Uttaradit Province Research Articles

Seroprevalence of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) among pullet and layer hens in Northern Thailand.

Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) poses a significant global threat to the respiratory and reproductive systems of poultry, yet its prevalence and impact in specific regions, such as northern Thailand, remain understudied. This study is the first comprehensive assessment of aMPV seroprevalence among layer hens in the region. By the application of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), our findings reveal a high overall seroprevalence of 60.78%, with significantly higher rates among post-laying hens (70.87%) compared to pre-laying hens (47.02%). Regional variations were noted, Uttaradit province showing the highest seroprevalence at 74%. Factors such as overcrowded conditions and poor farm hygiene were implied as contributors to increased seropositivity. Comparison with global studies highlights aMPV's endemicity and emphasizes the need for targeted surveillance and biosecurity measures. Migratory birds were inferred as potential vectors, contributing to the spread of aMPV across different regions. This study provides crucial epidemiological data essential for optimizing vaccination strategies and enhancing disease management practices to safeguard poultry health and sustainable production in northern Thailand.

Impact of Parvodontia austrosinensis on Lansium domesticum in Northern Thailand

ABSTRACT Lansium domesticum (Osbeck) Sahni and Bennet (Longkong) is a highly important and valuable fruit crop in Thailand. The mycobiota of L. domesticum has been understudied. In our survey of fungal diseases affecting fruit crops in Thailand, we observed unusual mycelial development in organically cultivated L. domesticum in Uttaradit Province. The mycelia initially appear as cords on the upper half of the young trees and spread towards the crown. However, the adverse growth of mycelial cords shows invasive development over the tree and is associated with fruits showing soft rot. The trees covered with mycelia cords eventually decay and die, and the effect was observed to be irreversible. Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies identified the mycelial cord-forming fungal species as Parvodontia austrosinensis. Pathogenicity studies on detached leaves and fruit bunches showed field symptoms confirming P. austrosinensis as the mycelial cord-forming fungi on L. domesticum and pathogen associated with fruit soft rot. This study presents the first geographic and host record of P. austrosinensis in Thailand on L. domesticum. Moreover, it is the first report of P. austrosinensis associated with fruit soft rot and plantation decay. Furthermore, this study is the first report on the disease potential of Cystostereaceae, which was previously known for a saprobic lifestyle.

Influence of Organic Granular Fertilizer, Chemical and Granular Organic Fertilizer with Hormone Mixed Formula (Ho), and Chemical Fertilizer to the Yield and Starch Content of Cassava

Objective: The purpose of this study was to the influence of fertilizers and the use rate of fertilizer for soil improvement on the yields, and starch content of cassava. Method: The experiment design was in RCBD with 9 treatments, which were as follows; T1 (Control), T2 (ORG 50 kilograms/rai.), T3 (ORG 100 kilograms/rai.), T4 (HO-1 50 kilograms/rai.), T5 (HO-1 100 kilograms/rai.), T6 (HO-2 50 kilograms/rai.), T7 (HO-2 100 kilograms/rai.), T8 (CHEM 50 kilograms/rai.), and T9 (CHEM 100 kilograms/rai.) The experiment plots were located at Pasao, Muang District, Uttaradit Province, from June 2017 – June 2018. by using the DMRT method at 95% confidence. Results and Conclusions: The result showed that yield components, the use of HO-2 fertilizer 100 kilograms/rai. The formula of yield quality for cassava. It has the mean number of tubers per plant 17.00 tuber/ plant, number of root length 47.75 cm., and the cassava tuber circumference 25.25 cm. significantly different at 95%. While the components of average weight/tuber 0.67 kilograms/tuber and yield weight/tree 10.55 kilograms/plant were the highest among other treatments. But there was no statistical difference at 95%. However, when considering the highest average yield per rai, It was found that using HO-2 fertilizer 100 kg/rai gave a higher yield than other treatments (5,110 kilograms/rai). The rate of 100 kilograms/rai resulted in a higher percentage of cassava starch content than other methods (30.50%), which was statistically significantly different at 95%, better than using chemical fertilizers, organic granular fertilizers, and without fertilizers (Control). In terms of cost and profit, It was found that using 100 kg/rai of HO-2 fertilizer resulted in the highest profit from product sales per rai of 10,458 baht/rai, which was higher than using chemical fertilizers and organic granular fertilizer. Moreover, HO fertilizer was a choice to manage soil and fertilizer that affects the cassava product quality in Uttaradit Province. Research implications: The hormone mixed formula (HO) fertilizer 100 kilograms/rai had certain impact on the improvement on chemical properties and the soil physical appearance than not putting the fertilizer, that the HO-2 100 kilograms per rai was suitable for increasing the productivity and percentage of starch content of cassava. Originality/value: This study evaluates fertilizer types and application rates on cassava yield and starch content in Uttaradit Province, Thailand. Using a randomized complete block design, it provides insights into soil fertility and productivity improvement. The study also assesses profitability, offering practical insights for farmers.

