Utilization Of Roughage Research Articles

Kazlarda Selüloz ve Selüloz Fraksiyonlarının Sindirimi

Since the digestive system of poultry is quite short, the residence time of the feeds in the digestive system is also short. In addition, many poultry species have a low ability to digest and utilize cellulose, cellulose fractions (ADF and NDF) and non-starch polysaccharides. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use more expensive feeds with high nutrient content in poultry nutrition. This situation raises the prices of animal products such as white meat and eggs. In order to turn this disadvantage in poultry feeding into an advantage, alternative poultry with a stronger digestive system, better digestibility of cellulose-rich cheap feed sources and better utilization of roughage are needed. When evaluated in terms of its characteristics, it will be seen that one of the poultry that can better benefit from cheap feed sources is goose. The efficient use of cellulose-rich feeds, such as goose, reduces feed costs and provides a suitable opportunity to produce cheaper poultry products. Encouraging goose production can be an important source of income and livelihood, especially for the rural population. It is thought that goose breeding can be an important alternative for white meat and egg production because it benefits from cellulose-rich feeds better than other poultry. In this review, the microbial digestion properties of geese, their ability to benefit from cellulose fractions, especially cellulose, and non-starch feed elements were examined.

PSX-36 Late-Breaking Abstract: Effect of increasing levels of soy hulls in finishing diets of feedlot cattle offered free-choice hay on performance, roughage intake and carcass characteristics

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing quantity of soy-hulls in diets of feedlot cattle offered free-choice hay on finishing performance, roughage intake, and carcass characteristics. Sixty heifers and 54 steers, Angus*Simangus-crossbreds, were used in a randomized complete block design. Cattle were stratified by sex and weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens. Treatment 1 consisted of 5% soy hulls (SH; 5%SH), 70% cracked corn (CC), 15% dry distiller grains with soluble (DDGS), 10% mineral supplement (SUP). Treatments 2 (10%SH) and 3 (15%SH) included an additional 5% and 10% SH in place of CC, respectively. Hay was offered ad libitum and separate from the concentrates in different bunks, both concentrate and forage were fed in GrowSafe units. Data were analyzed as a complete block design and mean differences in group means were determined using polynomial contrast [lineal (L) and quadratic (Q)]. There was a quadratic effect of soy hull inclusion on final body weight (fBW) and concentrate intake (Q-P ˂ 0.05); 5%SH and 15%SH had a greater fBW and concentrate intake compared to those fed 10%SH. Gain to feed ratio was not affected by treatments (L-P ≥ 0.33). There was a linear effect of SH on hay intake (L-P ˂ 0.05) with cattle fed 5%SH consuming less hay than those fed 15%SH. There was no effect on ribeye area, yield grade, or backfat (L-P ≥ 0.35; Q-P ≥ 0.14). Hot carcass weight tended to quadratically respond to dietary treatments (Q-P < 0.10), while marbling score tended to be linearly decreased by increased SH inclusion (L-P = 0.09). Kidney-pelvic-heart fat was linearly decreased by increased SH inclusion (L-P ˂ 0.05). Results indicate that non-roughage NDF from by-products can effectively contribute to a reduction of roughage utilization in feedlot diets without compromising growth performance or carcass characteristics.

Utilization of roughages and concentrates relative to that of milk replacer increases strongly with age in veal calves

We aimed to investigate the feeding values of milk replacer (MR), roughage, and concentrates for veal calves in a paired-gain setting, thus avoiding any prior assumptions in feeding values and major differences in nutrient intakes. One hundred sixty male Holstein-Friesian calves at 2 wk of age and 45±0.2kg of body weight (BW) were included in the experiment. Calves were allocated to pens (5 calves per pen) and pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 solid feed (SF) levels: SF1, SF2, SF3, or SF4, respectively, and to 1 of 2 roughage-to-concentrate (R:C) ratios: 20:80 or 50:50. An adaptation period from wk 1 to 10 preceded the experimental period (wk 11 to 27). Total dry matter (DM) intake from SF was targeted to reach 20, 100, 180, and 260kg of DM for SF1 to SF4, respectively, during the 16-wk experimental period, and increased with preplanned, equal weekly increments. Roughage was composed of 50% corn silage and 50% chopped wheat straw based on DM. The quantity of MR provided was adjusted every 2 wk based on BW to achieve similar targeted rates of carcass gain across treatments. The reduction in MR provided (in kg of DM) to realize equal rates of carcass gain with inclusion of SF (in kg of DM) differed between the R:C ratio of 50:50 (0.41kg of MR/kg of SF) and the R:C ratio of 20:80 (0.52kg of MR/kg of SF). As carcass gain unintentionally increased with SF intake, the paired-gain objective was not fully achieved. When adjusted for realized rates of carcass gain, calves fed an R:C ratio of 20:80 still required 10% less MR than calves fed an R:C ratio of 50:50 for equal rates of carcass gain, indicating that the utilization of SF for gain increased with concentrate inclusion. Averaged for the 16-wk experimental period, the feeding value of MR relative to that of concentrates and roughages was close to that predicted based on their respective digestible energy contents. Nevertheless, the feeding value of SF relative to that of MR increased substantially with age. Therefore, additivity in feeding values of these ration components cannot be assumed. The results of the current study may contribute to the development of new concepts for formulation of veal calf diets with substantial amounts of SF.

