Utilization Of Waste Materials Research Articles

Utilizing Used Cooking Oil and Organic Waste: A Sustainable Approach to Soap Production

This research examined the potential for utilizing waste materials generated during the production of dishes/meals and organic waste. Specifically, it evaluated the use of orange peel (OP), spent coffee grounds (SCG), and waste cooking oil in the production of soaps. For the purposes of this study, homemade soaps were made from used food oils using the cold saponification method using sodium hydroxide. During the soap preparation, spent coffee grounds and orange peel were added to the samples in increasing concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. The quality of the individual types of homemade soaps was evaluated on the basis of physicochemical properties such as pH, moisture, total alkalinity, total fatty matter, malondialdehyde content, fat content, foaminess, and hardness. All soaps produced using the cooking oil met the ISO quality criteria and reveal a high TFM content, low moisture content, and also very good foam stability and satisfactory foaming stability. However, no relationship was observed between the use of OP and SCG in soap production and these parameters. However, according to the ABTS test, OP and SCG significantly contributed to the antioxidant properties of the soaps, while SCG-impregnated soaps performed slightly better in this respect. Soaps with SCG also had the highest levels of flavonoids. On the other hand, the fillers used for the soap formulation reduced their hardness. All soaps showed 100% solubility in water, thus confirming the biodegradability of the product. This study demonstrated the novel potential of incorporating waste products like orange peel, spent coffee grounds, and waste cooking oil into homemade soaps, highlighting their contributions to its antioxidant properties and water solubility while ensuring high quality standards.

Utilisation of industrial waste materials in the production of geopolymer concrete

Utilisation of industrial waste materials in the production of geopolymer concrete

Enhancing sustainability in self-compacting concrete by optimizing blended supplementary cementitious materials

Within concrete engineering, the uptake of self-compacting concrete (SCC) represents a notable trend, delivering improved workability and placement efficiency. However, challenges persist, notably in achieving optimal performance while mitigating environmental impacts, particularly in cement consumption. However, simply reducing the cement content in the mix design can directly compromise the structural-concrete requirements. Towards these challenges, global trends emphasize the utilization of appropriate waste materials in blended concrete. This study explored a promising strategy by integrating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to contribute to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in addition to the engineering contributions. It suggests an optimal combination of Metakaolin (MK) and Limestone Powder (LP) to partially substitute cement. The research methodology employs the response surface method (RSM) to systematically explore the ideal ingredient ratios. Through a comprehensive analysis of orthogonal array of 16 mixes, encompassing both mixture and process variables, this study aims to explain the effects of MK and LP addition on the rheological and mechanical properties of SCC with varying cement replacement levels. In terms of mixture constituents, the total composition of cement, MK, and LP was fixed at 100%, while coarse aggregate (CA), fine aggregate (FA), and the water-to-binder ratio were held as process variables. In order to assess the rheological properties of the mix-design, various tests including slump flow, L-box, and sieve segregation were conducted. Additionally, to evaluate mechanical strength, samples were tested for compressive strength at both 7 and 28 days. Findings from the experiments reveal higher concentrations of MK result in reduced workability and hardened properties. Through RSM-based designed experimentation covering both rheological and mechanical aspects, it is observed that the optimal cement replacement level lies between 40 and 55%. The findings of this study contribute to the advancement of sustainable and structurally robust concrete practices, offering insights into the optimal utilization of SCMs to meet both engineering requirements and environmental sustainability goals.

