UV Spectrophotometry Research Articles

Role of dedicated port cleaning devices in laparoscopic surgery.

Various techniques have been used to prevent smudge on a laparoscope when inserting through trocars; however, there has been no standardized method. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of different cleaning techniques with or without using dedicated devices, and to evaluate the features of cleaning devices. The smudge was created in the standard 12-mm and 5-mm ports using pseudo-blood, and port cleaning was attempted using 5 different methods: (1) a surgical gauze + surgical forceps, (2) a surgical gauze + laparoscopic forceps, (3) a small laparoscopic gauze + laparoscopic forceps, (4) a cylinder-type cleaner (Endo Wiper; Osaki Medical), and (5) a swab-type cleaner (Port Cleaner; Hakuzo Medical). The "port cleaning rate" was calculated by measuring the absorbance of remained pseudo-blood after single cleaning procedure using UV spectrophotometry. In addition, the port cleaning rate was compared between two dedicated devices after multiple (5 times) cleaning procedures. The two dedicated devices had a statistically higher cleaning rate for 12-mm port than the methods using surgical gauze (p < 0.05). Regarding the 5-mm port, a swab-type cleaner showed the highest cleaning rate than the gauze method and a cylinder-type cleaner (p < 0.05). After multiple cleaning procedures for 12-mm port, cleaning rate of a swab-type cleaner decreased by an average of 5.4% (p = 0.044), but cleaning rate did not decrease for a cylinder-type cleaner. Regarding the 5-mm port, cleaning rate statistically decreased for both two dedicated devices (p < 0.01). Higher port cleaning rates were observed in techniques using dedicated devices. A swab-type cleaner had better port cleaning rate in single use, especially for the 5-mm port. A cylinder-type cleaner showed higher durability in cleaning 12-mm port. The features of these dedicated devices should be well understood, and cleaning methods should be selected according to the environment and surgical techniques.

Fabrication and application of a dual drug-loaded nanoniosomes encapsulating rutin and berberine: optimization, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation

Rutin and berberine are naturally occurring polyphenols but their usefulness is restricted by their low bioavailability and poor solubility. Thus, by delivering rutin–berberine in the form of niosomes simultaneously and hoped to enhance the permeability through nasal route for the treatment of depression. Thin-film hydration approach was used to generate dual drug-loaded niosomes (rutin–berberine) encapsulating rutin and berberine. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the morphology, size, compatibility, and leakage of the particles. These techniques included transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV spectrophotometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The optimized formulation (rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulation) was subjected to additional characterization for drug release, ex-vivo penetration investigation, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulation analysis showed that the drug release was 76.66 ± 1.24% at 24 hours, the entrapment efficiency was 74.8 ± 2.13% (rutin), and 79.0 ± 3.47% (berberine) and the vesicle size was 72.6 nm with a polydispersion index of 0.208. The antioxidant activity showed 73.67 ± 2.5% which is close to regular ascorbic acid. Studies on permeation ex-vivo revealed that rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulation had considerably higher permeation (84.89 ± 3.15%) compared to rutin–berberine suspension (37.28 ± 2.33%). Furthermore, rhodamine B-loaded rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulation appeared to have higher penetration than the control (rhodamine B-solution) according to the confocal laser scanning microscope results of the nasal mucosa. Based on all the experimental data, rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulations were determined to be a viable and successful intranasal delivery formulation.

Implantation of impressive chromatographic and built-in UV spectrophotometry approaches for sustainable Estimation of olopatadine and mometasone in pharmaceuticals; eco-scale and BAGI applications

The development of analytical methods that adhere to the principles of sustainable green chemistry is essential in the modern scientific arena. This research presents two novel methods for the concurrent quantification of olopatadine (OLO) and mometasone (MOM), targeting sustainable green chemistry principles in their raw materials, dosage forms and combined nasal spray formulations. The first method is a rapid isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that achieves excellent resolution within 4 min, with retention times of 2.37 ± 0.1 min for OLO and 4.05 ± 0.1 min for MOM. It features optimal sensitivity, with detection limits of 0.13 µg/mL for OLO and 0.03 µg/mL for MOM. It utilizes a cyano column with an isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1 M OPA (50: 50, v/v), making it accessible to standard laboratory equipment. The second method is UV–visible spectrophotometry, which includes first-order derivative measurement (D1) and ratio derivative spectra (RDS) methods. These spectroscopic approaches provide linear response range of 0.2–20.0 µg/mL for OLO and 4.0–40.0 µg/mL for MOM, respectively serving as cost-effective alternatives for labs with limited resources. Validation results show high accuracy (98–102 %) and precision (RSD < 2 %). Green assessments using Eco-Scale indicate scores of 86 for HPLC and 100 for spectrophotometry, while the “blueness” concept via BAGI demonstrates strong sustainability with scores of 87.5 and 90. These methods effectively quantify OLO and MOM in their raw materials, different formulations and combined nasal spray, providing a sustainable and reliable approach for pharmaceutical analysis. This work is the first green assessment for the determination of OLO and MOM in pure drug and in the pharmaceutical formulations using less hazard solvent and simple technique.