Performance and characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components of lambs fed peach-palm by-product

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplying the by-product of peach-palm (Bactris gasipaes) on performance and characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components of feedlot lambs. Twenty Santa Ines lambs of 150days average age and 22.4 ± 3.4kg body weight were confined in individual pens. A completely randomized design was utilized with four experimental diets composed of: fresh peach-palm by-product enriched with urea, fresh peach-palm by-product + concentrate, silage of peach-palm by-product + concentrate, and silage of peach-palm by-product enriched with 15% corn meal + concentrate. Intake was evaluated daily, and at the end of 42days of experiments, lambs were slaughtered and the characteristics of carcass and non-carcass parts were evaluated. Performance and carcass characteristics showed differences between the animals' intake of total mixed rations (TMR) and only the diet with roughage. For the lambs that intaked TMR, the form of utilization of roughage (fresh or as silage) affected animal performance but did not change the carcass characteristics. Dry matter intake and feed conversion were influenced by the form of utilization of the silage (with and without additive). Providing fresh by-product plus concentrate improves lamb performance but does not interfere in the carcass characteristics, compared with the use of by-product in the form of silage.

Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and certain rumen characteristics of Ethiopian Menz sheep fed teff straw supplemented with cotton seed cake, dry sesbania, dry leucaena or fresh leucaena

Twenty five rumen fistulated Ethiopian Menz sheep were used in a completely randomized block design to determine roughage utilization when different types of supplements (sesbania, leucaena, cotton seed cake (CSC)) and forms (fresh or dry leucaena) were fed. The chemical composition, intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen degradability coefficients were determined. Rumen pH and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) levels were estimated in samples taken at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after feeding. There was substitution of teff straw dry matter by the supplements. Fresh leucaena effected the highest substitution. Supplementation enhanced (p 0.06) for the other incubation times. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between treatments in the degradation constants: readily soluble component (a) slowly degradable fraction, (b) potential degradability (PD=a+b) and rate of degradation (C) and for rumen NH3-N concentration, the ranking was CSC > sesbania > dry leucaena > fresh leucaena > teff straw alone (p<0.05). The particularly high substitution rate observed with fresh leucaena might suggest that bulkiness may be a limiting factor in the intake of low quality roughages supplemented with tree leaves. The lower DM and OM digestibilities of the supplemented diets were attributed to substrate preference by rumen cellulolytic bacteria. Excessively high levels of rumen NH3−N (328 mg/l) in the CSC diet resulted in high urinary nitrogen losses (r 2=0.32;p<0.001) leading to low N balance. This may suggest that for the utilization of poor quality tropical roughages, moderate levels of rumen NH3−N sustained over a longer period may be needed.

Utilization of roughage and concentrate by feedlot swamp buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis)

Utilization of roughage and concentrate by feedlot swamp buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis)

Roughage utilization in heavy pig production. Interactions between genotype, sex and management system. 2 - Meat quality and processing ability

Roughage utilization in heavy pig production. Interactions between genotype, sex and management system. 2 - Meat quality and processing ability

Net utilization of roughage and concentrate diets by sheep.

1. Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1-5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period. 2. Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment. Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach. 3. Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e. 78-80. 4. Regression of energy gain v. corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310-2 and 302-3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0-75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0-411 and 0-479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively. 5. It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly.

A study on the effect of frequency of urea ingestion on the utilization of low quality roughage by steers

Steers were fed a low quality roughage supplemented with 50 g urea day-1 administered at different frequencies. The effect of the different treatments was measured in terms of intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and changes of some rumen fermentation measures in two different but complementary experiments. Utilization of the roughage was enhanced as the frequency of ingestion of urea increased. Organic matter digestibility was unaffected but voluntary intake was stimulated by all urea treatments. There was negative nitrogen balance in control animals but all treated were in positive nitrogen balance. However, the greatest retention was produced when urea was sprayed onto the ration. Possible reasons for the better utilization of urea as the frequency of ingestion spreads over the day are suggested by the results observed in the fermentation measures considered.