Enhancing sustainability in polymer 3D printing via fusion filament fabrication through integration of by-products in powder form: mechanical and thermal characterization

AbstractFFF (fused filament fabrication) is a type of 3D printing that utilizes filament for part creation. This study proposes using by-products or waste to replace part of the plastic in FFF filament, reducing environmental impact. The aim is to maintain a simple manufacturing process involving extrusion on a single-screw desktop machine followed by printing. The plastic matrix comprises polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PETG), with added powdered by-products: seashells, car glass and mill scale (metal). Additives will be incorporated at 10% and 20% by weight, with two grain sizes: up to 0.09 mm and up to 0.018 mm. Mechanical tests (tensile, flexural and hardness) and thermal characterization tests will be conducted. Findings suggest adding 10%w powder of any variety to PETG increases tensile strength up to 48%, with metal powder (mill scale) showing the highest enhancement, even at 20%w, resulting in a 41% increase. Conversely, adding powder to PLA worsens mechanical properties without stiffening the material; instead, the elastic modulus decreases. Metal grain size has minimal impact, with grain sizes lower than 0.09 mm optimal for PLA. Thermal conductivity in polymers blended with powder additives is lower than in virgin polymers, likely due to air void formation, supported by density and microscopic evaluations. This research underscores the potential of utilizing waste materials with a simple FFF filament production to enhance sustainability in 3D printing practices.

Investigation of Rheological and Physical Properties of SBS and WCO Composite Modified Bitumen

Nowadays, the use of waste materials in various industries is becoming widespread in order to promote waste recycling. Thus, scientists are researching the use of waste materials in bitumen modification. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of waste cooking oil (WCO) on the physical and rheological properties of unaged Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene modified bitumen (SBSMB) by adding WCO at different ratios (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9%) to SBS modified bitumen. Accordingly, rotational viscosity (RV) tests and rheological tests with dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) based on the determination of complex shear modulus (|G*|) and phase angle (δ) were conducted along with the traditional bitumen tests. As a result of the experimental study, it was observed that adding WCO increased the workability and fatigue resistance of SBSMB, however, decreased its rutting resistance. Therefore, the mixing and compaction temperatures of SBSMB can be decreased by adding low amounts of WCO without excessive performance loss. Thus, during the construction of asphalt pavements, environmental damage can be reduced by utilizing waste materials and reducing CO2 emissions.

Enhanced Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Potash-Enriched Natural Base Catalyst

The transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil with methanol using a sugar apple peel ash catalyst has been reported. Under optimized conditions, the reaction of the oil with methanol in a molar ratio of 1:10, in the presence of a catalyst (2 g) at 60 °C temperature offered a 94.5% yield of biodiesel within 120 min. The heterogeneous catalyst was developed via a straightforward calcination process using fruit processing industry waste peels of sugar apples. The characterization of the catalyst by FTIR, EDS, SEM, XRD, N2 sorption, and XRF analysis revealed a higher concentration of potassium species which is possibly responsible for the promotion of the transesterification reaction more efficiently. This approach offers cost competitiveness, reusability of the catalyst, simplicity of operation, and high biodiesel yields. This study underscores the potential of utilizing waste materials for sustainable biodiesel production, contributing to environmental preservation and economic viability.

Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles (CaO NPS) from Snail Shells Using Hydrothermal Method

Calcium oxide (CaO) holds significant importance as a catalyst and effective chemisorbent for hazardous gases. This study presents the synthesis of CaO nanoparticles (NPs) using the hydrothermal technique with snail shells' calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as the starting material. The hydrothermal method offers several advantages over alternative approaches for producing metal oxide NPs, including its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to operate at low temperatures and pressures. By utilizing waste materials like snail shells as a precursor, the entire process becomes more economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable. The synthesized NPs were analyzed using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model for pore structure quantification, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for surface area calculation, and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA-DSC). XRD analysis confirmed that the size of the synthesized CaO NPs was 43.14 nm, determined using the Debye-Scherrer equation. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image provided valuable insight into the morphology of the nano-catalyst. The analysis revealed that the nano-catalyst displayed a spherical shape, with an average particle size measuring 50 nanometers. The FTIR and XRD results unequivocally demonstrated the successful conversion of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) derived from snail shells into calcium oxide (CaO). TGA exhibited a significant weight loss peak at 700 °C, indicating the transformation of CaCO3 into CaO. The DTA-DSC curve exhibited sharp endothermic peaks at 700 °C, suggesting a decomposition reaction and the formation of a new compound. SEM images displayed porous, rough, and fragile surfaces that became agglomerated at higher temperatures. In other words, the FE-SEM images of NPs illustrated that the particles were predominantly spherical in morphology. Hence, waste snail shells hold promise as a valuable source of calcium for various applications in different fields.

Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of UHPC in Modern Construction Practices

A comprehensive examination was undertaken to investigate various aspects related to the development and application of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC). The research explored eco-friendly approaches, such as incorporating supplementary cementitious materials and nanoparticles, optimizing binder systems, and assessing chemical activators. These modifications improved mechanical properties and reduced environmental impact, including embodied CO2 emissions. Additionally, the utilization of waste materials like CRT glass showed energy savings and reduced emissions. Studies focused on optimizing UHPC mix designs, emphasizing a balance between performance and environmental impact. Techniques like statistical mixture design methods and dynamic testing assessed UHPC's environmental and economic impacts, highlighting significant energy savings and reduced CO2 emissions with waste material recycling. Overall, the research contributes valuable insights into UHPC development and its ecological footprint in construction

Exploring the synergistic effect of recycled glass fibres and agricultural waste ash on concrete strength and environmental sustainability

In today's age, finding harmony between construction endeavors and safeguarding the environment is of utmost importance. Consequently, there is a substantial requirement to explore the feasibility of utilizing waste materials as a replacement for traditional construction substances. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information regarding the possibilities of incorporating recycled glass, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse ash into concrete production. This study investigated the viability of integrating recycled glass fibres and agricultural waste ash into concrete to bolster its strength and sustainability. When evaluating mechanical and durability properties across five mixtures, the concrete formulations ranged in fibre content percentages from 1% to 3% and in ash content percentages from 10% to 20%. Specifically, Mixtures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 contained 1% fibre and 10% ash, 2% fibre and 15% ash, 2.5% fibre and 20% ash, 3% fibre and 12% ash, and 1.5% fibre and 18% ash respectively. Mixture 2 and Mixture 5, boasting heightened fibre and ash content, showcased outstanding compressive strength at 38.5 MPa and 37.2 MPa, respectively, indicating a positive correlation between these materials and concrete strength. Conversely, Mixture 3, burdened with excessive fibre and ash content, witnessed diminished strength, underscoring the necessity for meticulous optimization. In terms of tensile and flexural strength, Mixture 2 and Mixture 5 displayed commendable performance, while Mixture 3 suffered setbacks from excessive content. Durability assessments unveiled Mixture 1 and Mixture 4's superior freeze-thaw resistance, with minimal mass loss (1.5% and 1.8%, respectively) and no visible damage, rendering them favorable choices for sustainable construction. Contrastingly, Mixture 3 exhibited poorer freeze-thaw resistance and higher environmental impact, highlighting the need for careful consideration in material selection. Overall, this study underscores the importance of optimizing concrete formulations through the integration of recycled materials, paving the way for stronger, more durable, and environmentally friendly construction practices.

Fire Resistance of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Containing Spent Garnet as Partial Fine Aggregate Replacement

Introduction The escalating demand for concrete, driven by global infrastructure development, poses significant challenges to environmental sustainability due to the depletion of natural resources and the accumulation of waste materials. This paper explores the potential of utilizing waste materials, particularly palm oil clinker (POC) and spent garnets, as sustainable alternatives in concrete production. The depletion of natural aggregates, such as river sand, coupled with the environmental hazards associated with waste disposal, underscores the urgent need for eco-friendly solutions in construction materials. POC, derived from palm oil production waste, and spent garnets from abrasive industries offer promising avenues for reducing environmental impact and enhancing sustainability in concrete production. By addressing the dual challenges of resource depletion and waste management, this research aims to contribute to developing greener construction practices and mitigating environmental degradation. Aims This study aims to investigate the effects of incorporating spent garnet as a partial fine aggregate replacement on the fire resistance of POC LWAC. By examining the interplay between spent garnet inclusion and fire resistance, the research contributes to developing more sustainable concrete formulations and aids in industrial waste management practices, addressing critical societal and environmental challenges. Methods This study investigates the effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength and durability of POC LWAC specimens. Concrete specimens were demoulded after 24 hours of curing and submerged in water for 28 days. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were conducted at the end of the curing period. Subsequently, specimens were subjected to temperatures of 300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C for 1 hour in a furnace. After cooling naturally for 24 hours, visual inspection, mass reduction analysis, and evaluation of residual compressive strength were performed. Results Results indicate that 20% garnet replacement yields the highest compressive strength due to pore filling and denser structure. Higher garnet levels lead to reduced strength and increased water absorption. Visual assessment post-heating shows surface alterations, with 20% garnet exhibiting the lowest mass loss and strength reduction at elevated temperatures. Conclusion Notably, specimens containing 20% spent garnet in POC LWAC performed better in a fire than others, enhancing their fire-resistant properties. In summary, this research introduces a hopeful approach to improve the sustainability of concrete and mitigate the environmental repercussions of industrial waste.