An Estimation of Baricitinib by AQbD-driven UV Spectrophotometry Development and Validation Process

Background: Baricitinib (BCTB) is a novel Janus Kinase (JAK) 1 and 2 inhibitor used in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, approved by the “Food and Drug Administration” in 2018. It has significant dose-dependent effectiveness and severe side effects. Thus, it is crucial to figure out its concentration in developed dosage forms. The literature search revealed that there has only been one UV spectroscopy technique documented up to this point. Methanol was chosen as the detection medium in this approach, which is not comparable with plasma or serum. As a result, the preliminary research suggested developing a UV spectroscopic approach that can estimate BCTB concentration and compare it to its concentration in the plasma or serum. Thus, in the proposed method, 7.4 pH phosphate buffer was selected as a mobile phase. Aim: Using the Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) methodology, a simple, robust spectrophotometric method for the detection of BCTB in API form and Niosomes drug delivery system is designed and assessed. Methods: In the AQbD approach, a face-centered CCD design of Design Expert 13 software was used to evaluate two critical method variables: scanning speed and sampling interval. The design space suitability was confirmed by standard error and overlay plots. The 2-D contour and 3-D response surface plots were used to forecast the relationship between the response variable and predictor variables. Results: Baricitinib displays an absorption maximum at 249.40 nm in saline phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The distinguished linearity of the method was obtained over a concentration of 5–30 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R2 ) value of 0.998. BCTB % assay was found to be near 99 %. Intraday and Interday precision were found to have % RSDs of 0.067–0.488 and 0.146–0.942, respectively. Conclusion: The established spectrophotometric technique was observed to be precise as per ICH revised guidelines ICH Q2 (R1) and Q14 for analytical method validation. Our findings are instructional for the future design and development of safe and reliable therapeutic dosage forms of BCTB for rheumatoid arthritis.

Preparation and evaluation of soft gelatin capsules loaded with astaxanthin, niacin and garlic oil for removal of plague in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. In atherosclerosis, the arterial walls are characterized by plaque deposits on the inside of arteries. This study focuses on preparing a fill formulation to remove plaque in atherosclerosis, then analyse the pharmaceutical ingredients used and later produce soft gelatin capsules. Soft gelatin capsules are hermetically sealed, one-piece capsule which has a suspension or semi-solid as fill. Oxidative stress and inflammation are factors responsible for the development of atherosclerosis. Hence, the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) chosen for fill formulation need to possess effective anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. A novel combination of APIs: Astaxanthin, Niacin and Garlic oil were chosen for the removal of plaque in atherosclerosis. Each of these APIs is known to possess a specific function in the control of plaque development. The fill formulation prepared was analysed for its recovery using various analytical techniques like UV spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This fill formulation was encapsulated within the gelatin shell prepared to produce soft gelatin capsules. The encapsulated soft gelatin capsules were evaluated based on various parameters which include average net weight, disintegration test, loss on drying and dissolution.

Study the Antifungal Effects of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on the Aspergillus niger, Microsporum canis, and Candida albicans

: The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant fungal pathogens and the limitations of current antifungal therapies underscore the need for novel alternative treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on three clinically significant fungi: Aspergillus niger, Microsporum canis, and Candida albicans. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using plant-based extracts to ensure eco-friendly production methods. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized using UV spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Characterization assays revealed spherical particles with colloidal stability, an average size of approximately 80 nm, a Polydispersity Index of 0.4, and a surface charge of 62.3 mV. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values demonstrated effective suppression of fungal growth at low nanoparticle concentrations. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of green-synthesized Ag NPs as a promising alternative to conventional antifungal agents, emphasizing their significant advantages in biocompatibility and eco-friendliness. These findings could pave the way for a new era in treating fungal infections, particularly those caused by drug-resistant strains.