Arts and Crafts Management Model of Baan Huai Ta Community, Utttaradit Province

Purpose: The objectives of the present research on the arts and crafts management model of Baan Huai Ta community, Uttaradit province were to analyze the community arts and crafts management model; develop the community arts and crafts management model; and evaluate the community arts and crafts management model of Baan Huai Ta, Uttaradit Province. Theoretical Framework: This study employs the concept of local wisdom and product development and design. Design/Methodology/Approach: The procedures involved building a network, acquiring knowledge, developing a community arts and crafts management model, developing community arts and crafts, evaluating the community arts and crafts management model. A qualitative research was employed consisting of observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, and participatory action. Findings: The analysis of community arts and crafts management model suggested the area-based potential of Baan Huai Ta with arts and crafts abilities including weaving, wickerwork, and wood carving. Her Majesty Queen Sirikit had graciously supported people in the community to receive career development trainings in arts and crafts intended to offer extra jobs for generating more income. Their products were delivered for distribution to the Bureau of the Royal Household and the Arts and Crafts Promotion Foundation. Research Practical and Social Implication: Evaluation results of community arts and crafts works were as follow: increased value at a highest level; design concept at a highest level; selection of raw materials at a highest level; production process at a highest level; quality and beauty at a highest level; increased value added at a very high level; creating identity at a very high level; and generating value added at a very high level. The arts and crafts management model of Baan Huai Ta community, Uttaradit province comprised 4 components namely: analysis of community context; analysis of community management//network building; development of arts and crafts; and evaluation of arts and crafts management model. Originality/Value: The development of community arts and crafts management models focused on the designs with applied local wisdom to provide community products. The design concept is based on the link of science and knowledge in coordination with applied local materials to develop community products with an aim to bring about value added, self-reliance, as well as group forming. This had led to the development of products consisting of 12 pieces of fabric art and craft products, 2 pieces of carving art and craft products, and 8 pieces of wickerwork arts and crafts products, totaling 22 products.

High prevalence of natural infection by the ruminant blood fluke Schistosoma spindale in the intermediate snail host Indoplanorbis exustus in Uttaradit, Northern Thailand.

Freshwater snails belonging to the family Planorbidae serve as the first intermediate hosts of many species of important parasitic flukes of animals and humans. Information regarding the occurrence of planorbid snail larval trematode infection is limited in Northern Thailand. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of larval trematode infection of the freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus in Uttaradit, Thailand, and to identify trematode species based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. Planorbid snail specimens were collected from a water reservoir in Uttaradit, Thailand, from June to August 2023. Snails were assessed for larval trematode infection through cercarial shedding and crushing methods. The released cercariae were preliminarily identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. In addition, species identification of the detected cercariae was conducted using 28S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene sequence analyses. The overall prevalence of cercarial infection was 61.5% (107/174) in planorbid snails in Uttaradit province. Two species of cercarial trematodes, Schistosoma spindale (106/174, 60.9%) and Artyfechinostomum malayanum (1/174, 0.6%), were identified using morphological and molecular analyses, of which S. spindale was the most abundant species. Our studied snails did not have mixed infection with more than two cercarial species. Our findings reveal a remarkably high prevalence of S. spindale cercariae infecting planorbid snails in Uttaradit, indicating that humans and animals across the study area are at risk of infection. Our data may contribute to the development of effective strategies to control this zoonotic infectious disease.

