UV Curve Research Articles

STEP TOWORDS THE FORMULATION OF INJECTABLE HYDROGEL: PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF TERIFLUNOMIDE

Purpose: The aim of formulation of this hydrogel is to treat the osteoarthritis which is one of the common inflammatory autoimmune disorders of joints. The use of conventional drugs like NSAIDs having various side effects.
 The aim of our research was to develop a formulation of injectable hydrogel containing teriflunomide. This study will be helps us for the development of stable, robust and therapeutically effective dosage form.
 Method: Solubility of Teriflunomaide was determined by using various solvents. By using infrared spectrum and absorption maxima the purity of sample was checked. With the help of UV spectrophotometer standard UV curve was developed. Drug excipients compatibility studies were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning colorimetry, partition coefficient and also short term drug solution stability studies were performed.
 Result: Teriflunomide is soluble in methanol & 0.1 N NaOH on the other hand poorly soluble in distilled water, phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.1 N HCl. Absorption maxima was observed at 292nm and infrared spectrum was showing the characteristic peaks. The standard curve obtained was linear with correlation coefficient below 1. Log P value obtained at 2.78 it confirms that teriflunomide is having both hydrophilic & hydrophobic nature. After the entire short term stability studies drug was found to be stable in short term stability studies.
 Conclusion: The studies like melting point, FTIR etc suggested that drug selected for the formulation was found to be pure. Partition coefficient values suggested that it is having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature. Results obtained from short term stability studies were suggested that drug is stable showing no degradation on phosphate buffer which confirmed by no shift of λ max.

Preformulation studies of Glipizide: First step towards developing stable Osmotic Drug Delivery System

Objective: The goal of this research study was to conduct a preformulation analysis of glipizide in order to establish a stable, robust as well as therapeutically effective system. Methods: Glipizide was characterized to determine its flow properties. Solubility was determined in different pH-varying solvents and its purity was determined by infrared spectrum and absorption maxima. Standard UV curve was developed to aid in further analytical research studies. Finally loss on drying (LOD) and drug-excipients compatibility tests were performed. Results: Glipizide has poor flow and compressibility properties (BD 0.222 g/ml, TD 0.425 g/ml, Carr’s index 47.78%, Hauser’s ratio 1.915). Solubility of drug was found to increase with increase in pH. The purity of drug was confirmed by infrared spectrum which showed characteristics peaks and by uv spectroscopy which exhibited maxima at 276 nm. The standard curve obtained was linear with correlation coefficient (R2 =0.998) and equation y = 0.0144x +0.0078. There were no drug excipient interactions which was clear as no visual changes in drug samples were observed with respect to discoloration, liquefaction and odor. Conclusion: The drug candidate under consideration was pure glipizide which had poor flow property suggesting use of granulation technique during tablet manufacturing and it was stable with selected excipient at reported ratio at 40oC / 75 % RH for 4 weeks.

Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using one-step synthesized silica nanoparticles

Schematic route diagram of one step synthesis of Silica nanoparticles. • Synthesis of silicon oxide based employing sol–gel method. • Degradation of dye methylene blue and methyl orange. Silica nanoparticles are synthesized by one step simple, rapid and cost effective sol–gel method using methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) as precursor. Synthesized silica nanoparticles are characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopic techniques, XRD and FE-SEM. From UV curve the maximum absorbance observed was at the wavelength 297 nm which indicates formation of silica nanoparticles. The FE-SEM analysis showed the larger size of nanoparticles is due to agglomeration of silica nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction pattern indicate the structure of the silica nanoparticles. FT-IR spectra of silica nanoparticles are indicative of the stretching vibration of Si-O-Si bonds and Si-OH vibration respectively. TGA indicates the final degradation temperature of silica nanoparticles are near about 515 °C temperature. Photo degradation process is carried out by employing different dyes along with UV irradiating at pH-7. Photodegradation of both (10 ppm) methylene blue and methyl orange with 1.5 g/dm 3 SiO 2 photocatalyst dose accomplished around 98 and 95% degradation in 90 min at 25 °C with pH-7. Finally, it can be concluded that silica nanoparticles support to the photo degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange. Hence nanoparticles synthesized using sol–gel method can be used for degradation of various industrial pollutants dyes.

A highly sensitive and selective bissalamo-coumarin-based fluorescent chemical sensor for Cr3+/Al3+ recognition and continuous recognition S2-

A bissalamo-coumarin-based chemical sensor H4L was designed and synthesized. It was found that the sensor molecule can selectively recognize Cr3+ and Al3+. In a buffer solution system, its complex L − Cr3+ is highly sensitive to the detection of S2− anion, and the sensor H4L can recognize Cr3+ at an acceptable physiological pH. Within the range, L − Cr3+ can recognize S2− anions with high selectivity and sensitivity. The detection limit for the sensor molecule H4L to recognize Cr3+ is 4.87 × 10-7 M, and the quenching constant with Cr3+ is 2.406 × 106 M-1. It was calculated that the detection limit of L − Cr3+ as a sensor was 8.23 × 10-7 M, and the binding constant with S2- anion was 1.44 × 106 M-1. The possible recognition mechanisms were discussed by UV, fluorescence titration, ESI-mass spectrometry and Job curve. In addition, S2− in different water samples was detected and the recovery was good.

