Utilization Of Production Factors Research Articles

Optimization Of The Use Of Input In Turmeric Farming In Ibru Village, Mestong District, Muaro District, Jambi

This research was conducted in Ibru Village, Mestong District, Muaro Jambi Regency, focusing on turmeric farmers as respondents. The study aimed to achieve three primary objectives: (1) to analyze the production function associated with turmeric farming, (2) to evaluate the level of optimization and economic efficiency in the utilization of production factors, and (3) to determine the optimal use of production inputs in turmeric cultivation. A census approach was employed, encompassing all 26 turmeric farmers in Ibru Village as the study’s respondents. The methodological framework utilized the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis, followed by optimization calculations to assess economic efficiency. The results of the study indicated several key findings: (1) land and labor inputs were found to significantly impact the increase in turmeric production per hectare annually, while the inputs of seeds and compost fertilizers did not show a significant effect on production levels; (2) the current use of land and labor in turmeric farming was identified as economically inefficient; and (3) optimization analysis suggested that there is potential for expanding turmeric farming to 1,925 hectares, with a corresponding increase in labor utilization to 31,213 labor days (HOK). These findings provide valuable insights into the efficiency of production practices in turmeric farming and offer guidance for potential improvements and expansion in the sector.

Total Factor Productivity in China's Manufacturing Sector in the Aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis

AbstractThis paper improves the estimation of firm‐level total factor productivity (TFP) by considering energy use and including small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises using data from the Chinese National Tax Survey Database (2008–2011). It analyzes the production efficiency of Chinese manufacturing firms using the improved TFP data and finds that (i) the TFP data frequently used in previous studies overestimated firms' real production efficiency; (ii) the TFP of manufacturing firms decreased from 2008 to 2011 due to declines in both technical efficiency and allocation efficiency; (iii) the lower capacity utilization of production factors led to lower technical efficiency; and (iv) allocation efficiency decreased more in provinces and industries with higher shares of state‐owned enterprises. The findings have policy implications for enhancing growth potential in the long run.

Analysis of Strategy for Local Beef Cattle Competitiveness Development in North Sulawesi

Local beef cattle (Ongole Crossbreed) in North Sulawesi are still traditionally raised, making its product competitiveness is low. The purpose of this research is to describe the utilization of production factors increasing the competitiveness of livestock and meat commodities, conduct a feasibility study for its development, and formulate a strategy for developing its competitiveness. This qualitative-descriptive research is a case study model involving 160 respondents purposively selected as the sample. The analytical method was the feasibility test of investment criteria. The strategy formulation was divided into the input stage (to analyze internal and external factors), the matching stage (SWOT matrix and IE matrix), and the decision stage (with a Quantitative Strategy Planning Matrix). The findings indicate that the production factor resources were available with investment criteria requirement and strategic priority.

ANALISIS SHIFT-SHARE TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN KOTA SORONG

The growth of GDRP of Manokwari regency has a negative growth in the last few years, this shows the poor performance of the regional economy as a result of the utilization of production factors that are not optimal. This research aims to calculate and analyze the growth of economic sectors, the competitiveness of the economy and the growth profile of economic sectors in Sorong city with a proxy for GDRP from 2013 to 2018. The analysis method used is quantitative desctitive method with Shift-Share analysis approach. The research results show that positive growth in the economy of West Papua has had a positive impact on economic sectors in Sorong city. The sector that has the biggest impact from the economic growth of West Papua province is the construction sector and the smallest is the electricity and gas sector. At the provincial level, the sectors with negative growth are Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing sectors, Mining and Quarrying sectors, as well as the manufacturing sector which causes sluggish growth in the same sectors in the city of Sorong. In terms of competitiveness, only the Mining and Quarrying sector in the city of Sorong has competitiveness against the same sector in West Papua province. Only six economic sectors with progressive growth and as many as eleven economic sectors have negative growth.

Between state-led and corporation-led co-productions: how has film co-production been exploited by states in Europe

Co-production was developed by several European countries to revive their film industries and has become increasingly popular, spreading across the region and beyond. However, this scheme should be carefully examined as to whether it is truly beneficial to the film industry. In response, this paper proposes two new concepts, “corporation-led” and “state-led” co-productions by distinguishing them from the prevailing notion of “(international) co-production.” Corporation-led coproduction is to achieve the best outcome through the optimal utilization of production (or creative) factors and business activities. By contrast, state-led co-production has been used to enhance the national image and has been supported by financial incentives. As such, this type of co-production becomes a hindrance for the optimal utilization of production factors. All of these aspects can be found throughout the history of Europe’s co-production efforts. In the future, such an instrument should be redesigned in order to promote the film industry more effectively.