Analysis of the influence of using ceramic waste as aggregates in concrete and/or mortar

The utilization of waste materials in the construction industry holds the promise of sustainable development and reduced environmental impact. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the influence of using ceramic waste as aggregates in concrete and mortar, with a focus on the technical, environmental, and economic aspects of this innovative practice. This analysis contributes valuable insights into the utilization of ceramic waste as aggregates in concrete and mortar, offering a sustainable alternative that aligns with the principles of circular economy and resource efficiency. By comprehensively evaluating the technical, environmental, and economic aspects, we aim to provide guidance for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers seeking to harness the potential of waste materials in sustainable construction practices.

Graphene oxide nanoparticles synthesized from waste tires: A multi-faceted analysis of structure, morphology and antibacterial behavior

In recent years, the sustainable utilization of waste materials has become a significant research area due to environmental concerns and resource scarcity. Graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) are regarded as one of the most important materials due to their capacity to serve as a potentially scalable precursor to graphene and, more recently, as the most promising substance in biomedical research. This study successfully explores the synthesis of GONPs using recovered carbon black (rCB) derived from waste tires. The structural, morphological and antibacterial properties of the synthesised GONPs in this study were highlighted. The intensity ratio (ID/IG) from Raman spectroscopy analysis, obtained at 0.82, with FTIR spectral results shows the functional groups of hydroxyl, carboxyl and epoxy, similar to GO synthesised from pure graphite. TEM analysis showed that the surface morphology of the GONPs contains nanoparticles with a size of 44.95 nm. Despite using waste material, GONPs exhibited potential antibacterial activity towards the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria tested in this study. The data presented here are novel and show the possibility of GONP synthesis from waste tires as a future cost-effective antibacterial agent.

Harnessing earthquake generated glass and plastic waste for sustainable construction

On February 6, 2023 Türkiye witnessed two massive earthquakes of magnitudes 7.6 and 7.8 centred near Gaziantep Province. The aftermaths of the earthquakes were devastating. Thousands of people were dead under the rubble of collapsed buildings and millions displaced. The challenge was the disposal of tons of debris generated due to the destruction of structures and roads, and the construction of new buildings for relocation of displaced people. Not only being uneconomical, the disposal and new construction also became a major environmental concern. A solution to this problem lies in the constructive disposal of earthquake wastes i.e., the utilization of waste materials from debris generated after an earthquake in order to ensure its proper and beneficial disposition. The article provides a two problems one solution technique in this regard. Research techniques and outcomes of modification of glass and plastic waste in the industries for the manufacture of good quality construction materials and the subsequent use of these materials in construction are reviewed. Further analysis is carried out to determine whether the application of this knowledge in practical field ensures that both environmental and economical requirements are met.

