Utilization Of Supplementary Cementitious Materials Research Articles

Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Cement With GGBFS

The utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) in concrete construction offers promising opportunities to enhance sustainability and performance while mitigating the environmental impact of Portland cement production. However, the widespread adoption of GGBFS faces challenges stemming from variability in properties, lack of standardized guidelines, and limited understanding of its performance in diverse concrete applications. This research addresses these challenges through a comprehensive experimental investigation aimed at systematically evaluating the influence of GGBFS on various properties of concrete. Mechanical properties, durability performance, and microstructural characteristics of GGBFS-blended concrete are rigorously assessed through laboratory-scale testing and analysis. The findings provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of using GGBFS in concrete mixtures, offering evidence-based guidance for engineers and practitioners. By promoting the sustainable utilization of GGBFS, this research contributes to advancing environmental stewardship and fostering resilience in infrastructure systems. Keyword – ( GGBFS ),Ordinary portland cement ( OPC ), Compressive Strength, Durability, Indian standards.

Role of supplementary cementiteous materials in mitigating heat of hydration in mass concrete elements

Concrete’s heat of hydration can cause wide restraint cracks, delayed ettringite formation and low strength. The heat of hydration in concrete poses significant challenges in the construction industry particularly in mass concrete elements. Addressing these challenges, the utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) in concrete has been extensively studied for their individual contributions in modifying the heat of hydration. However, the comparative effectiveness of FA and GBFS, as well as the implications of their combined use in a ternary blend mix, remain underexplored. This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the heat evolution profiles of concrete blends incorporating varying proportions of FA, GBFS, and general Portland cement (GPC). Through a series of semi-adiabatic tests, the study evaluates the hydration kinetics, maximum temperature rise, and time delay to peak temperature for binary and ternary mixes. The findings suggest that while individual SCMs like FA and GBFS offer distinct thermal benefits, their combined use in a ternary blend presents a synergistic effect, optimizing heat management in concrete. In essence, this study not only underlines the potential of ternary blends in enhancing concrete's thermal performance but also emphasizes their role in promoting sustainable and resilient construction practices.

EDITORIAL NOTES: APPLICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

In recent years, the application of computational/artificial intelligence (CI/AI) in concrete structures and materials has gained popularity as evident in the search in the SCOPUS database using these keywords. The integration of CI/AI in concrete structures marks a significant advancement in civil engineering, offering innovative solutions across various stages of infrastructure development. From analysis and design to construction, monitoring, and maintenance, CI/AI technologies revolutionize traditional practices, enabling engineers to optimize concrete structures for enhanced performance, durability, and sustainability. Material design and optimization in concrete have also been propelled forward by CI/AI technologies. Traditional methods rely on trial-and-error, but CI/AI models analyze vast datasets to identify optimal mixtures with superior properties and resistance to environmental factors. Utilization of supplementary cementitious materials and industrial wastes introduces complexities, addressed by CI/AI's predictive capabilities for short- and long-term concrete properties. By minimizing waste and energy consumption, CI/AI-driven design fosters environmentally friendly formulations while ensuring structural integrity. Overall, CI/AI enhances prediction, optimization, and monitoring, ushering in a new era of resilient and sustainable concrete materials. These advancements also contribute to sustainable development by optimizing material usage, reducing waste, and improving energy efficiency, underscoring CI/AI's transformative potential in shaping the future of concrete structures and materials.

Utilization of supplementary cementitious materials in pervious concrete: a review

Utilization of supplementary cementitious materials in pervious concrete: a review

Partial Replacement of Cement with Different Wastes - A Review

Abstract: The production of sustainable concrete, the adoption of sustainable practices, and the exploration and utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have gained popularity worldwide. The traditional concrete practices and their environmental impact, such as greenhouse gas emissions resulting from cement production, make researchers and industries look for alternative cementitious materials. This paper reviews the SCM Bamboo leaves ash, coconut shell ash, eggshell powder, fly ash, GGBS (ground granulated blast furnace slag), paper sludge ash, waste glass powder, rice husk ash, silica fume, steel slag, sugarcane bagasse ash, water hyacinth, and wheat straw ash, their performance to improve strength and durability properties, as well as their impact on the concrete mix. The main purpose of this review paper is to study and evaluate the possibilities of cement replacement material in the production of sustainable concrete. This review article gives information about SCM and how these materials can help reduce the environmental impact of conventional concrete and promote the development of sustainable concrete and environmentally friendly construction practices.