Ina

Efforts to increase land productivity in forest areas have been carried out through community-based forest management programs in the form of coffee planting activities under pine stands. However, the coffee productivity produced by farmers is still considered not optimal, even though farmers have allocated all factors of production in their farming processes. This study aims to determine the scale of business and optimization of the utilization of coffee farming production factors under pine stands. Data collection was conducted by interviewing 30 respondents who were selected by purposive random sampling. The data was analyzed using Cobb Douglas production function approach and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to estimate its parameters. To find out the optimal utilization of production factors, then the ratio of marginal production value (NPM) approach to production input prices is used. The results showed that the utilization of land production factors was not optimal because NPMXi/PXi = 3.237. While the seed, fertilizer, and labor factors were already inefficient with NPMXi/PXi value of -2.416, 0.066, and 0.480 respectively. Efforts to optimize income from coffee farming can still be turned out through expansion of planting areas if sufficient land is available or there is a reduction in the composition of coffee plants, the amount of fertilizer used, and the amount of excess labor.

Micro-Spatial Analysis of Maize Yield Gap Variability and Production Factors on Smallholder Farms

Site-specific land management practice taking into account variability in maize yield gaps (the difference between yields in the 90th percentiles and other yields on smallholder farmers’ fields) could improve resource use efficiency and enhance yields. However, the applicability of the practice is constrained by inability to identify patterns of resource utilization to target application of resources to more responsive fields. The study focus was to map yield gaps on smallholder fields based on identified spatial arrangements differentiated by distance from the smallholder homestead and understand field-specific utilization of production factors. This was aimed at understanding field variability based on yield gap mapping patterns in order to enhance resource use efficiency on smallholder farms. The study was done in two villages, Mukuyu and Shikomoli, with high and low agroecology regarding soil fertility in Western Kenya. Identification of spatial arrangements at 40 m, 80 m, 150 m and 300 m distance from the homestead on smallholder farms for 70 households was done. The spatial arrangements were then classified into near house, mid farm and far farm basing on distance from the homestead. For each spatial arrangement, Landsat sensors acquired via satellite imagery were processed to generate yield gap maps. The focal statistics analysis method using the neighborhoods function was then applied to generate yield gap maps at the different spatial arrangements identified above. Socio-economic, management and biophysical factors were determined, and maize yields estimated at each spatial arrangement. Heterogeneous patterns of high, average and low yield gaps were found in spatial arrangements at the 40 m and 80 m distances. Nearly homogenous patterns tending towards median yield gap values were found in spatial arrangements that were located at the 150 m and 300 m. These patterns correspondingly depicted field-specific utilization of management and socio-economic factors. Field level management practices and socio-economic factors such as application of inorganic fertilizer, high frequency of weed control, early land preparation, high proportion of hired and family labor use and allocation of large land sizes were utilized in spatial arrangements at 150 and 300 m distances. High proportions of organic fertilizer and family labor use were utilized in spatial arrangements at 40 and 80 m distances. The findings thus show that smallholder farmers preferentially manage the application of socio-economic and management factors in spatial arrangements further from the homestead compared to fields closer to the homestead which could be exacerbating maize yield gaps. Delineating management zones based on yield gap patterns at the different spatial arrangements on smallholder farms could contribute to site-specific land management and enhance yields. Investigating the value smallholder farmers attach to each spatial arrangement is further needed to enhance the spatial understanding of yield gap variation on smallholder farms.

Differentiation in the production potential and efficiency of farms in the member states of the European Union

This paper contains an evaluation of the differentiation of the production potential and efficiency of farms in the member states of the European Union in 2013–2016. To this end, a taxonomic method – Hellwig’s development measure – was used. The study was based on data from the European Union Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). The study results indicate that member states such as the Netherlands, Denmark, Luxembourg, Belgium, the United Kingdom and Slovakia were characterised by the best agricultural production potential. The first four member states also showed the highest efficiency with regard to the utilisation of production factors. On the other hand, low and average potential and efficiency were characteristic of farms in most of the new member states.