Potential Factors of Landslide Recurrence in Uttaradit, Thailand: A Case Study in Laplae, Mueang Uttaradit, and Tha Pla Districts

Laplae, Mueang Uttaradit, and Tha Pla district, Uttaradit province, Thailand are considered as high potential landslide areas. Still, this disaster is difficult to address because of complex factors controlling its occurrence. Therefore, the prediction of the potential landslide area using a landslide susceptibility map has been able to accomplish as a great strategy for the disaster. A landslide susceptibility map was produced by the geographic information system (GIS) data. The methods were initially conducted by the selection of potential factors related to landslides, which were lithology, slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, distance to stream, land use, and rainfall. All factors were assigned coefficients weight, and analyses frequency ratio (FR). Then, the weighted variables have been combined and ranked into five different susceptibility levels, which were very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Finally, the produced landslide susceptibility map has been validated by the success rate and prediction rate. After the analysis, the high and the very high landslide susceptibility area were dominantly covered in the northern and northwest parts of the study area; and the factor of slope, land use, and lithology potentially caused the landslide risk indicated by high frequency ratio values. In addition, the produced landslide susceptibility map had high accuracy, about 90% of success rate and prediction rate, calculated from the area under the curve (AUC), this map would be beneficial for geological hazard management and land use planning. The landslide susceptibility map and the GIS-based methods can be applied to the regional area with additional benefits to well-being, society, and the environment.

Fracture Characterization Explores Potential of Phra Wihan Formation, Thailand

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22845, “Fracture Characterization and Basement Reservoir Potential of Phra Wihan Formation in Southern Part of Uttaradit Province, Northern Thailand,” by Watcharapong Piewmoh, SPE, PTTEP, and Pitsanupong Kanjanapayont, Chulalongkorn University. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2023 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ The complete paper describes the characterization of fractures in the Mesozoic sandstones of the Phra Wihan Formation in northern Thailand. Fracture characterization of outcrop analogs is important to determine the potential of subsurface reservoirs. The methodology used field study and petrography analysis to determine the relationship of fractures and other structures such as bedding planes and fold geometry. In addition, microstructure analysis can assist in the evaluation of a reservoir’s potential. Introduction Basement reservoir sandstones are one of the main targets in a mature onshore oil field in Thailand. But most basement reservoirs of the onshore Tertiary basin are pre-Tertiary and are associated with low quality. Prediction of reservoir quality in low-porosity and -permeability conditions requires an understanding of fractures in the subsurface. Outcrop analogs are key in characterizing fractured reservoirs. Geological Setting The tectonic evolution of Thailand is detailed in the complete paper. The country’s primary geological provinces are subdivided into the following five components, from west to east: - Sibumasu terrane - Inthanon zone - Sukhothai terrane - Nan and Sra Keao sutures - Indochina terrane The Sibumasu and Indochina terranes are major continental masses that collided during the Devonian-Triassic. Two subparallel suture zones exist along the convergence between the Sibumasu and Indochina terranes; one is an accretionary complex defined by the Inthanon zone. Another is a closed back-arc basin defined by the Nan and Sra Keao sutures. The Sukhothai terrane is an island-arc system formed along the margin of the Indochina terrane.