Effect of poly(ε-caprolactone) microspheres on population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of a simple coumarin

This study aims to evaluated the impact of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microspheres on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PopPK/PD) of 6-methylcoumarin (6MC). For this, PCL microspheres loaded with 6MC were prepared using the emulsification-evaporation method. Particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency were characterised by dynamic light scattering and UV spectrophotometry. In vitro release and pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats were assessed for free and encapsulated 6MC. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edoema model, with PopPK and PopPK/PD models developed. Microspheres showed diameters between 2.9 and 7.1 µm, zeta potentials of −10 to −15 mV, and drug loading of 0.24 mg/mg. Encapsulation efficiency was 45.5% to 75.9%. PopPK models showed enhanced absorption and distribution, with increased anti-inflammatory potency of encapsulated 6MC. PCL microspheres significantly improved the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of 6MC, enhancing its therapeutic potential for lipophilic drugs.

Analysis of sildenafil citrate in male stamina herbal medicines from the Magelang region, Central Java using thin-layer chromatography and UV spectrophotometry

Background: Male stamina herbal medicines are widely consumed in Indonesia, often believed to enhance sexual performance. However, the illegal addition of medicinal chemicals (BKOs) such as sildenafil citrate in traditional herbal products poses health risks. Objective: To identify and quantify sildenafil citrate in selected herbal medicine samples using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV spectrophotometry. Method: Three samples of male stamina herbal medicine were purchased and subjected to organoleptic tests. Ethanol (96%) was used for extraction, followed by TLC analysis using two mobile phases (methanol: chloroform at 4:1 and 1:1 ratios). UV spectrophotometry was employed to determine the maximum absorbance wavelength and quantify sildenafil citrate. Results: TLC analysis revealed that two samples (K and L) contained sildenafil citrate, with Rf values consistent with the standard. UV spectrophotometry confirmed the presence of sildenafil citrate at a maximum wavelength of 292.5 nm. Sample K contained 0.96%, while sample L had 13.766% sildenafil citrate. Conclusion: The presence of sildenafil citrate in two samples violates Indonesian regulations prohibiting medicinal chemicals in herbal products, raising significant safety concerns.

Limitations and characteristics of converted industrial acrylic sheet into an in vitro platform using CO2 laser

The recent US FDA Modernization Act 2.0 has intensified interest in microfluidic-based in vitro systems for preclinical research. However, the high costs of conventional microfabrication methods and commercial devices present significant barriers, particularly in developing countries. This study addresses these challenges by exploring the use of industrial-grade acrylic sheets and a conventional CO2 laser for cost-effective microfabrication. The research investigates the effects of laser parameters—specifically nozzle speed and power—on the dimensions and quality of microchannels, surface roughness, and bonding strength. Results indicate that increased nozzle speed reduces kerf width and enhances microchannel quality, whereas high laser power (∼52 watts) induces bubbling at the edges. A simple acetone and ethanol mixture was found to provide optimal bonding strength without altering the acrylic’s molecular structure. UV spectrophotometry revealed minimal changes (∼6 %) in visible light transmittance due to bonding conditions, while FTIR analysis showed no residuals that could potentially cause cytotoxicity. Despite variations in surface roughness resulting from the etching process, cell viability remained unaffected. The surfaces supported effective cell culture for lung (A549), neuron (SH-SY5Y), and liver (HepG2) cell lines. This approach presents a practical and cost-effective solution for developing in vitro platforms, making it an accessible option for research and academic applications.

Multivariate Calibration Techniques Using UV Spectrophotometry for Quantifying Ticagrelor in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Multivariate Calibration Techniques Using UV Spectrophotometry for Quantifying Ticagrelor in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Solubility of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Hydrochloride in Water