Thermoluminescence glow curve analysis and trap parameters calculation of UV-induced La2Zr2O7 phosphor doped with gadolinium

Thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve analysis and calculation of trap parameters are reported for gadolinium (Gd3+)-doped La2Zr2O7 (LZO) phosphor. Phosphors were prepared by modified solid-state reaction method with varying concentration of Gd3+ (0.1–2.5 mol%) including proper calcination and sintering temperature. Structural analysis of prepared phosphor for optimized TL concentration was recorded by X-ray diffraction analysis technique. Morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopic technique. The UV ray induced to the phosphor and effect of dose response recorded for variable dose rates of UV and TL glow curve were observed. The experimental and theoretical comparison was done by computerized glow curve deconvolution technique which determines the trap parameters such as trap depth, order of kinetics, and frequency factor for optimized concentration of dopant. The trap parameters and trap model are discussed in detail.

$\mathrm{S}$ duality and framed BPS states via BPS graphs

We study a realization of S dualities of four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ class $\mathcal{S}$ theories based on BPS graphs. S duality transformations of the UV curve are explicitly expressed as a sequence of topological transitions of the graph, and translated into cluster transformations of the algebra associated to the dual BPS quiver. Our construction applies to generic class $\mathcal{S}$ theories, including those with non-maximal flavor symmetry, generalizing previous results based on higher triangulations. We study the the action of S duality on UV line operators, and show that it matches precisely with the mapping class group, by a careful analysis of framed wall-crossing. We comment on the implications of our results for the computation of three-manifold invariants via cluster partition functions.

Weak coupling limits and colliding punctures in class- S theories

Class-S theories are four-dimensional N=2 supersymmetric field theories constructed by the reduction of a (2,0) six-dimensional theory on a punctured Riemann surface C (called the UV curve). A basic degeneration limit of the surface C is when several punctures are brought close to each other. As this happens, a long tube appears in C and a weakly coupled gauge group emerges. When the corresponding gauge coupling is turned off, we are left with two surfaces. This decoupling leads to a unique result. We explain how to fix the gauge group that becomes weakly coupled and the resulting two theories, in terms of the types of punctures on the surface C. Each of the resulting theories is given in terms of a class-S theory (plus possibly additional free hypermultiplets). Many other more complicated degeneration limits can be described by repeatedly using this specification. For questions about weak coupling limits in such theories, it is useful to consider the set of punctures that can appear at the end of a tube. These are the punctures that are created in the resulting surfaces when the gauge coupling is taken to be extremely weak. Not any puncture can be formed in a decoupling process, and this set is described. Each such puncture can be found diagrammatically in terms of the other punctures on C in a particular decoupling limit. The relation of the gauge group to the symmetry associated with this puncture is discussed. We discuss the relation of such degeneration limits of large N theories, through the AdS/CFT correspondence, to decoupled field theories on AdS_5.

Wall Crossing Invariants from Spectral Networks

A new construction of BPS monodromies for 4d {mathcal {N}}=2 theories of class {mathcal {S}} is introduced. A novel feature of this construction is its manifest invariance under Kontsevich–Soibelman wall crossing, in the sense that no information on the 4d BPS spectrum is employed. The BPS monodromy is encoded by topological data of a finite graph, embedded into the UV curve C of the theory. The graph arises from a degenerate limit of spectral networks, constructed at maximal intersections of walls of marginal stability in the Coulomb branch of the gauge theory. The topology of the graph, together with a notion of framing, encode equations that determine the monodromy. We develop an algorithmic technique for solving the equations and compute the monodromy in several examples. The graph manifestly encodes the symmetries of the monodromy, providing some support for conjectural relations to specializations of the superconformal index. For A_1-type theories, the graphs encoding the monodromy are “dessins d’enfants” on C, the corresponding Strebel differentials coincide with the quadratic differentials that characterize the Seiberg–Witten curve.

How Full is Full Employment?How Tools and Not Theory Explained Full Employment

The post-war debate on full employment policy was blurred and unclear since the concept of full employment itself was theoretically unclear and un-operational. Unable to theoretically determine the unemployment level of full employment, economists tried to find more empirically based ways to determine the level of full employment. This paper argues that economists turned the UV curve (or Beveridge curve) and Phillips curve into practical, empirical tools of investigation and measurement for full employment. In this role economists could establish quantitative facts of unemployment that were not derivable from theory alone and so fulfilled the role of a measuring instrument in economics. Consequently, they not only enhanced theory but gave specific, quantitative and empirically based interpretations of full employment that economic theory couldn’t deliver. This paper shows how the UV and Phillips curves became tools for disentangling complex and theoretically underdetermined phenomena and measurement devices for the performance of the labour market.