Factors Affecting the Psychological Well-Being of Terminal Cancer Patient Caregivers in Muang District Uttaradit Province

Background: Caring for terminal cancer patients is a heavy burden and complex. Caregivers take the important roles in caring. If caregivers could not adapt to the changing roles, this could negatively affect their health and they could be unable to continue taking care of the patients. Objective: To investigate the factors affecting the psychological well-being of terminal cancer patient caregivers. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study of terminal cancer patient caregivers in Muang Uttaradit District, Uttaradit Province was performed in the present study. The caregivers were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data was collected between June and September 2021. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: Two hundred fifty participants were included in the present study. The results showed that the participants had an overall moderate level of psychological well-being. Support from public health personnel, spouse, neighbors, and community, underlying diseases of caregivers, and resilience were predictive of psychological well-being. Five variables could predict the psychological well-being of terminal cancer patient caregivers by 60.2%. Conclusion: Terminal cancer patient caregivers need support and assistance for enhancing psychological well-being according to predictable variables, which are concrete forms of activity. Keywords: Terminal cancer patient caregivers; Psychological well-being; Social support; Resilience

Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from rhizospheric soil of selected pulses and their effect on Coriandrum sativum plants

Abstract. Pirapak W, Siriphap A, Inprasit T, Phuangsri C, Kraivuttinun P. 2022. Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from rhizospheric soil of selected pulses and their effect on Coriandrum sativum plants. Biodiversitas 23: 5765-5770. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are recognized as efficient biofertilizers, biocontrol agents and microbial inoculants. In the present study five best plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria were isolated from the root zone of healthy and vigorously growing plants in an agricultural farm in the Uttaradit Province, Thailand. All the isolates were selected on the basis of nitrogen fixation, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and phosphate solubilization. Based on morphological traits and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, isolated bacteria were distributed into the following six genera: Burkholderia cepacian (A05, A06), Agrobacterium deltaense (A13), Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (A39), Paenarthrobacter aurescens (A45) and Stenotrophomonas pavanii (A64). All the selected bacterial isolates boosted coriander growth. Paenarthrobacter aurescens (A45) showed the best results, it increased plant height (up to 1.38 times), dry weight (up to 1.63 times), stem diameter (up to 2.05 times) and biomass (up to 1.65 times). This is the first report of plant growth-promoting ability of Paenarthrobacter aurescens, which could be used as a biological agent instead of chemical fertilizers in agroforestry production to reduce environmental pollution and increase the yield of coriander.

Two new millipede species of the genus Coxobolellus Pimvichai, Enghoff, Panha & Backeljau, 2020 (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pseudospirobolellidae).

Two new millipede species of the genus Coxobolellus Pimvichai, Enghoff, Panha & Backeljau, 2020 from Thailand are described: Coxobolellussaratani sp. nov. from Loei Province and Coxobolellusserratoligulatus sp. nov. from Uttaradit Province. The descriptions are based on gonopod morphology and two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S rRNA). The phylogenetic mtDNA analysis assigned the two new species unequivocally to the consistently well-supported Coxobolellus clade, in which they form a fifth subclade that was well supported by maximum likelihood analysis of 16S rRNA, though neither by Bayesian inference nor by COI. The two new Coxobolellus species share four conspicuous gonopodal synapomorphies of the genus: (1) the protruding process on the coxae of the 3rd (and sometimes 4th) pair of male legs, (2) a large, triangular coxae on the 4th-5th pair of legs, (3) a short process of the preanal ring protruding as far as, or slightly beyond, the anal valves, and (4) the posterior gonopod telopodite divided into two parts, with a conspicuous pore opening at the mesal margin at the end of the coxal part of the posterior gonopod. Thus, the two new species provide further evidence of the well-defined monophyly of the genus Coxobolellus. Finally, the paper provides an updated morphological identification key to all currently described Coxobolellus species.

Heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) concentration in Red Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) sold at local markets in Uttaradit Province, Thailand

The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in red blood cockles sold at local markets in Uttaradit province, Thailand. The red blood cockles were collected and randomly obtained from 5 local markets in Uttaradit province, Thailand-total 50 samples (10 samples from each local markets). The samples were analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The results showed that the average concentration of lead Pb was 0.5107±0.1039 mg/kg dry weight which does not exceed the specified standard. The average concentration of cadmium (Cd) was 0.7882±0.2535 mg/kg dry weight which does not exceed the specified standard, the average concentration of zinc (Zn) was 50.812±5.2684 mg/kg dry weight which does not exceed the specified standard and the average concentration of copper (Cu) was 4.593±0.6082 mg/kg dry weight which does not exceed the specified standard of the Thailand Food and Drug Administration of and that of the United States Food and Drug Administration.