Objectives: This study aims to determine the solubility of amoxicillin trihydrate hydrochloride in water at different temperatures, addressing the scarcity of solubility data for this substance in the literature. The research focuses on the solubility behavior of the semi-synthetic antibiotic, part of the β-lactam group, widely used orally. Theoretical Framework: Amoxicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic of great therapeutic importance. Its solubility is relevant to the effectiveness of oral formulations and varies according to temperature. The literature on the solubility equilibrium of this compound is limited, motivating new studies that assist in the development of pharmaceutical solutions and the understanding of its physicochemical properties. Method: The solubility of amoxicillin trihydrate hydrochloride was determined at three temperatures: 298.15 K, 309.15 K, and 318.15 K, using the UV spectrophotometry method. The experiment involved 3 hours of stirring and 2 hours of decantation, with a 1 mL aliquot taken for analysis. The samples were diluted in 100 mL volumetric flasks and analyzed by spectrophotometer. Results and Discussion: The experimental results allowed correlating the solubility of amoxicillin trihydrate hydrochloride with empirical equations from the literature. The solubilities obtained demonstrated precision, with low relative deviation between the experimental values and those calculated by the equations. This indicates that the empirical models are adequate for predicting solubility behavior at different temperatures. Research Implications: The research contributes to enriching the solubility database of antibiotics, essential for drug formulation and the development of new therapeutic applications. The precision of the experimental data supports future studies in the field of pharmacology and chemical engineering, particularly in the context of solid and liquid formulations. Originality/Value: The study is original in addressing the solubility of amoxicillin trihydrate hydrochloride in water at different temperatures, filling a gap in the literature. Additionally, the use of UV spectrophotometry and the correlation of the data with empirical equations reinforce the validity of the results, making it valuable for researchers and professionals in the pharmaceutical sector.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ И СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИЯ ПОЛИЭКСТРАКТА ПЛОДОВ ЗИЗИФУСА ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО

The main quality indicator for polyextracts is the content of biologically active substances (BAS). Depending on the presence of various groups of biologically active substances, the consistency and stability of the extracts, the regulatory documentation for the extracts contains requirements regarding their composition and quality. Liquid extracts are standardized according to the content of ethyl alcohol. Thick and dry extracts are assessed by their moisture content. Heavy metals are determined in all extracts. Standardization of plant extracts is carried out in accordance with the current regulatory documentation, namely the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation [1-4]. In this study, using the following methods: GC - MS, TLC and UV spectrophotometry, we studied extracts of the fruits of the common jujube Ziziphus Jujuba Mill., obtained by cascade extraction of raw materials with a solvent system with increasing polarity for maximum depletion of raw materials according to the main groups of biologically active substances. As a result of the work, the quality indicators of the polyextract of jujube fruits were determined and the drug was standardized in terms of the content of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides. The work was carried out in accordance with the research topic of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VILAR FGUU-2022-0011.

The Milling Method in Formation of Inclusion Complex p-Methoxycinnamic Acid-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin.

p-methoxycinnamic acid (pMCA) is a substance with several pharmacological activities, derived from the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga Linn. The solubility of pMCA can be increased by the formation of inclusion complexes (IC) using hydroxypropyl-βcyclodextrin (HPβCD) compounds. IC are obtained through the milling method, which is a simple, environmentally friendly, and low-cost manufacturing method. The process involves the pounding of material with a certain speed and impact force. This research aims to characterize the pMCA-HPβCD IC made using the milling method. Milling the mixture of pMCA and HPβCD using a ball mill is a common technique to enhance the formation of the inclusion complex. The IC’s physical characteristics were analyzed in terms of their morphology, particle size, crystallinity, and thermal properties. The dissolution profile was also performed using paddle-typed dissolution apparatus (Type II) with 500 mL distilled water as dissolution medium. The amount of pMCA dissolved was determined using UV spectrophotometry. The dissolution parameter was determined as dissolution efficiency at 60 minutes (DE60). The IC particles were irregular in shapes and porous. The size was reduced as compared to the individual components. The XRD revealed that the ICs were amorphous. The DE60 of IC increased by a factor of 4.3 compared to the pure pMCA. In conclusion, the milling method successfully formed complex of pMCA-HPβCD with different characteristics from the initial compound and was significantly increased the percentage of the dissolved pMCA.

Method Development and Stress Degradation Profile of Umifenovir by UV Spectrophotometry

A simple, selective, and economical UV spectrophotometric method has been developed using ethanol as solvent (50%) to determine the umifenovir content in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage formulations. At a pre-determined λ max of 260 nm, it has shown linear in the 10-50 µg/mL range and exhibited a good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9927) and excellent mean recovery (98.00–104%). The method was validated statistically, and recovery studies were done for linearity, precision, and accuracy. The obtained results proved that the method can be employed for the routine analysis of umifenovir in bulks and commercial formulations. Keywords: UV spectrophotometry, Umifenovir, Validation, Method development, Stress Degradation

ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS OF NATIVE DNA AND RNA FROM ROOTS OF RUBBER-PRODUCING SPECIES SCORZONERA TAU-SAGHYZ LIPSCH. ET G.G. BOSSE