Model Pengembangan Agribisnis Ubi Kayu Untuk Mendukung Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani Di Kecamatan Pancur Batu Kabupaten Deli Serdang

This research aims to; a) identify the development of production and analyze the constraints on the development of cassava commodities in Pancur Batu District; b) discover the model of cassava agribusiness development in Pancur Batu District. The analytical methods used were descriptive qualitative method using SWOT matrix and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study show; a) The cassava marketing channel in this area is still simple, dominated by the role of agents from farmers/ producers to industries/ processing factories; b) Capital access is a major obstacle to the development of agribusiness, as 80% of respondents said; c) The production price at the low producer/ farmer level is a barrier to the development of agribusiness, which was delivered by 78% of respondents; d) 78% of respondents expressed market access and the development of business partners was a constraint in the development of cassava agribusiness; e) Availability of land is the main strength of farmers in the development of cassava agribusiness in this region as conveyed by 83% of respondents. And 75% of respondents said that the availability of labor was not enough to support the development of agribusiness in this region, in addition to the fact that human resources were available in untrained conditions. Based on the conclusion it can be suggested that the Deli Serdang Regency Government; a) conducting training and counseling to farmers, especially in the utilization of production factors to increase their farming production; b) provide market information for farmers which includes output prices and input prices including market access for farmers; c) guarantee capital access for farmers sourced from government or private financial institutions with affordable interest rates; d) create policies to ensure the stability of production prices at the producer/ farmer level; e) bridging farmers to gain market access and development of business partners.

CHANCES AND RISKS OF COMBINED PRICING

Appropriate costing creates a plausible, reliable basis for determining the bid price. One of the key requirements that applicable laws, standards, and guidelines stipulate for (structural) specifications is that works should be specified clearly, completely and objectively so as to ensure bid comparability. Furthermore, cost estimates should be possible for the specified works (excluding non-quantifiable risks). The specifying party usually requires combined pricing because works related to various structural components, construction trades, subsoil types, rebar diameters etc. that necessitate a variety of types and combinations of production factors are merged into a single item. Combined pricing occurs whenever a unit price is to be derived from different cost estimates with respect to the utilization of production factors. This means that bidders intending to develop an activity-based costing model would have to know the type of work or service, the underlying conditions for performing the work, and the associated timeframe (i.e. project start, binding milestones, project end). This paper investigates if combined pricing items meet these requirements whilst putting a particular focus on the relevance of combined pricing to construction management and economics, including construction expert opinions on the chances and risks of this approach. For this purpose, this paper primarily deals with reinforcing works.

CALCULATION OF “NORMAL” CONSTRUCTION TIME FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS WHILST CONSIDERING UNCERTAINTIES

Construction time has a major influence both on the cost-efficient execution of construction works and on the overall project outcome achieved by the client. Clients would do themselves a disservice if they specified short or extremely short construction periods for their projects. The same applies to time made available for project preparation, particularly for the design and tender stages. Any project that is poorly planned, tendered, and executed under time pressure will adversely affect actual construction work but also the building’s use and possible reuse. Cost, time and quality targets are at risk due to the resulting disruptions to the construction process. Productivity is adversely affected not only by unduly short but also exceedingly long construction times. Short or very short construction times have a major influence on the efficient and effective utilization of production factors, including elementary (workforce, materials, equipment and machinery) and discretionary factors (project manager, site manager, technicians, etc.). This paper outlines the basic correlation between construction time, labor consumption rates and productivity as well as construction cost. Furthermore, it sets out to determine the influence of construction time on costing and, consequently, on the construction process. A practical example demonstrates how normal construction time can be calculated for reinforced concrete works based on uncertain input parameters. In addition, the benefits of specifying normal construction time for clients and contractors are outlined.

Změny podnikatelského prostředí zemědělských podniků formované vývojem v agrobyznysu

Based upon analyses of the Common Agricultural Policy development and its economic tools reforming the process of changing is characterised there. It deals with the multifunctionality of agriculture as well as the influence of the CAP on environment of the production tasks of agriculture and food processing industry accomplishment. Paper generalises results of new trends of the agribusiness economic environment development and the opportunity of an effective utilization of production factors in agriculture. It deals with the sources and economic implications of partial enhancement of interest and redirection of support within framework and type of tools of agrarian policy. New quality of structure of relevant information needs and economic support for agricultural enterprises decision making process are pointed out.