Relationships between activities of daily living capabilities, family support, and quality of life and mental health in the elderly in Laplae District, Uttaradit Province

Relationships between activities of daily living capabilities, family support, and quality of life and mental health in the elderly in Laplae District, Uttaradit Province

The strengthening of local citizens: A cases study of Umong Sub-district Municipality, Lamphun Province and Korrum Sub-district Administration Organization, Uttaradit Province

The strengthening of local citizens: A cases study of Umong Sub-district Municipality, Lamphun Province and Korrum Sub-district Administration Organization, Uttaradit Province

Population Genetics Analysis of a Pomacea Snail (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) in Thailand and its Low Infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Pomacea is a freshwater snail in family Ampullariidae that is native to South and Central America. This snail is among the more important intermediate hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis and agricultural pests. Herein, we investigated the prevalence of A. cantonensis larvae and the genetic diversity of Pomacea samples collected across Thailand based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. The larval-infection rate was 1.7% in Pomacea canaliculata specimens collected from the Uttaradit Province of northern Thailand. We randomly selected specimens of P. canaliculata and P. maculata for genetic analysis. We analyzed 244 COI sequences, including 49 sequences from samples collected from Thailand and a publicly accessible database of snails in their native and non-native ranges. A maximum-likelihood tree of P. canaliculata and P. maculata revealed two main clades. The genetic diversity analysis identified seven P. canaliculata haplotypes and six P. maculata haplotypes, and showed genetic differences between the populations of P. canaliculata and P. maculata. The haplotype networks of P. canaliculata and P. maculata populations in Thailand are similar to those of populations in multiple countries, indicating that this species spread widely to many parts of the world.

A Healthy Lifestyle for Preventing Chronic Diseases among Active Older Adults Aged Over 80 Years: A Case Study in Tron District, Uttaradit Province, Northern Thailand

A Healthy Lifestyle for Preventing Chronic Diseases among Active Older Adults Aged Over 80 Years: A Case Study in Tron District, Uttaradit Province, Northern Thailand

The Effectiveness of Recreation Progam on Self-Esteem of Aging in the Elderly Club of Danmeakhmmon Subdistrict, Uttaradit Province, Thailand

This research aims to study and compare the effects of recreation on aging and self-esteem of the elderly at the Elderly Club of the Danmeakhammon sub-district in the Uttaradit Province, Thailand. This was a quasi-experimental study with one-group pretest-posttest design. The population is the 458 elders from the age of about 60-69 years old who is a member of the elderly club, Dan Mae Khamman Sub-district, Uttaradit Province, Thailand. The respondents were fifty people between sixty to sixty-nine years old from the Elderly Club in the Danmeakhammon sub-district, Uttaradit Province, Thailand. The respondents were selected purposively with inclusion condition of passing some preliminary medical examinations. The exclusion condition was not willing to participate in recreational programs as treatment. The recreational program was held twice a week for 8 weeks (totally 16 times). Self-esteem evaluation form with Coopersmith Concept and all tools for holding recreational program were listed as instruments of this study. Data were analyzed with paired t-test. The result of the study was that after participating the recreational program, the respondents significantly had better self-esteem (p = 0.0001).

The development of forest fire monitoring and warning system for agroforestry areas in Uttaradit Province, Thailand

Forest fire occurs regularly in the northern agroforestry of Thailand started in February to April and it causes economic and environmental losses. This study aimed to develop an automatic spatial data analysis system for monitoring and warning and a system for tracking and warning forest fires in agroforestry areas. Near real-time NDVI in dry season was analyzed to estimate the amount of biomass using a relationship between the NDVI and surveyed dataset. The biomass, hotspot, DEM, slope, aspect and relative humidity data were analyzed by Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) for forest fire risk area. The results are presented on web and mobile platform for forest fire warning. The estimated biomass of March was 7.5 to 9.1 tons/hectare, which corresponded with the results obtained from the field survey. The fire risk factors analysis including hotspot density, relative humidity, and landscape were used to produce the five risk levels. Each risk level area from one to five was 11.84 km2, 25.68 km2, 42.28 km2, 30.85 km2 and 20.65 km2, respectively. The forest fire monitoring and warning systems were designed and developed in open-source platform, which can be utilized for forest, fire monitor and warning for local administration as well as farmers in the area.