Advancing Earth-Based Construction: A Comprehensive Review of Stabilization and Reinforcement Techniques for Adobe and Compressed Earth Blocks

This comprehensive literature review investigates the impact of stabilization and reinforcement techniques on the mechanical, hygrothermal properties, and durability of adobe and compressed earth blocks (CEBs). Recent advancements in understanding these properties have spurred a burgeoning body of research, prompting a meticulous analysis of 70 journal articles and conference proceedings. The selection criteria focused on key parameters including construction method (block type), incorporation of natural fibers or powders, partial or complete cement replacement, pressing techniques, and block preparation methods (adobe or CEB). The findings unearth several significant trends. Foremost, there is a prevailing interest in utilizing waste materials, such as plant matter, construction and demolition waste, and mining by-products, to fortify or stabilize earth blocks. Additionally, the incorporation of natural fibers manifests in a discernible reduction in crack size attributable to shrinkage, accompanied by enhancements in durability, mechanical strength, and thermal resistance. Moreover, this review underscores the imperative of methodological coherence among researchers to facilitate scalable and transposable results. Challenges emerge from the variability in base soil granulometry and disparate research standards, necessitating concerted efforts to harness findings effectively. Furthermore, this review illuminates a gap in complete lifecycle analyses of earthen structures, underscoring the critical necessity for further research to address this shortfall. It emphasizes the urgent need for deeper exploration of properties and sustainability indicators, recognizing the inherent potential and enduring relevance of earthen materials in fostering sustainable development. This synthesis significantly contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field and underscores the continued importance of earth-based construction methodologies in contemporary sustainable practices.

Transforming Waste into Wealth: Advanced Carbon-Based Electrodes Derived from Refinery and Coal By-Products for Next-Generation Energy Storage.

This comprehensive review addresses the need for sustainable and efficient energy storage technologies against escalating global energy demand and environmental concerns. It explores the innovative utilization of waste materials from oil refineries and coal processing industries as precursors for carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage systems, including batteries and supercapacitors. These waste-derived carbon materials, such as semi-coke, coal gasification fine ash, coal tar pitch, petroleum coke, and petroleum vacuum residue, offer a promising alternative to conventional electrode materials. They present an optimal balance of high carbon content and enhanced electrochemical properties while promoting environmental sustainability through effectively repurposing waste materials from coal and hydrocarbon industries. This review systematically examines recent advancements in fabricating and applying waste-derived carbon-based electrodes. It delves into the methodologies for converting industrial by-products into high-quality carbon electrodes, with a particular emphasis on carbonization and activation processes tailored to enhance the electrochemical performance of the derived materials. Key findings indicate that while higher carbonization temperatures may impede the development of a porous structure, using KOH as an activating agent has proven effective in developing mesoporous structures conducive to ion transport and storage. Moreover, incorporating heteroatom doping (with elements such as sulfur, potassium, and nitrogen) has shown promise in enhancing surface interactions and facilitating the diffusion process through increased availability of active sites, thereby demonstrating the potential for improved storage capabilities. The electrochemical performance of these waste-derived carbon materials is evaluated across various configurations and electrolytes. Challenges and future directions are identified, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of the microstructural characteristics that influence electrochemical performance and advocating for interdisciplinary research to achieve precise control over material properties. This review contributes to advancing electrode material technology and promotes environmental sustainability by repurposing industrial waste into valuable resources for energy storage. It underscores the potential of waste-derived carbon materials in sustainably meeting global energy storage demands.

Strength Optimization of Fibre Reinforced Concrete by Using Waste Plastic Bottles

Abstract: This research investigates the potential for optimizing the strength of fibre-reinforced concrete by incorporating waste plastic bottles as a sustainable additive. The study aims to explore the feasibility of utilizing waste materials to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete while promoting environmental sustainability through recycling efforts. Various proportions of waste plastic bottles are incorporated into the concrete mix, and the resulting mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance, are evaluated through rigorous testing procedures. The findings of this study contribute to advancing sustainable construction practices by providing insights into the effectiveness of waste plastic bottles as a reinforcing agent in concrete. Additionally, the research highlights the importance of recycling initiatives in the construction industry and underscores the potential for utilizing waste materials to improve concrete performance while reducing environmental impact.