A study of potential output and output gap in the Czech Republic

Analysis of economic cycle is of enormous importance for monitoring economic output and explaining price and wage inflation. It provides essential information for shaping economic and monetary policy of central authorities. Several methods are currently available to estimate potential output and output gap. In the current study, methods of Hodrick-Prescott filter and Cobb-Douglas production function were implemented to estimate potential output, which cannot be empirically observed. For the purpose of comparing the above methods, quarterly and annual time series of real GDP, labour and gross fixed capital starting in 1996 were used for estimation of the output gap. Relative contributions of labour, fixed capital formation and technology improvement factor towards growth of potential output were quantified for the studied series. The Cobb-Douglas production function appears to be superior to Hodrick-Prescott filter in providing quality estimates of potential output. Hodrick-Prescott filter allows estimation of potential output; nevertheless, it fails to identify components of cyclic behaviour of economic activity. Cobb-Douglas production function describes level of potential product assuming average utilization of production factors. A detailed analysis of components of economic growth in the observed period is provided.

Pengaruh Sumber Daya Pertanian terhadap Perkembangan Usaha Agribisnis serta Implikasinya pada Lapangan Kerja, Tingkat Kemiskinan, dan Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Petani di Kabupaten Pati, Jawa Tengah

The problems under study were: the level of poverty and household welfare of farmers in Pati Regency, Central Java and the factors of agricultural resource that influence it, namely: agricultural input, business capital aid, technology, rural infrastructure, marketing of product, agribusiness development, and employment. The development of the agribusiness sector is the economic transition process required for the improvement and sustainability of income and social welfare in an agrarian society. The fundamental problems faced by farmers in Indonesia are the lack of access to sources of capital, limited market accessibility, arable land is narrow, not yet optimal utilization of technology, agricultural productivity remains low, and farmers' organizations are still weak. Currently, the empowerment of rural communities by the Government through the PUAP and LM3 program. Not yet known how the contribution of strengthening the agricultural resources in the development of agribusiness sector, employment, poverty reduction, and improving the welfare of rural household in Pati Regency. This study used explanatory method to explain the causal relationships in the model of household welfare of farmers in rural through hypothesis testing. Data compiled in the form of cross- sectional between farmer group alliances in Pati Regency. The research model is formulated as a model of Cobb-Douglas and analyzed using linear regression through ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The findings of research were: (1) The agricultural input, business capital aid, technology, rural infrastructure and marketing of product positively affect agribusiness development, (2) The agribusiness development had positive effect on employment, (3) The agribusiness development and employment negatively affect the level of poverty, and (4) The employment positively affect household welfare of farmers, while the level of poverty had negative effect on household welfare fo farmers. Some response variables relatively elastic on the variable stimulus, while others in-elastic. Low elasticities indicated the utilization of production factors for the agribusiness development were not optimal, especially in technology, marketing of product and rural infrastructure. The agribusiness development and employment were also not enough to push the reduction of poverty and improving the household welfare of farmers as a consequence. Keywords : Household welfare of farmers, poverty, employment, agribusiness development

Potencjał produkcyjny rolnictwa i efektywność wykorzystania czynników produkcji

The aim of this study is to identify spatial differences in production potential and the achieved results of individual agricultural production in voivodships. The diversity is shown by the synthetic indicator, whose values were determined for individual voivodships with classical TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution). The index construction is based on data from the CSO Poland. In order to determine the cause-effect relationships between production potential and efficiency of utilization of production factors the investigation consisting of three stages was conducted. The first stage of the study determined the size of the synthetic indicator describing the productive potential of agriculture for each voivodship, in the second – the size of the measurer describing the efficiency of production factors was set, while the last stage of the study was to determine the condition of agriculture due to the production potential and results of production.

Disparities in the utilisation of production factors in the agriculture of Slovakia and of the European Union

The paper deals with the place of Slovak agriculture in the European Union and with the implementation of the strategy of the competitiveness growth of Slovak agrarian producers. The paper compares the disparities in the utilisation of production factors with the selected EU countries, identifies the causes of unfavourable position of Slovakia’s agriculture and also describes some impacts of crisis and disparities in utilising production factors in businesses operating under production conditions.  