Microstructure Evolution Mechanism of Quaternary Phase Paste Containing Metakaolin and Silica Fume

To promote the sustainable development of high-performance calcium aluminate cement (CAC)-based material and the efficient utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in CAC, the evolution mechanism of the microstructure of quaternary phase (Q phase, Ca20Al26Mg3Si3O68) paste containing metakaolin (MK) and silica fume (SF) was investigated. The strength of SF-blended paste decreases with time when cured at 40 °C, while that of MK-blended paste shows sustained strength gain. The microstructure of outer products (OPs) for SF-blended paste suffers from significant damage when the age increases from 3 to 28 d, whereas that for MK-blended paste exhibits no significant difference, showing a dense morphology. The microstructure evolution of OP is mainly controlled by the reactions between SCMs (i.e., MK and SF) and early metastable hydrates (i.e., CAH10 and C2AH8). The dissolved silica from SF reacts with CAH10 to form C2ASH8 but cannot completely hinder its conversion to C3AH6, while the preferentially dissolved alumina from MK can stabilize CAH10 due to the common-ion effect. As the rate of conversion of C2AH8 to C3AH6 is much faster than that of CAH10, the rapid conversion of C2AH8 cannot be effectively suppressed by MK or SF.

Limestone-calcined clay-silica fume blended cement: Statistical modelling and multi-attribute optimization through Derringer’s desirability function

The Utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as clinker replacement, is the most effective way to reduce CO 2 emissions in the rapidly growing cement industry. The present paper investigates the synergistic effect of Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) - Polycarboxylate ether (SP) based superplasticizer on limestone-calcined clay-silica fume blended cement (LC 3 ) through the Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). For this comprehensive study, LC 3 -50 blend consisting of 50 % OPC clinker, 30 % Calcined Clay, 15 % Limestone and 5 % Gypsum was prepared. In order to achieve improved strength LC 3 -50 blend; silica fume (SF) was replaced at different percentages level i.e., 0 %, 3 %, and 6 % by wt. of clinker powder. Statistical optimization was done, altogether 27 design mixes were cast and tested. BBD was employed to investigate the effects of four input parameters i.e., Silica fume (SF) (0–6 %), HPMC (0–1 %), SP (0–1 %) and flow value (120 – 160 mm) to all the dependent responses i.e., Water Binder ratio, Compressive strength (7 and 28 days) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR). Apart from these properties; Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to study the microstructural changes. The results provide insight into the interaction of SF and SP along with the role of HPMC in cementitious system.

Utilization of Iraqi Metakaolin in Special Types of Concrete: A Review Based on National Researches

Portland cement concrete is the most commonly used construction material in the world for decades. However, the searches in concrete technology are remaining growing to meet particular properties related to its strength, durability, and sustainability issue. Thus, several types of concrete have been developed to enhance concrete performance. Most of the modern concrete types have to contain supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as a partial replacement of cement. These materials are either by-products of waste such as fly ash, slag, rice husk ash, and silica fume or from a geological resource like natural pozzolans and metakaolin (MK). Ideally, the utilization of SCMs will enhance the concrete performance, minimize environmental pollution and mitigate the drawbacks of cement production attributed to the highly CO2 emission. In general, MK's ultra-fineness and high pozzolanic activity are exhibited a remarkable performance of concrete in terms of strength and durability. However, the filler effect, acceleration of cement hydration, and the pozzolanic reaction with calcium hydroxide (CH) are the main factors influencing the performance of metakaolin as a cementitious material. Therefore, numerous researches have been undertaken on inclusion MK in concrete and mortar and production of (free-cement concrete) geopolymer concrete. This paper reviews some of previous native researches on effect of using Iraqi metakaolin as a pozzolanic material in different types of concrete. The standpoint of this review will guide the researchers on the importance of utilization of local MK and highlight the missing researches toward completing a comprehensive understanding of incorporation Iraqi-metakaolin in concrete technology.