4,6-2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole: A New Block to Construct Polymer Optoelectrical Functional Materials and Multiple Performance Regulator

Poly(2,7-N-dodecyl-carbazole)-co-(4,6-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) (P1) was synthesized for the first time with Suzuki condensation polymerization by introducing 4,6-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole unit. The UV, PL spectra and cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve of P1 were tested. Compared with its 4,7-linked polymer HBC, the higher molecular weight Mn=12000 of P1 was ob- tained. The UV and PL spectrum shown that the maximum absorption wavelength and photoluminescence of P1 in toluene solution had blue shift about 78 and 43 nm, respectively. The optical bandgap and electrical bandgap increased about 0.35 and 0.40 eV, respectively while the shape of CV curves were similar. It suggested that the solubility of benzothiadiazole based polymer materials was improved effectively and the optoelectrical properties were tunable efficiently by introduction of 4,6-benzothiadiazole unit. It would supply a new method to realize multiple performance tunable of benzothiadaizole based polymer materials. Keywords 4,6-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole; multiple performance tunable; polymer; optoelectrical functional materials 共轭聚合物材料作为一种新型的光电功能材料, 具

Labour Mismatch in Japan: An Empirical Analysis

This article attempts to examine the increase of unemployment in Japan from the perspective of what we term “the employment mismatch”. Using UV curve analysis, which is derived from a combination of the unemployment rate and the job vacancy rate, our research demonstrates a steady and significant increase in the employment mismatch in the Japanese labour market dating to the late 1990’s. We further attribute a substantial measure of the stagnation of labour productivity in Japan along with the associated increases in labour expense to this problem. As a logical consequence of this severe and growing phenomenon, we expect Japan to encounter serious additional pressures with respect to the creation of new jobs. The regulative reforms since 1997 led to a change in the structure of Japanese labour market. The current mismatch and the increase in temporary work opportunities could be interpreted as a result of corporate efforts to increase personnel flexibility. A national policy recommendation is that an efficient labour market is indispensable to workers and firms to take full advantage of the wider variety of employment styles provided.

The bolometric light curve of SN 1987A. I - Results from ESO and CTIO U to Q0 photometry

The UV, optical, and IR (UVOIR) bolometric luminosity curve of SN 1987A was derived from ESO, CTIO, and NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory spectrophotometry for days 1-903 since outburst. It is found that the sum of this UVOIR flux and the high-energy flux predicted by models is consistent with the energy liberated by 0.071 solar mass of Co-56, with no need for additional energy sources for days 126-903 since outburst. By day 400, the flux at wavelegths larger than 5 microns was found to increase rapidly, and by day 650, the UVOIR flux shifted from the optical to a thermal IR source with a temperature of 200-300 K. The optical colors began to fade more rapidly at the time the FIR flux increased, consistent with dust formation local to the supernova. 61 refs.

Production of F1 and F2 diploid gynogenetic tilapias and analysis of the “Hertwig curve” obtained using ultraviolet irradiated sperm

In this study, a Hertwig effect with a non-typical biphasic curve was obtained using sperm irradiated with increasing intensities of UV. The first phase of the UV curve appeared to be quite different from that normally demonstrated using γ or x-ray irradiation. This difference is characterised throughout the length of the first phase by (1) low and stable embryo hatching rates of about 3.5%, and (2) exclusive formation of haploid embryos at any irradiation intensity. Additionally, at both phases, the ability of the sperm to induce morula formation was not affected at all, and no aneuploidy nor chromosomal fragments could be seen. Therefore, it was suggested that in this fish the lethal effect of UV irradition on sperm is mainly expressed on early differentiative events during embryogenesis, which lead to a degeneration of the embryos during early stages of their development. The possible mechanism by which haploidy is achieved during the first phase is discussed. Two generations of diploid gynogenetic tilapias were induced by activating Oreochromis aureus eggs with UV-irradiated O. niloticus sperm and by using the heat-shock technique, at optimized conditions, for the prevention of the second polar body extrusion. Species specific dominant genetic markers (serum esterases and tail striation) were used to confirm the exclusive content of the maternal genome in gynogenetic offspring. Very low survival rates (0.36%) were shown in F1 gynogenetic fish as well as a high incidence of malformations among survivors. In the second gynogenetic generation, both significantly higher survival rates (3.6%) and a considerably reduced incidence of malformations were obtained. We suggest that low frequencies of recombination occur in this species and cause a rapid increase in the inbreeding level. This is followed by the expression of lethal and defective genes that are considerably reduced after second generation selection.