Spatio-statistical comparative approaches for landslide susceptibility modeling: case of Mae Phun, Uttaradit Province, Thailand

In this study for landslide susceptibility modeling, three quantitative techniques, i.e., frequency ratio (FR), information value (IFV), and weight of evidence (WOE), were evaluated and compared. For this purpose, landslide inventory map was prepared using visual interpretation on SPOT-5 image and field survey was carried out for ground truthing of landslide sites and total 677 landslides were identified. The inventory map was divided into training and validation datasets, and from total, 473 landslides (70%) were for training to run the model and 30% (204 landslides) for validation purpose. Total 11 landslide conditioning factors were used in this study that are: elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, plan curvature, profile curvature, land use/land cover (LULC), topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index (SPI), proximity to road, and proximity to stream. Three different landslide susceptibility maps were produced based on analyzing the relationship of landslides with conditioning factors using FR, IFV, and WOE in GIS environment. The results of FR model indicated that almost 40% of the total study area fall in high to very high landslide susceptibility zones, while in WOE and IFV models, it was found almost 50% of the total area. The landslide susceptibility maps were validated using prediction and success rate curve techniques. The prediction rate curve gives us a glimpse of future landslides based on present landslide susceptibility maps. The results obtained from validation showed that the area under curve (AUC) based on prediction rate curve for FR, IFV, and WOE was 80.78%, 72.88%, and 72.33%, respectively. However, the AUC obtained through success rate curve for the models in this study was 74.60%, 75.04%, and 72.54% for FR, IFV, and WOE, respectively. Moreover, the evaluation of landslide density test and seed cell index area (SCAI) indicated that calculated and classified landslide susceptibility maps are in a good agreement with the field conditions. Thus, it was observed from this study that the frequency ratio has better accuracy as compared to information value and weight of evidence, but in success rate curve, almost all the models showed the same results. Consequently, it can be concluded that the susceptibility maps produced from FR, IFV, and WOE are in good agreement because more than two-third of landslides falls in high and very high susceptibility zones of each model. From this study, it was found that slope angle, elevation, land use/land cover, and roads play a major influencing role in the occurrence of landslide in the study area. The maps produced based on these landslide susceptibility models provide a base for engineers and land use planner to develop landslide management strategies before any development on slopes.

Spatial Rainfall Variability and an Increasing Threat of Drought, According to Climate Change in Uttaradit Province, Thailand

This study presents the work commenced in northern Thailand on spatial and temporal variability of rainfall. Thirty years (1988-2017) rainfall data of eight meteorological stations were used for assessing temporal variability and trend analysis. The results showed decreasing trend in rainfall from its first half of the observed study period (1988-2002) to last half of the time period (2003-2017) in total average annual as well as monsoonal average rainfall by 14.92% and 15.50% respectively. It was predicted from linear regression results that by 2030 the average annual and monsoonal rainfall will drop by 35% and 34.10% respectively. All stations showed negative trend except Fakara met-station in annual rainfall. In the seasonal trend analysis, the results showed decreasing trend almost in all met-stations. Mann-Kendall trend test was applied to assess the trend. All met-stations show significant negative trend. To assess drought in the study area, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied to 12-month temporal time period. The results predicted meteorological drought in the near future. The spatial distribution of rainfall presented changing phenomena in average annual, monsoonal, winter, and summer seasons in both analyzed periods.

An Assessment of Social Return on Investment Comparing Agroforestry System to Monocropping System in Uttaradit Province Thailand

An Assessment of Social Return on Investment Comparing Agroforestry System to Monocropping System in Uttaradit Province Thailand