Efisiensi Produksi Usaha Sapi Perah Rakyat (Studi Kasus pada Peternak Anggota Koperasi Usaha Peternakan dan Pemerahan Sapi Perah Kaliurang, Sleman, Yogyakarta) (Production Efficiency of Smallholder Dairy Cattle Farming (Case Study on The Farmer Members of

<p>The objective of the study was to investigate rationality and allocative efficiency of the utilisation of production factors in smallholder dairy farmers. The study was conducted from June to August 2009 in the region of UPP Kaliurang cooperative, Sleman, Yogyakarta. There were forty respondents of smallholder dairy farmers taken by purposive sampling method. The primary data were taken from respondents and secondary data were from related institutions. Regression function of Cobb-Douglass model was used to determine the production factor which influenced milk production. Data were analysed based on unit/farmer. Coefficient of regression was estimated with Ordinary Least Square (OLS), further analysis was conducted by allocative efficiency. The result of this study showed that forage, concentrate, land owned/farmer, labor, number of livestock and percentage of lactating cows significantly affected the milk production (R2=0.78). Partially, percentage of lactating cows and total dairy cows had positive effect (P<0.01 and P<0.1) on the milk production of each farmer, however forage and concentrates did not affect the milk production. The result of allocative efficiency test showed that input consisted of forage and concentrates in this study have not achieved efficienly. Technically, the utilisation of production factors had not been rational, it was shown by the production elasticity (Ep) >1 (1.462).</p><p>(Key words: Production of efficiency, Smallholder dairy farming, Factors of production)<br /><br /></p>

Labour Relations Quality and Productivity: An Empirical Analysis on French Firms

This analysis characterizes empirically how good labour relations can alleviate the negative impact on productivity of regulatory constraints or workforce opposition. Our evidence of good labour relations lies in the existence of binding collective agreements, at the firm or at the industry level. The estimations are based on a unique dataset collected by the Banque de France about the obstacles French firms may face in increasing their utilization of production factors. Data are an unbalanced sample of 7,441 observations, corresponding to 1,545 companies, over the period 1991-2008. Our main results may be summarized as follows: ‘workforce or union opposition’ interacted with ‘regulatory constraints’ has a negative significant impact on total factor productivity (TFP). Regulatory constraints would become really binding when workers or unions use them as a tool to oppose management’s decisions; ‘regulatory constraints’ interacted with ‘branch or firm agreement’ has a positive significant impact on TFP. These agreements, which can only be obtained if labour relations are supportive, would be used by firms to offset the negative impact of regulatory constraints. These results confirm that labour relations quality, at the branch or the firm levels, is an important factor of productive performance.

Capital Utilisation and Retirement

This empirical analysis aims at assessing the effect of the economic climate and the intensity of capital utilisation on companies' capital retirement behaviour. It is conducted using individual company data, as well as original data on the degree of utilisation of production factors. The sample includes 6,998 observations over the period 1996-2008. This database is, to our knowledge, unique for the empirical analysis of the intensity of capital utilisation on firms' capital retirement behaviour. We adjust for endogeneity biases by means of instrumental variables. The main results obtained from the estimation of capital retirement models may be summarised as follows: i) The retirement rate decreases with the variations in cyclical pressures measured by the changes in output and the workweek of capital; this relation corresponds to a countercyclical decelerator effect on capital retirement; ii) The capital retirement rate increases with the structural intensity of capital utilisation; this effect, which corresponds to a wear and tear one, is nevertheless small compared to the decelerator one; iii) The profit rate does not have a significant impact on the retirement rate. Compared with the existing literature, here mainly Mairesse and Dormont (1985), the contribution of these results is to show, through the use of unique survey data, that the effect of the intensity of capital utilisation on capital retirement is structurally positive, via a wear and tear effect, and cyclically negative, via a decelerator effect which completes that already taken into account via the effect of changes in value added.

Analisis Faktor-faktor Produksi pada Peternakan Sapi Perah Ompie Farm di Kabupaten Tanah Datar

The research purpose was analyzed the utilization of production factors in dairy cow farming in economies of scale at Ompie dairy cow farming in Tanjung Bonai village, North of Lintau Buo subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency. The samples were 18 lactating dairy cows. Data obtained through case study by observing and calculated the consumption of grass and concentrate as well as the lactating month and the cow’s weight directly, and interviewed Farm’s caretaker. Production factors estimated by using ordinary least square by using SPSS 17. Result shown, production function Y= 0,0012 H1,671K0,405M-0,187W0,119 was obtained. R Square test determination, coefficient (R2) was 0.721, which was means 71,2% of production variation can be explained through green food variable, concentrate, month of lactation, and different cows’ weight. The F test showed that overall, independent variables has significant impact on milk production (P<0,01). The t test result showed that green foods variable and month of lactation has real impacts on level of trust 99% while concentrate and cow’s weight did not have significant impact. This farm is experiencing increasing return to scale which means increasing the amount of input will generate additional output with bigger proportion. We can observe this on Σbi value of 2,076.