The voluntary intake and utilization of roughage–concentrate diets by sheep. 1. Concentrate supplements for hay and straw

SUMMARYFour levels of a proprietary concentrate (0, 100, 200 and 400 g/day) were offered to Welsh Mountain ewe lambs receiving hay or straw ad libitum for 14 weeks. The apparent digestibility of the energy and nitrogen in the various diets was determined in a concurrent digestibility trial.The voluntary intakes of the straw and hay dry matter when given alone were 242 and 451 g/day respectively (28·4 and 49·2 g/kg W0·73 per day). Straw intake increased with an increase in concentrate feeding up to a level of 25% concentrate in the total dry matter and then declined. Hay intake declined linearly with increasing concentrate level (3 g/day decline per unit increase in the percentage of concentrate). In each case the total intake of dry matter and digestible energy increased with an increase in concentrate level.There was a positive within-treatment relationship between initial live weight and voluntary intake, an additional 0·019 Meal ME/day being consumed per kg increase in live weight. Within treatment groups lambs consuming relatively more food also made relatively higher weight gains. Estimates based on published standards of the metabolizable energy intakes required to produce the live weight changes observed on each treatment were considerably higher than the intakes recorded in the trial.

The voluntary intake and utilization of roughage–concentrate diets by sheep. 2. Barley and soya bean meal supplementation of hay diets

SUMMARYThree levels of soya bean meal (0%, 25% and 50% of the intake of hay dry matter) combined with three levels of pelleted barley (0%, 50% and 100% of the intake of hay dry matter) in a factorial arrangement of treatments were offered to Welsh Mountain ewe lambs receiving hay ad libitum for 14 weeks.When barley was not given, soya bean meal added at 25% of the hay intake increased hay voluntary intake from 287 g/day to 412 g/day but hay intake was depressed to 339 g/day by a further increase in the level of soya bean meal. When barley was given, soya bean meal did not affect hay intake. With one exception, an increase in barley reduced hay intake, with the result that there were no differences between treatments in the digestible energy intakes of lambs receiving barley at each level of soya bean meal. In general, it was found that an increase in the concentrate allowance (barley + soya bean) reduced hay intake, whereas an increase in the crude protein content of the concentrate increased hay intake. The relationship between live-weight change, metabolizable energy intake and live weight was examined by regression analysis. Although live weight and voluntary intake were unrelated at the start of the experiment, a positive relationship emerged as the experiment progressed.

The utilization of roughages by sheep and kangaroos

The utilization of good-quality and poor-quality roughages (lucerne hay and oat straw) by red and grey kangaroos, Megaleia rufa and Macropus giganteus, compared with sheep was investigated by means of digestibility trials in individual metabolism cages. On average the kangaroos ate slightly less per unit metabolic body weight than the sheep when fed ad libitum, but the differences were not significant. They digested a similar percentage of lucerne dry matter but digested straw much less well, mainly because of their poor ability to digest crude fibre. When nitrogen intakes were low, with the straw diet, the kangaroos retained nitrogen less well than sheep although the digestibility of the crude protein was similar for kangaroos and sheep. The kangaroos appeared to have relatively low energy and nitrogen requirements, probably because of their low metabolic rate, and their weight losses were similar to sheep on the poor-quality diet despite much lower digestible dry matter intakes per unit metabolic body weight. There were no differences between red and grey kangaroos in dry matter digestibilities, nitrogen metabolism, or rate of passage.

The utilization of roughage by sheep and the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus (Desmarest)

Two roughage diets, lucerne hay and oat straw, were given to three Corriedale sheep and three red kangaroos. Dry matter intakes, nitrogen balances, and body weight changes of the animals were compared, and the digestibilities of each diet by each species and the retention times of the food residues in their alimentary tracts were estimated. The kangaroos were less affected by the quality of the diet than were the sheep. The sheep ate nearly the same amount of lucerne hay and less oat straw than the kangaroos, after adjustment for body weight differences. Digestibility coefficients were higher for the lucerne hay when fed to the sheep, but apparent dry matter digestibility coefficients for oat straw were about the same for sheep and kangaroos. The mean retention times of food residues were lower in the kangaroos, and dietary nitrogen was retained to the same or a slightly lesser extent than in the sheep. The kangaroos maintained weight on the poor quality diet and appeared to be even better adapted to utilize this type of roughage than the sheep.