Utilization Of Organic Wastes Research Articles

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Pelatihan Budidaya Maggot sebagai Alternatif Pakan Ikan Lele di Desa Banyuates

Catfish farming is increasingly in demand by the community, but feed costs are one of the main challenges in catfish farming. The purpose of this community service is to improve the education and skills of catfish farmers in utilizing organic waste to be processed to replace processed feed utilizing organic waste to be processed into a substitute for feed in the form of maggots. Community service activities are carried out through socialization and training in maggot cultivation using organic waste as the main ingredient with the biological agent Black Soldier Fly. Maggots have a high protein content of 49.67%, carbohydrates contained in maggots of 0.18%, and fat content of 21.17%. The method used in this community service is Community Based Research, which is a community-based research that depends on the active participation of catfish farmers. This community service is carried out in several stages, namely delivering materials, questions and answers and discussions, the results of which lead to the utilization of organic waste and community education in producing maggots as catfish feed. This training is able to provide solutions and skills and increase community income from maggot cultivation for entrepreneurship.

Utilization of organic waste from Chinar leaves as sustainable and eco-friendly adsorbent for fluoride removal.

Due to concerns about high water fluoride concentrations and their detrimental consequences on health, particularly dental and skeletal fluorosis, dependable and cost-effective defluoridation techniques are needed. Chinar leaves (Platanus orientalis), a common waste, might be utilized for the production of activated carbon. For Chinar leaf activated carbon (CLAC) manufacturing, two pre-pyrolysis chemical modification procedures were used: acidic HCl (H-activation) and alkaline NaOH (OH-activation). The success of fluoride removal suggests further research and implementation in locations with fluoride-related water quality issues. This study examines how CLAC dosage, fluoride concentration, temperature, pH, and contact exposure effect defluoridation efficiency. The pseudo-second-order non-linear kinetic model and Freundlich non-linear isotherm model with R2 = 0.99 fit the data, resulting in a peak adsorption capacity of 30.3mg/g for 0.3g CLAC. In the present work, the adsorption mechanism was regulated by more than intraparticle diffusion. Adsorption occurred spontaneously as exothermic monolayer chemisorption, according to thermodynamic studies. Adsorbent activated with HCl (H-activated) showed promising results, with 73% F- removal efficiency for OH-activated and 91% for H-activated CLAC.

Biochar confers significant microbial resistance to ammonia toxicity in n-caproic acid production

Microbial chain elongation integrating innovative bioconversion technologies with organic waste utilization can transition current energy-intensive n-caproic acid production to sustainable circular bioeconomy systems. However, ammonia-rich waste streams, despite their suitability, pose inhibitory challenges to these bioconversion processes. Herein, biochar was employed as an additive to enhance the activity of chain elongating microbes under ammonia inhibition conditions, with an objective to detail underlying mechanisms of improvements. Biochar addition significantly improved chain elongation performance even under severe ammonia stress (exceeding 8 g N/L), increasing n-caproic acid yields by 40 % to 158 % and reducing lag times by 51 % to 90 %, compared with the best-performing group without biochar addition. The material contribution to n-caproic production reached up to 94.3 % (at 4 g N/L). These enhancements were mainly attributed to the new electron syntrophy induced by biochar, which improved electron transfer system activity and electrical conductivity of the fermentation system. This is further substantiated by increased relative abundances of the genus Sporanaerobacter, electroactive bacteria, and up-regulated direct electron transfer-related genes including conductive pili and c-type cytochrome. This study demonstrates that biochar can confer robust resilience to ammonia toxicity in functional microbes, paving a way for efficient and sustainable n-caproic acid production.

Process Modelling of Integrated Bioethanol and Biogas Production from Organic Municipal Waste