Experimental research of hybrid fibers based Geo-polymer concrete

In development enterprises, concrete is regularly utilized material. For the creation of concrete, development industry utilizes a large portion of the regular assets. During the creation of concrete, carbon dioxide is delivered which may prompts ozone harming substance emanation impact. For this geopolymer concrete has been found for the substitute to the OPC. It utilizes mechanical waste material, for example, fly debris, GGBS, rather than concrete, there by diminishing effects because of concrete. Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) is a by-product from steel industry. It has good structural and durable properties with less environmental effects. This paper critically reviews the literatures available on GGBS used in cement concrete. The utilization of supplementary cementitious materials is well accepted because of the several improvements possible in the concrete composites and due to the overall economy. The present paper is an effort to quantify the 28-day cementitious efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete at the various replacement levels. It was observed that this overall strength efficiency of GGBS concretes can also be defined through a procedure adopted earlier for other cementitious materials like fly ash and silica fume. Fly debris and GGBS are the covers which respond with basic arrangement like Na2SiO3 and NaOH and structure a gel which effectively ties with fine total and coarse total. Strands are added to the geo polymer concrete in the scope of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% at 0.1% increases. In this examination, different rates of basalt strands, AR glass filaments and polypropylene filaments are added to the geo polymer concrete and the compressive, flexural and split elasticity of various blends were contrasted and geo polymer concrete, to know the quality of shapes, chambers and pillars. In this task, indicated that the more retarder added, the setting season of geo polymer solid will be expanded, subsequently expanding its functionality.

Usage of supplementary cementitious materials: advantages and limitations

It is well known that cement production is not neutral for natural environment among others due to high CO2 emission. Different strategies of mitigation of negative environmental impact of its production are developed. One of the ways is utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in the manufacture of cement and concrete. Introduction of aluminosilicate SCMs into binding mixture makes that more amount of so-called C–A–S–H phase appears in hydration products, affecting microstructure and properties of final hardened composite. The aim of this work is to discuss the possibilities of utilization of selected SCMs in different binding mixtures including some advantages and limitations. Literature review on the subject was carried out. Some of our own research results were also presented. In the Part I of this review, some information about history of ancient binding materials and the possibilities of inspiring modern engineers with ancient constructions in the aspect of using SCMs in modern concrete were presented. Using pozzolanic aluminosilicate SCMs in relation to their influence on formed products, microstructure and mechanical properties of hardened material were discussed. Some problems with possibilities of study of SCMs reaction degree were identified. Emphasis was put on the usefulness of isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysis for investigations of hydration process and identification of hydrated products as well as evaluation of degree of reaction of SCMs.

Assessment of Rational Design of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and Limestone Powder in Terms of Long-Term Durability.

Self-compaction concrete (SCC) is ranked among the main technological innovations of the last decades. Hence, it introduces a suitable possibility for further utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in terms of sustainable development. The aim of the work is the assessment of a new approach to binder design, which takes into consideration the activity of the used mineral additive. The proposed approach, which allows a systematic design of a binding system with varied properties of the used mineral additive, was studied on ternary blends consisting of Portland cement (PC), limestone powder and fly ash (FA). The verification was conducted on SCC mixtures in terms of their workability, mechanical properties and the most attention was paid to long-term durability. The long-term durability was assessed on the basis of shrinkage measurement, freeze-thaw resistance and permeability tests including initial surface absorption, chloride migration, water penetration and an accelerated carbonation test, which was compared with the evolution of carbonation front in normal conditions. The durability of studied mixtures was evaluated by using durability loss index, which allow general assessment on the basis of multiple parameters. The carbonation resistance had a dominant importance on the final durability performance of studied mixtures. The experimental program revealed that the proposed design method is reliable only in terms of properties in fresh state and mechanical performance, which were similar with control mixture. Despite suitable results of freeze-thaw resistance and shrinkage, an increasing amount of fly ash in terms of the new design concept led to a fundamental increase of permeability and thus to decay of long-term durability. Acceptable properties were achieved for the lowest dosage of fly ash.