Study on CO2 co-gasification of cellulose and high-density polyethylene via TG-FTIR and ReaxFF MD

CO2 co-gasification of solid waste and biomass presents an approach for the comprehensive utilization of waste materials, biomass and carbon dioxide. In this study, the CO2 co-gasification of cellulose and high-density polyethylene was explored utilizing TG-FTIR method and ReaxFF MD simulation. The thermal behavior, synergistic effect, volatile release characteristics, activation energy and reaction mechanism were thoroughly analyzed. The experimental findings indicated that CO2 co-gasification involved four stages: drying, cellulose pyrolysis, polyethylene pyrolysis and semi-coke gasification. Co-gasification inhibited cellulose pyrolysis but promoted polyethylene pyrolysis, with the most pronounced promoting effect occurring at 40% polyethylene content. The absorbance curve suggested that CO release was associated with cellulose pyrolysis and the reaction between cellulose coke and CO2, and C-H release was related to the pyrolysis of cellulose and polyethylene. Co-gasification alleviated the energy barrier, with the greatest effect occurring at 40% polyethylene content. The simulated results confirmed that the promotion of polyethylene pyrolysis was attributed to the connection of radicals from cellulose with polyethylene. Additionally, the combination of hydrocarbon radicals and hydrogen from polyethylene and cellulose contributed to gas production. This investigation provides insights into the thermochemical conversion characteristics for CO2 co-gasification of biomass and high-density polyethylene.

MANUFACTURING OF CLAY BRICKS BY USING Water Treatment Plant SLUDGE

Water treatment plant (WTP) sludge disposal is a major environmental concern that requires creative methods for management. In order to reduce the environmental impact of sludge disposal and improve the sustainability of the brick- making process, this study investigates the viability of using WTP sludge as an additional material in the production of clay bricks. The study looks into WTP sludge's physiochemical characteristics and prospective use as a raw material for brick manufacturing. The study investigates the impact of adding different amounts of WTP sludge to clay brick formulations on important factors such compressive strength, water absorption, and durability using experimental analysis. The findings show that adding WTP sludge can improve the characteristics of clay bricks; the best combinations outperform traditional bricks in terms of performance. Furthermore, by lowering the cost of raw materials and limiting waste disposal costs, the use of WTP sludge offers possible financial advantages. Environmental evaluations show that using WTP sludge in brick production has several sustainable benefits, such as lower energy use, carbon emissions, and a reliance on virgin resources. Furthermore, the use of sludge in bricks supports the circular economy and waste diversion initiatives. All things considered, this study shows that using WTP sludge in the manufacturing of clay bricks is a feasible and ecologically friendly strategy. Through the utilization of waste materials for applications with added value, this study provides valuable insights into tackling resource scarcity and environmental issues in the building sector. Key Words: Clay bricks, WTP sludge, Waste utilization, Industrial ecology, Waste-to-resource conversion.

Utilization of Waste Materials for Making Plastic Bricks

Utilization of Waste Materials for Making Plastic Bricks

Co-pyrolysis behaviors of biomass and polymer plastics by using reactive molecular dynamics simulation

Co-pyrolysis of oxygen-rich biomass and hydrogen-rich plastic polymer is a promising approach for waste management, which has been investigated by using reactive molecular dynamics simulation (ReaxFF MD) in this work. The blend models containing multicomponent mixtures of polymer (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene) and biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were constructed for the first time, which is close to the real utilization of waste materials. The simulation results show that the degree of positive synergistic effect between biomass and polymer increases with temperature, where the polymer promotes biomass pyrolysis and delays its recombination. Co-pyrolysis greatly affects the product yields through cross reactions of hydrogen and hydroxyl transfer, leading to more oxygen-containing bio-oils produced with the aid of polymers providing hydrogen. Produced from heavy tar at first and light char at late pyrolysis period, char precursors are generated more and faster in the co-pyrolysis system with more biomass because oxygen functional groups provide the initial cross-linking sites. As compared to pyrolysis of only binary components, the observed qualitative synergistic results in co-pyrolysis of biomass-polymer mixtures provide important insights into the detailed reactions for co-pyrolysis process, which can complement experimental observations to modulate the nature and yield of the desired bio-oils and bio-chars.