One of the key guidelines in the European waste management policy is the diversion of waste from landfills, preventing harmful effects on human health and the environment and ensuring that economically valuable waste materials are efficiently recycled and reused through proper management. The organic fraction of municipal waste is abundant and contains biodegradable ingredients such lignocellulose, starch, lipids, pectin, and proteins, making it suitable for biotechnological production. Taking into account that a large amount of organic waste is disposed of in landfills, within this work, the amount of organic waste disposed of in the landfill in Banja Luka was considered. Four simulation model scenarios of the integrated production of bioethanol and biogas are generated, and their process and economic aspects are discussed. In the first two modelled scenarios, the pretreatment conditions (1% sulfuric acid and a different neutralization agent) were varied, while in the other two, the share of the amount of raw material used for the production of bioethanol, i.e., biogas, was varied (split factor: 10–90%). The modelled plant, with a designed capacity of 6 tons/h of organic waste, is a significant bioethanol producer, generating 5,000,000 L/year. The profitability indicators, when examined, revealed that dedicating a portion of the organic municipal waste input exclusively to biogas production leads to decreased process efficiency. Based on the modeled process parameters, ethanol’s minimum feasible selling price is $0.6616 per liter, while regarding the composition of organic municipal waste, carbohydrates have the most significant impact on the viability of the process. The developed model represents an excellent basis for further development of this integrated bioprocess in such a way that it can be modified with new process parameters or economic or ecological indicators and used at all levels of bioprocess design. Additionally, the obtained sustainable integrated bioethanol and biogas production plant models could support forthcoming steps in municipal waste management by providing reliable data on the conditions under which the integrated process of bioethanol and biogas production would take place, as well as the technical feasibility and economic profitability of such organic municipal waste utilization.

Development of fishbone powder and carbon-jute fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester based novel green composites: investigation of tensile, impact strength, and morphology microstructure

In the last decade, hybrid composites have been the subject of significant advancements and study. This fast expansion necessitated the development of lightweight composite material with enhanced mechanical strength. In the past few years, the utilization of organic wastes from the food industry, like powder from cow bone, pig bone, and fishbone, has substantially improved the mechanical characteristics of composite materials. Owing to the increasing growth of the meat-based fisheries industry, fish bones are readily available. These bones are often thrown, causing environmental damage. Hence, a sustainable and unique hybrid composite was created employing fish bone powder (FBP) as filler in carbon/jute fibers reinforced polyester matrix. The hybrid composite was compression-molded. FTIR, SEM, and EDS studies were used to characterize the composite. The ASTM standard was used as a reference to explore the mechanical strength (tensile and impact). Additionally explored are the effects of alkali treatment of jute fiber on the above-mentioned processes. It was revealed that the inclusion of FBP and alkali treatment enhanced the mechanical characteristics of the composite. Fishbone powder with a particle size range of 200–250 μm and a weight percentage of 10 to 15% had significant fiber attachment which resulted in improved strength. The produced green composites have proven to be a viable choice for bio-waste treatment in the food sector.

Waste as a Sustainable Source of Nutrients for Plants and Humans: A Strategy to Reduce Hidden Hunger

Worldwide, over half of all preschool-aged children and two-thirds of non-pregnant women of reproductive age suffer from hidden hunger. This situation may worsen due to the expected increase in the world population and the effects of climate change. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of the relationship between soil, plants, and humans at the nutritional level, factors that affect the availability of nutrients, and sustainable strategies to reduce hidden hunger from an organic waste utilization point of view. Nutritional deficiency in people begins with nutrient-deficient soil, followed by crops that do not meet humans’ nutritional needs. According to previous studies, most agricultural soils are deficient in nutrients; however, organic residues containing high concentrations of minerals are present in the non-edible parts that are discarded. New opportunities (based on the circular economy strategy) are opening up to take advantage of the nutrient pool of organic residues, such as the preparation of substrates (technosols) or amendments. Their incorporation into the soil may consider various circumstances to ensure the mineralization and bioavailability of nutrients for crops. Several agronomic practices and methods to monitor soil and crop nutrient depletion can be considered among the best strategies to mitigate and reduce hidden hunger through determining which foods and which parts should be ingested, and how to process them to ensure mineral bioavailability.

Utilization of Organic Waste into Environmentally Friendly Household Cleaning Agents: Eco-Enzyme

Utilization of Organic Waste into Environmentally Friendly Household Cleaning Agents: Eco-Enzyme

Development of the Optimal Logistics System for Organic Recycling

Abstract Along with the socio-economic development, the generation of solid waste in Vietnam is increasing, becoming an environmental problem. The amount of domestic solid waste generated in Vietnam is currently about 25.5 million tons/year, and is expected to increase on average by 10-15% per year due to rapid population growth, combined with the process of industrialization and urbanization. However, the collection and treatment system of solid waste is still a dilemma. Domestic solid waste management is still treated in traditional ways such as incineration and landfill, causing many harms to the environment. The Optimal Logistic System for Organic Recycling study aims to develop an IoT integrated Logistics system, called LogiOT system, to promote the circular economy model in Vietnam, and proposes a plan to combine waste segregation and utilization of domestic organic wastes as food for worm farming sites to produce organic fertilizers, will reduce CO2 emissions in greenhouse gas emission, contributing to the promotion of model development Circular economy in Vietnam helps to make the environment greener and cleaner. In addition, the logistics model is proposed to solve the problem of the collection system of waste from households, as well as the distribution of organic solid waste to worm farms and distribution of organic fertilizers to the vegetable gardens appropriately, optimizing the cost of the transportation as well as balancing the amount of organic solid waste distributed and the amount required by the garden owners and the amount of solid waste discharged.