Utilization of By-Products and Wastes as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Structural Mortar for Sustainable Construction

Rapid growth in industrial development has raised the concern of proper disposal of the by-products generated in industries. Many of them may cause serious pollution to the air, land, and water if dumped in open landfills. Agricultural and municipal wastes also cause environmental issues if not managed properly. Besides, minimizing the carbon footprint has become a priority in every industry to slow down global warming and climate change effects. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) obtained from agricultural, industrial, municipal, and natural sources can decrease a significant amount of fossil fuel burning by reducing cement production and contribute to proper waste management. Also, SCMs can enhance desirable material properties like flowability, strength, and durability. Such materials may play a big role to meet the need of modern time for resilient construction. The effective application of SCMs in cement-based materials requires a clear understanding of their physical and chemical characteristics. Researchers studied how the flowability, strength, and durability properties of structural mortar change with the replacement of cement with different SCMs. Various experiments were conducted to examine the behavior of structural mortar in extreme conditions (e.g., high temperature). Many scholars have attempted to improve its performance with various treatment techniques. This article is an attempt to bring all the major findings of the recent relevant studies together, identify research gaps in the current state of knowledge on the utilization of SCMs in structural mortar, and give several recommendations for further study. The available results from recent studies have been reviewed, analyzed, and summarized in this article. A collection of the updated experimental findings will encourage and ease the use of various by-products and wastes as SCMs in structural mortar for sustainable construction.

An Investigation of the Effects of Incorporation of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Fresh State Properties of Grouts for Grouted Aggregate Concrete

Grout flowabiity is the key parameter in the production of grouted aggregate concrete (GAC). High flowability due to high water to binder ratio (w/b) of GAC grout in its fresh state invites bleeding and segregation whereas, low flowability due to low w/b in fresh state greatly influences setting times, loss in flowability and the grout handling process. It is difficult and crucial to have a grout that will exhibit adequate flowability in its fresh state maintaining appropriate w/b ratio. Scanty research is available in this regard and needs investigation. Therefore, an experimental study was proposed to develop the grout for GAC, investigating the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) incorporation in place of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), for repairing or retrofitting of the reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C) piles subjected to damage or deterioration. Binary and ternary binder grout compositions, at water/binder = 0.45 and sand-to-binder ratio 1:1, using optimized poly-corboxylic ether (PCE) based high range water reducer (HRWR) adhering to the efflux time of 35-40 ± 2s according to American concrete institute (ACI) 304.1-2005, were studied to investigate the effect incorporation of SCMs, viz., fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and metakaolin (MK), on fresh state properties of GAC grouts. Utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in grouts will serve them green and will lead to ecological and economical benefits with true sustainable development. Therefore, an attempt was made to investigate the effects of SCMs on GAC grout fresh state properties for their suitability in repairs and retrofitting of R.C.C piles based on setting times, bleeding, flowability, and its loss employing flow cone method. Results have shown that grouts produced incorporating SCMs partially replacing OPC can result in many synergic effects and can offer significant benefits in view of their fresh state properties to suit with the pile repair and retrofitting methodology. Moreover, it was observed that ternary grout compositions offer significant benefits over binary grout compositions when binary grout system performing well is combined to form ternary grout system.