Scorzonera tau-saghyz Lipsch. et G.G.Bosse, is endemic species, growing in South Kazakhstan and alternative (to Hevea brasilians) source of natural rubber, related to the Asteraceae Family. Natural rubber (NR) is an indispensable raw material for the production of different products for medicine, automotive and aviation industries. The introduction of tau-saghyz into the culture will make it possible to obtain NC not only in Kazakhstan, but also on the territory of the countries of the Northern latitudes. At the growing phases of ontogenesis of tau-saghyz (April-June) latex is actively synthesized in the leaves and transported to the roots. In our experiments it was necessary to conduct molecular genetic studies of the selected forms of tau-saghyz with high rubber concentration. In this regard, it became necessary to isolate and analyze native DNA and RNA from dry roots. Samples with the highest rubber content were used for DNA extraction. The main problem in the isolation of DNA from the dry roots of tau-saghyz is the significant content of natural rubber. In this research the following commercial kits were used: 1) DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagene); 2) GenElute Plant Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit (Sigma); 3) NucleoSpin® Plant II / Midi / Maxi kit (Macherey-Nagel). Further DNA isolation was carried out in accordance with the kit manufacturer's protocol. Quantitative DNA analysis was performed using both UV spectrophotometry (Nanodrop) and fluorometric analysis (Qubit) method. DNA extracted by the 2 kit (Sigma) was further purified by precipitation with ethanol and demonstrates satisfactory quality. Functional analysis of isolated DNA samples was performed both by restriction analysis and by DNA amplification. It is worth to mention that for reaction primers that are characteristic of gene AACT (ACETOACETYL-COA TRANSFERASE) Cucumis melo were used. This enzyme catalyzes the first reaction of biosynthesis in the mevalonate pathway, which the final product is IDP (isopentenyl diphosphate). The cis-prenyltransferase (CPT) enzyme catalyzes the biosynthesis of rubber by the sequential addition of IDP to the terminal group of the initiating allylic pyrophosphate (APP). As a result of PCR analysis a putative 1200 bp AAST gene for tau-saghyz was identified. In this study two methods of RNA isolation were chosen: 1. A method widely used for plants of the Cucurbitaceae family; 2. A method approved for plants with a high content of polyphenols. The RNA isolation was carried out as described in the relevant protocols with minor modifications (Verwoerd TC, Dekker BMM, Hoekema A (1989) A small-scale procedure for the rapid isolation of plant RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 17:2362). The final precipitates were dissolved in 50 µl of water pretreated with diethylpyrocarbonate. Quantitative analysis of RNA was carried out using UV spectrophotometry (Nanodrop). Functional analysis of extracted RNA samples was conducted by cDNA synthesis with usage of reverse transcriptase Superscript IV with the following amplification in PCR. In this reaction the primers specific for CPT gene of Taraxacum kok-saghyz were used. The prospective CPT gene was excised from the gel, purified and cloned into the pJET vector. In the further research it is planned to perform its sequencing and comparison with the CPT gene of Taraxacum kok-saghyz and Hevea brasiliensis.

Core-shell electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers, loaded with rifampicin and coated with silver nanoparticles, for tissue engineering applications

In the field of tissue engineering, the use of core-shell fibers represents an advantageous approach to protect and finely tune the release of bioactive compounds with the aim to regulate their efficacy. In this work, core-shell electrospun polycaprolactone nanofiber-based membranes, loaded with rifampicin and coated with silver nanoparticles, were developed and characterized. The membranes are composed by randomly oriented nanofibers with a homogeneous diameter, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An air-plasma treatment was applied to increase the hydrophilicity of the membranes as confirmed by contact angle measurements. The rifampicin release from untreated and air-plasma treated membranes, evaluated by UV spectrophotometry, displayed a similar and constant over-time release profile, demonstrating that the air-plasma treatment does not degrade the rifampicin, loaded in the core region of the nanofibers. The presence and the distribution of silver nanoparticles on the nanofiber surface were investigated by SEM and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Moreover, SEM imaging demonstrated that the produced membranes possess a good stability over time, in terms of structure maintenance. The developed membranes showed a good biocompatibility towards murine fibroblasts, human osteosarcoma cells and urotheliocytes, reveling the absence of cytotoxic effects. Moreover, doble-functionalized membranes inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Thanks to the possibilities offered by the coaxial electrospinning, the membranes here proposed are promising for several tissue engineering applications.

