of 100, 125, 150, 175, 200 ppm and produced a linear regression equation, namely y = 0.0039× - 0.1146 with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9842. Determination of total phenol content was replicated 3 times and the absorption value was observed. The research results showed that the average total phenol content was 57.0317 mgGAE/g extract.

Determination of ionization/protonation constant values of some guanine derivative drugs by traditional/ green RPLC and UV–Vis spectrophotometric methods

In this study, the greenreverse-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) method was used in addition to the traditional RPLC method to determine the ionization/protonation constants (pKa) of the guanine derivatives ganciclovir, valacyclovir, and valganciclovir. The determination of these values was carried out in binary acetonitrile–water mixtures (for the traditional RPLC method), ethanol–water binary mixtures (for the green RPLC method), and in aqueous solution of a micelle-forming surfactant (for pure micellar chromatography). The pKa values sspKa of the compounds were calculated using the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) method in the studied hydro-organic and micellar solvent-free mixtures. Moreover, the UV–Vis spectrophotometric method was used to compare the sspKa values of ganciclovir, valaciclovir, and valganciclovir obtained in a acetonitrile–water medium using another method. The pKa values ​​of the examined compounds in water were calculated using the linear relationship between the sspKa values ​​determined in hydroorganic mixtures and some macroscopic values ​​of acetonitrile and ethanol. Additionally, wwpKa values ​​were determined in the micellar solvent-free mobile phase. Subsequently, the wwpKa values calculated by these direct and indirect methods were compared and the agreement between them was excellent. By using the wwpKa value calculated for each compound, the ionization percentages were calculated at different pH (1–12) values with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The environmental impact of the RPLC methods used in this study was assessed using the green metrics tools GAPI and AGREE. The result of the investigation was that the environmental suitability of the green methods is satisfactory.

Electrode modified with CO2 laser-reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles for determination of nitrite in water

Intercalation of rGO with AgNPs was achieved photothermally through CO2-assisted laser irradiation of GO and Ag+ precursors in the solid state. A uniform distribution of AgNPs was anchored on rGO (LrGO-AgNPs). The LrGO-AgNPs nanocomposite was structurally and electrochemically characterized. The parameters for the fabrication of LrGO-AgNPs and electrochemical NO2− detection were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with LrGO-AgNPs showed a high diffusion coefficient and electron transfer rate constant for NO2− oxidation. Aditionally, the modified electrode displayed outstanding electrocatalytic activity toward NO2− oxidation with a sensitivity of 114.6 μA μM−1 cm−2 and an estimated response time of 7 s. The linear concentration range, LOD, and LOQ were 0.1–10,000, 0.039, and 0.131 μM, respectively. The proposed amperometric sensor was applied to detect carcinogenic nitrite in water samples and obtained recoveries between 93 ± 3 % and 103.3 ± 0.3 %. The results of the proposed method and the UV–vis spectrophotometric method showed no significant differences, indicating the potential of the proposed sensor for wider applications.

Validation of UV-visible spectrophotometric method for niclosamide in different media

Validation of UV-visible spectrophotometric method for niclosamide in different media

Immobilised Inulinase from Aspergillus niger for Fructose Syrup Production: An Optimisation Model.

Fructose is a carbohydrate with essential applications in the food industry, mainly due to its high sweetness and low cost. The present investigation focused on optimising fructose production from commercial inulin using the enzymatic immobilisation method and applying the response surface methodology in a 12-run central composite design. The independent variables evaluated were the pH (-) and temperature (°C). The substrate consisted of a commercial inulin solution at a concentration of 1 g/L, while the catalyst consisted of the enzyme inulinase from Aspergillus niger (EC 232-802-3), immobilised in 2% m/v sodium alginate. A stirred vessel reactor was used for 90 min at 120 rpm, and quantification of reducing sugars was determined using DNS colorimetric and UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods at a 540 nm wavelength. After applying the response surface methodology, it was determined that the catalytic activity using the immobilisation method allows for a maximum total productivity of 16.4 mg/h under pH and temperature of 3.9 and 37 °C, respectively, with an efficiency of 96.4%. The immobilised enzymes' reusability and stability compared to free enzymes were evaluated, obtaining activity up to the fifth reuse cycle and showing significant advantages over the free catalyst.