Strength Studies of SCC Incorporating Silica Fume and Ultra Fine GGBS

The study of self-compacting concrete (SCC) denotes a field of exploration that shows a strong possibility of development due to its specific properties. The cost related with the utilization of vast volumes of concrete and synthetic admixtures is one of the significant disadvantages of SCC which can be redressed by the utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). Experimental investigation on the fresh and mechanical properties of SCC replacing cement with SCM such as silica fume and ultra-fine GGBS in 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% individually is carried out in this paper. SCC mix was obtained by fixing the water binder ratio and changing super plasticizer dosage with respect to total cementitious content. Incorporation of silica fume in 10% gave the best result in mechanical properties than any other combination with or without SCM.

Effect of Additional Surfaces on Ordinary Portland Cement Early-Age Hydration

Early-age hydration of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was studied in the presence of two additional surfaces. Additional surfaces are known to accelerate the early-age hydration of OPC. Autocatalytic reaction modelling was used to determine acceleration mechanism of additional surfaces. Heat development of the hydration was measured with semi-adiabatic calorimetry and the results were modelled with an autocatalytic reaction. Autocatalytic reaction modelling was able to determine number of initially active nucleation sites in early-age hydration. OPC hydration followed autocatalytic reaction principles throughout induction period and accelerating period. Both of the added surfaces, limestone filler and calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) coated limestone filler accelerated the early-age hydration. According to autocatalytic modelling, the C-S-H coated filler increased the number of initially active nucleation sites. Pristine limestone filler accelerated the early-age hydration by providing the additional nucleation sites throughout the early-age hydration. The difference was explained with common theories of nucleation and crystal growth. Autocatalytic model and measured calorimeter curve started to significantly deviate at the inflection point, where the reaction mode changed. The reaction mode change depended on the average particle distance. Early-age hydration, modelled as autocatalytic reaction was able to improve understanding of OPC early-age hydration and quantify the number of initially active nucleation sites. Understanding and quantifying the acceleration mechanisms in early-age hydration will aid larger utilization of supplementary cementitious materials where understanding the early-age strength development is crucial.

Utilization of Supplementary Cementitious Materials in HPC: From rheology to pore structure

The incorporation of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) greatly influences the pore structure and rheological properties of High Performance Concrete (HPC). Rheology affects the behaviour of hardened concrete and pore structure can give insight into the microstructure of the concrete and its performance in terms of both strength and durability. Hence, modification of rheology which is possible to control at the time of production can be extremely helpful in enhancing the performance of concrete. In this paper, an attempt has been made to link rheology with pore structure of HPC. The approach will provide better understanding and controlling of HPC and will give impetus to utilize SCMs in the production of HPC. The use of SCMs conserve energy and saves the use of cement which results in reduction of emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. SCMs such as Fly Ash (FA) and Silica Fume (SF) were incorporated as partial cement replacements for the preparation of binary and ternary blended systems. The pore structure of hardened blended systems study was conducted using MIP and rheology such as plastic viscosity and yield stress using the two-point test. It was observed that the incorporation of SF decreased the plastic viscosity of concrete as compared to the reference mix whilst the FA content increased the plastic viscosity and a reasonable relationship exists between plastic viscosity and yield stress. The ternary systems reduced volume of large pores as compared to the reference mix. There exists a reasonable relationship between rheology of fresh concrete and pore structure of hardened concrete.

Gaps in Material Specifications—A Manufacturer's Perspective

Abstract There are numerous areas of materials specifications accepted or not covered regarding current specifications in ASTM, American Concrete Institute (ACI), or other recognized standards groups. In the past, specifications made utilizing ASTM C150 portland cement and ASTM C33 aggregates were the norm. Utilization of supplementary cementitious materials added to the potential for quality improvements and cost control. Further expansion occurred with use of recycled aggregates, re-graded and blended with conventional aggregates. Newer cements and aggregates have been researched, produced on a limited basis and tested. Some have been proven to be successful and are in use commercially. Some are used in Ultra High Performance Concretes. The use of these materials has been hindered by lack of inclusion in specifications. In those cases that have had specifications for these newer materials developed, lack of acceptance by building codes, departments of transportation, and others has hindered their use. Efforts are needed to develop standard specifications as needed along with efforts to gain acceptance by building codes and transport bodies. It will describe acceptances gained and further efforts needed.