Physicochemical, antioxidant, antinutritional and sensory –properties of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

The sweet, acidic pulp of the tropical fruit known as the tamarind (Tamarindus indica, Fabaceae), which is found throughout Africa and Asia, is highly prized. Ethiopia's Dire Dawa is home to a large tamarind consumption. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial, antinutritional, and sensory properties of tamarind indica pulp under different processing conditions (roasted and soaking). As a remedy, tamarind pulp that had been raw, steeped, and roasted was utilized. These treatments were examined for their antinutritional capabilities using the disc diffusion method, their proximate composition using gravimetric analysis, their antioxidant and antinutritional components using UV spectrophotometry, and their sugar profile using HPLC. All but crude fat showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) difference in proximate composition between the soaked, roasted, and control samples. The mineral profile revealed the presence of calcium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and potassium, and a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) was found between the treatments. The antinutritional analysis showed that both soaked and roasted tamarind had a significant reduction in tannin, phytate, and oxalate. Tamarind fruit extract had 76.12 µg/mL, 79.86 µg/mL, and 105.51 µg/mL antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay for control, soaked, and roasted treatments, respectively. In comparison to the control treatment, the results showed that soaking and roasting enhanced the nutritional profile, antioxidant and sensory qualities, and decreased the antinutritional aspects. This could be helpful input for making the most of and promoting the traditional uses of tamarind in the community.

Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid, Kadar Tannin serta Profil Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol 96% Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill)

One of the plants in Indonesia that can be used as traditional medicine is avocado seeds (Persea American Mill). Avocado seeds are known to contain flavonoid compounds, phenols and tannins. Flavonoids are one of the compounds that can ward off free radicals that cause degenerative diseases.The flavonoid compounds in avocado seeds are taken by extracting avocado seeds. Avocado seeds were extracted using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Determination of flavonoid levels begins with qualitative phytochemical analysis, then flavonoid levels are measured using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer method with the reference standard quercetin. The extract obtained was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis by testing phenolics, flavonoids and tannins using reagents appropriate to the test parameters. Meanwhile, quantitative phytochemical analysis of flavonoid compounds uses the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry method. The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis show that avocado seeds contain positive flavonoid compounds, phenols and tannins. Based on the results of quantitative phytochemical analysis using visible UV spectrophotometry, it shows that the level of flavonoid compounds in the ethanol extract of avocado seeds (Persea American Mill), which was read at the maximum wave obtained, namely 435 nm, was 0.2124%.

Optimizing Production, Characterization, and In Vitro Behavior of Silymarin-Eudragit Electrosprayed Fiber for Anti-Inflammatory Effects: A Chemical Study.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that affects approximately 1.6 million Americans. While current polyphenols for treating IBD can be expensive and cause unwanted side effects, there is an opportunity regarding a new drug/polymer formulation using silymarin and an electrospray procedure. Silymarin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic flavonoid antioxidant that has shown promising results as a pharmacological agent due to its antioxidant and hepatoprotective characteristics. This study aims to produce a drug-polymer complex named the SILS100-Electrofiber complex, using an electrospray system. The vertical set-up of the electrospray system was optimized at a 1:10 of silymarin and Eudragit® S100 polymer to enhance surface area and microfiber encapsulation. The SILS100-Electrofiber complex was evaluated using drug release kinetics via UV Spectrophotometry, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Drug loading, apparent solubility, and antioxidant activity were also evaluated. The study was successful in creating fiber-like encapsulation of the silymarin drug with strand diameters ranging from 5-7 μm, with results showing greater silymarin release in Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) compared to Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF). Moving forward, this study aims to provide future insight into the formulation of drug-polymer complexes for IBD treatment and targeted drug release using electrospray and microencapsulation.

Adaptability to the environment of protease by secondary structure changes and application to enzyme-selective hydrolysis

The reactions involving enzymes are significantly influenced by various environmental factors. Clarity of how the activity and structure of proteases impact their function is crucial for more efficient application of enzymes as a tool. The impact of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on changes in protease activity, secondary structure, and protein conformation during enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated in this study. The enzymatic activity and secondary structure of acid-base protease were found to undergo significant modifications under different physical conditions, as demonstrated by UV spectrophotometry and FTIR spectroscopy analysis. Specifically, variations in α-helix and β-fold content were observed to correlate with changes in enzyme activity. Molecular simulation analysis revealed that physical conditions have varying effects on the protease, particularly influencing enzyme activity and secondary structure. Evaluation of the proteases indicated alterations in both enzyme activity and structure. This treatment selectively hydrolyzed β-lactoglobulin and reduced sensitization. These findings offer novel perspectives on the functionalities and regulatory mechanisms of proteases, as well as potential industrial applications.