Quantification of Total Phenol Concentration in Ethanol Extracts of Red and Black Betel Leaves Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method

Red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz &amp; Pav) and black betel leaves (Piper betle var. nigra) are plant varieties known for their medicinal properties. These plants have various contents including flavonoids, essential oils, tannins and polyphenols. The objective of this research is to ascertain the quantity of phenolic compounds present in ethanol extracts of red and black betel leaves. Determination of the levels of ethanol extracts of red and black betel leaves is done quantitatively by the folin-ciocalteu method. This method relies on the formation of a blue complex compound of of phosphomolybdat-phosphotungstat, generated by the reduction of phenolic compounds in an alkaline environment. The measurement is performed using uv-vis spectrophotometry. Gallic acid, derived from hydroxybenzoic acid and identified as a simple phenolic acid, is employed. This stable and pure polyphenolic compound is commonly found in almost all plants. Drawing conclusions from the study results, it can be affirmed that the average total phenol concentration of red betel was 31.87 GAE per gram extract and the average total phenol concentration of black betel leaves was 39.09 mg GAE per gram extract.

A Comprehensive Examination of UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Methods in Pharmaceutical Analysis Between 2015-2023.

Quality control is a system of validated procedures in which many samples, including active pharmaceutical ingredients and final products, are analyzed using standard or validated analytical methods. Analytical methods used in analyzing active pharmaceutical ingredients or final products in the pharmaceutical industry can be methods registered in pharmacopeias and developed by the company itself. For this reason, published papers related to pharmaceutical analysis attract analysts and researchers' attention. In this study, pharmaceutical analysis and bioanalysis studies carried out between 2015 and 2023 were examined using Google Scholar, and the recent trends were determined for pharmaceutical analysis. Among the published papers performing conventional analytical techniques for pharmaceutical analysis, those applying UV-VIS spectrophotometry method were selected to predict a future perspective in this study. In addition to the data obtained, the current situation of the pharmaceutical industry was considered to correlate with the obtained data for pharmaceutical analysis. The results were presented with comparative tables and summarizing graphs. Interpreting the results allowed us to determine the trends that pharmaceutical analysis studies will lead in the future. This study can be helpful for researchers working on pharmaceutical analysis in both the industry and academia to predict future trends in pharmaceutical analysis. As a result of the literature research covering the dates 2015-2023, 56% of UV-VIS Spectrophotometric methods are used on pharmaceutical dosage forms, 27% are bulk, 16% are pure, 2% are biological materials, and 0.4% are herbal. Made from materials. Of these studies, 28% were conducted in the 200-240 nm range, 27% were conducted in the 240-300 nm range, and only 44% were conducted at >300 nm. Interpreting the results allowed us to determine the trends that pharmaceutical analysis studies will lead in the future. This study can be helpful for researchers working on pharmaceutical analysis in both the industry and academy side to predict future trends for pharmaceutical analysis.

Development And Validation of UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Triamcinolone from Dissolution Media

A simple, accurate UV-VIS Spectrophotometric method has been developed using a dissolution media, Tween 20 (0.15%) as a solvent to determine the Triamcinolone. At predetermined λmax of 240 nm, method was proved linear in the range of 10-50 µg/ml with good correlation coefficient (R2= 0.998) and excellent recovery (between 98 and 101%). This method was successfully applied to the determination of Triamcinolone from dissolution media, 0.15% Tween 20 aqueous solution. This method can be employed for the dissolution study of Triamcinolone in injectable suspension.

Development and Validation of UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Methylprednisolone from Dissolution Media

A simple, accurate UV-Spectrophotometric method has been developed using a dissolution media, 0.1% Tween 20 as a solvent to determine the Methylprednisolone. At a predetermined λmax of 245 nm, method was proved linear in the range of 5- 40 μg/ml with good correlation coefficient (R2= 0.998) and excellent recovery (between 98 and 101%). This method was successfully applied to the determination of methylprednisolone from dissolution media, 0.1% Tween 20 solution. This method can be employed for the dissolution study of methylprednisolone in injectable suspension.