The determination of ultraviolet extinction from the optical and near-infrared

The correlation of optical-near-infrared photometry for a sample of stars with well-determined ultraviolet extinction is examined. A good correlation is found; in particular, it is found that the value of total-to-selective extinction correlates well with the level of linear UV background extinction found from the UV curve parameterization of Fitzpatrick and Massa. An analytic expression is given for an improved estimate for the UV extinction law that can be obtained from optically determined values of R. For R values outside the range R = 3.1 -3.5, use of the analytic expressions given here will result in a more accurate representation of the applicable UV extinction than using the standard techniques of assuming the average curve or 'ironing out' the bump.

The origin and insignificance of labour market imperfections in the Netherlands: Another note on the specification of the UV curve 1955–1980

This paper reestimates the UV curve for the Netherlands 1955-1980 and challenges the conclusions based on previous specifications of the curve. The specification finally chosen solves not only the technical problems of autocorrelation and the like, but also yields insight into the origins of the upward shift of the UV curve. The majority of the factors responsible for the rise in unemployment due to labour market imperfections bears a clearly cyclical character. The qualification of this type of unemployment as structural seems therefore incorrect and misleads policy intentions towards inefficient micro-economic labour market policy.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNFILLED VACANCIES IN GREAT BRITAIN: AN EXTENDED JOB‐SEARCH, LABOUR TURNOVER VIEW

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a model of the equilibrium unemploymentvacancy relationship, drawing upon concepts in the job searchlabour turnover literature, and uses that model to explain recent shifts in the uv curve for Great Britain. The analysis involves two stages: the estimation of a dynamic employment adjustment equation, and then the solution of the estimated form for the implicit, equilibrium uv relationship at different points in time. In this approach it is possible to attribute shifts in the uv curve to various exogenous factors such as the movement in real wages relative to productivity, external competitiveness, mismatching between jobs and workers, and the replacement ratio.

A Keynesian model of search and labor market disequilibrium

The paper develops Keynesian employment dynamics in a search model with stochastic vacancy-availability playing the major role. A UV curve is derived from the search dynamics, and in effect represents a demand for searchers to maintain employment levels. The supply of searchers is determined from the real wage, the duration of the search necessary to locate a vacancy, and layoff probabilities. Persistent disequilibrium in the labor market is examined, and it is shown how a lowering of the real wage can increase employment and lower unemployment.

Uv-Cured Coatings for Vinyl-Coated Fabrics

A UV-cured coating system is described for application to vinyl-coated fabrics. The system is based on a polyurethane oligomer with acrylate end groups copolymerizing with acrylate monomers and a multi functional acrylate crosslinker. The photosensitizer system is designed for curing by a nitrogen-blanketed UV light source. The UV coating is superior to a conventional topcoat in adhesion to the primed surface of the coated fabric and in resistance to ball point pen ink stains, in addition to the usual advantages and economies of UV curve.

The interaction between diepoxybutane and ultraviolet light in yeast. II. Experiments with UV-sensitive and resistant strains.

Earlier experiments in which the effects of diepoxybutane (DEB) pretreatment on UV inactivation were studied in wild-type yeast, have been extended to include DEB pretreatment effects in the strain uvs-I which is sensitive to both UV and DEB. The effects of post-UV treatment with DEB have also been studied in both strains. DEB pretreatment produces a similar result in uvs-I as the effect described earlier for wild-type in spite of the necessary reduction in doses of both agents. Post-treatment with DEB fails to affect photoreactivation in both resistant and sensitive strains but in the resistant strain the shoulder on the UV curve is obliterated. There is no such effect in the UV-sensitive material.

γ線照射フィルムの紫外線透過率曲線

The UV transmission curves of high molecular films wereaffected by γ-irradiation.(i) At dose of 1×106 R, no significant effects no filmswere observed.At dose of 7×106 R, the UV transmissioncurves of pure cellophane, polyvinylalcohol, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polycarbonate changedtheir shapes and patterns, whereas those of polystyrene andpolyester remained unchanged. (Fig.1-7)(ii) Byγirradiation, some of the films browned, andmoreover, the tints of color gradually changed with thelapse of time after irradiation.The UV transmission curves of polvvinvlidene-chlorideand polyvinyl chloride, irradiated at the dose of 4.5×106 R, were shifted slowly downwards, indicating further decomposition. (Fig. 8, 9) On the contrary, the UV curve of irradiated polycarbonatewas shifted downwards for a time, and then upwards, indicating restoration of chemical status of the films.(iii) At the dose of 1×107 R, the progressive changesin the UV curves of polyvinylidene chloride (Fig. 12) andpolycarbonate (Fig. 13) were more remarkable.The UV curves of irradiated and colored glass plates, probably containing free radicals, also were shiftedupwards during storage. (Fig. 14)