Neurospora sp. Mediated Synthesis of Naringenin for the Production of Bioactive Nanomaterials.

The application of Neurospora sp., a fungus that commonly thrives on complex agricultural and plant wastes, has proven successful in utilizing citrus peel waste as a source of naringin. A UV-Vis spectrophotometric method proved the biotransformation of naringin, with an absorption maximum (λmax) observed at 310 nm for the biotransformed product, naringenin (NAR). Further verification of the conversion of naringin was provided through thin layer chromatography (TLC). The Neurospora crassa mediated biotransformation of naringin to NAR was utilized for the rapid (within 5 min) synthesis of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoconjugates using sunlight to accelerate the reaction. The synthesized NAR-nano Ag and NAR-nano Au conjugates exhibited monodispersed spherical and spherical as well as polygonal shaped particles, respectively. Both of the nanoconjugates showed average particle sizes of less than 90 nm from TEM analysis. The NAR-Ag and NAR-Au nanoconjugates displayed potential enhancement of the antimicrobial activities, including antibacterial and nematicidal properties over either standalone NAR or Ag or Au NPs. This study reveals the potential of naringinase-producing Neurospora sp. for transforming naringin into NAR. Additionally, the resulting NAR-Ag and NAR-Au nanoconjugates showed promise as sustainable antibiotics and biochemical nematicides.

Preparation of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer on Polyethylene Terephthalate Platform Using Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization for Tartrazine Analysis via Smartphone.

This work describes the preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) platform on polyethylene terephthalate (MIP-PET) via RAFT polymerization for analyzing tartrazine using a smartphone. The MIP-PET platform was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and confocal microscopy. The optimal pH and adsorption time conditions were determined. The adsorption capacity of the MIP-PET plates with RAFT treatment (0.057 mg cm-2) was higher than that of the untreated plates (0.028 mg cm-2). The kinetic study revealed a pseudo-first-order model with intraparticle diffusion, while the isotherm study indicated a fit for the Freundlich model. Additionally, the MIP-PET demonstrated durability by maintaining its adsorption capacity over five cycles of reuse without significant loss. To quantify tartrazine, images were captured using a smartphone, and the RGB values were obtained using the ImageJ® free program. A partial least squares regression (PLS) was performed, obtaining a linear range of 0 to 7 mg L-1 of tartrazine. The accuracy of the method was 99.4% (4.97 ± 0.74 mg L-1) for 10 samples of 5 mg L-1. The concentration of tartrazine was determined in two local soft drinks (14.1 mg L-1 and 16.5 mg L-1), with results comparable to the UV-visible spectrophotometric method.

The effect of maceration duration on the total flavonoids content of kaempferia parviflora wall. ex baker ethanol extract

Background: Kaempferia parviflora (Black ginger) has phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, essential oils, and phenols that have the potential to treat various diseases. To maximize the total extracted flavonoids needs to optimize the extraction duration.Objective: Knowing the optimum maceration duration on the total flavonoid content using the UV-VIS Spectrophotometric method on black ginger ethanol extract.Method: Black ginger is extracted using the maceration method with ethanol (70%) solvent in maceration duration of 12, 24, 36,48, and 60 hours. The extract will be tested qualitatively and quantitative to determine the total levels of flavonoids using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometric method.Result: Qualitative test of black ginger ethanol extract gave positive results for flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. The total level of flavonoids in black ginger ethanol extract was 7,8988  0,1223 mgEQ/g (12 hours); 8,5705  0,1529 mgEQ/g (24 hours); 9,8102  0,0416 mgEQ/g (36 hours); 10,6161  0,0768 mgEQ/g (48 hours); 7,2594  0,1244 mgEQ/g (60 hours). The statistical analysis indicates a significant difference (p &lt; 0,05) in the total flavonoid content at each maceration time. Conclusion: The duration of maceration time significantly affects the total flavonoid content produced with the optimum maceration time results at 48 hours