秸秆粪便斜式混配输送机螺旋-螺带组合机构设计与试验

In order to solve the problem of poor mixing effect of inclined spiral conveyor, this paper designed an inclined spiral and ribbon blade combination conveying device. The mechanics and kinematics analysis of the movement process of the material unit in each mechanism was carried out, on which key devices and components were designed based. Effects of the speed of main shaft (X1), the full coefficient (X2) and the angle of inclination (X3) on the mixing uniformity (Y1) and the residual rate of material (Y2) were explored. Three-dimensional quadratic regression orthogonal rotation central combination experiment method combined with response surface method was used to conduct experiments and explore the interaction effects of influence factors on indicators. A regression model of influence factors and evaluation indicators was established through the analysis of variance. The significant factors affecting Y1 were ordered of X3, X2, X1, and the significant factors affecting Y2 were ordered of X2, X1, and X3. In the interaction of factors, X1X2 had a significant impact on Y1 and Y2; X1X3 had an extremely significant impact on Y1; X2X3 had an extremely significant effect on Y1 and a significant impact on Y2. The optimal structure and working parameters combination were determined to be 50 rpm for the speed of main shaft, 60% for the full coefficient, and 19° for the angle of inclination, while the verification experiments demonstrated that the mixing uniformity and residual rate of material corresponding to the verification test were 90.37% and 5.31%, respectively. The inclined device with combined spiral and ribbon blade developed in this study meets the design requirements for the misprocess of the fertilizer utilization of agricultural organic wastes.

Strategy for developing the utilization of organic waste as an alternative source of electricity in Indonesia

Background: Indonesia has pledged to reach its Net Zero Emission target by 2060, necessitating the shift to renewable energy sources. To achieve this, Indonesia must transition from its current reliance on fossil fuel power plants to renewable energy generators, ensuring the same or greater electricity capacity. One viable renewable energy source is organic waste. This study aims to explore strategies for developing organic waste as an alternative energy source to bolster Indonesia's energy resilience and environmental sustainability. Method: The research employs a qualitative approach, including literature reviews and qualitative descriptive analysis. Result: Waste to Energy (WtE) processes convert waste into electricity and/or heat, aiding in greenhouse gas reduction, improving waste management efficiency, and supporting sustainable development. WtE technologies can utilize both thermochemical and biochemical methods to convert waste into energy. The Indonesian government is known to have 12 projects to accelerate the installation of Waste Processing into Electrical Energy, both the Waste Power Plants that have been in operation and under construction and using gasification as the method. The development of WtE faces various challenges ranging from completeness and consistency of regulations, high tipping fees, complex cooperation mechanisms and business models, problems with the characteristics and nature of Indonesian waste that need special handling, and rejection from residents. Conclusion: Strategies that can be implemented in developing WtE in Indonesia include drafting policies and regulations, increasing public awareness, collaboration with the private sector, choosing the right technology, developing infrastructure, increasing the efficiency of waste collection, and international partnerships. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research offers concrete strategies to develop Waste to Energy (WtE) technology in Indonesia, including policy formulation, increasing public awareness, and collaboration with the private sector to utilize organic waste as a renewable energy source to support the 2060 Net Zero Emission target.

Temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils amended with sludge, compost, and manure in a Scotland pasture: An 8-year field experiment

To optimize the effective utilization of organic waste in agricultural practices, a comprehensive assessment of associated risks and benefits is crucial. This study investigated the impact of three types of organic wastes (sludge, compost, and manure) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil in a Scottish pasture. The experimental setup comprised 16 plots with four treatments (compost, manure, sludge, and inorganic fertilizer) and four replicates. After eight years of this study, notable disparities in ΣPAH16 concentrations were observed among the different treatments, with compost-amended soil at 378 μg kg−1, sludge-amended soil at 331 μg kg−1, and manure-amended soil at 223 μg kg−1. The concentrations of ΣPAH16 in soil amended with compost and sludge exhibited a linear increase with extended sampling time. Significant changes in ΣPAH16 concentration were evident in the compost treatment plot, with an increase of 20% in the first year and 82% in the eighth year. Risk assessment suggested a low level of health risk from exposure to PAHs at the measured concentrations in the three organic wastes. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of considering the effects of organic waste amendments on soil PAH levels to make informed decisions in sustainable agricultural practices. It also underscores the need for ongoing research to fully understand the implications of different organic waste applications on soil health and environmental quality.

Assessing the Evolution of Stability and Maturity in Co-Composting Sheep Manure with Green Waste Using Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties and Statistical Analyses: A Case Study of Botanique Garden in Rabat, Morocco

Organic waste utilization stands as a pivotal approach to ecological and economic sustainability. This study aimed to assess the stability, maturity, and evolution of co-composts comprising various blends of green waste (GW) and sheep manure (SM). Employing a diverse array of physico-chemical and biological parameters, we investigated the co-composting process over 120 days. Three types of garden waste (mixture of green waste (MGW), fallen leaves (FL), and grass cutting (GC)) were utilized. The results revealed significant compost transformation, evident by odor and insect absence and a shift to dark brown coloration, indicating maturation. The compost C2, derived from FL, exhibited superior soil amendment potential. Significantly, it exhibited a pH level of 6.80, an EC of 2.45 mS/cm, and an OM content of 55%, along with a C/N ratio of 16.15. Analysis of the macronutrients revealed values of 1.98% for TN, 3.22% for TP, and 0.61% for K. Crucially, the compost showed no phytotoxic effects and boasted a high GI of 94.20% and a low respiration rate of 4.02 mg/50 g, indicating its stability and appropriateness for agricultural application. Our findings underscore compost’s potential as an eco-friendly soil amendment, offering valuable insights for sustainable agricultural management and supporting the circular economy.

Utilization of Organic Waste as A Natural Detector of Formaldehyde on-Campus Snacks

The aim of this research is to reduce household organic waste through the use of organic waste as a natural detector of formaldehyde content in food snacks. The organic waste used in this study was red garlic skins, dragon fruit skins and purple sweet potato skins. This research is an experimental research. The stages of the research started with the extraction of anthocyanins from the three organic wastes, direct detection of formalin and detection of food ingredients. The formalin concentrations tested were 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 25%. Detection ability can be seen from the color change between control and formalin treatment. Garlic skin produces a red extract, dragon fruit skin produces an orange extract, and purple sweet potato skin produces a deep red extract. Test results on 20 samples of food snacks around the campus using the three organic waste extracts proved that all samples contained formaldehyde in varying concentrations. The highest 50% formalin content was found in yellow noodles and meatballs. The conclusion is that purple beetle skin, dragonfruit skin, and red garlic skin can be used as natural detectors for formalin in campus snacks.

Utilisation of Organic Waste as Bioethanol Raw Material with Variation of Yeast Concentration (Saccharomycess Cerevisiae)

Utilisation of Organic Waste as Bioethanol Raw Material with Variation of Yeast Concentration (Saccharomycess Cerevisiae)

Efficient removal of ammonia nitrogen using biochar derived from the co-fermentation residue of waste activated and orange peel waste: Linking structure properties and reaction kinetics

Elevating ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) levels pose substantial threats to both human health and ecological systems. Employing adsorption as a strategic approach for NH4+-N removal is appealing due to its operational simplicity and high efficiency. Prior studies have successfully harnessed valuable volatile fatty acids through the anaerobic co-fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) and orange peel waste (OPW). Nevertheless, the proper disposal of the resulting fermentation residue remains a critical concern. This study highlights the effectiveness of biochar derived from WAS/OPW co-fermentation residue in adsorbing NH4+-N in aquatic environments. The highest NH4+-N removal rates were attained at 9.76, 44.1, 76.0, and 97.8 % for biochar dosages of 3, 5, 8, and 10 g/L, respectively. The adsorption of NH4+-N by biochar closely aligns with the Langmuir model and exhibits compatibility with both pseudo-first and pseudo-second kinetic models. This implies a single-layer adsorption process with the simultaneous occurrence of physical and chemical adsorption. Subsequent analysis revealed that, relative to fermentation residue, biochar exhibited a more porous structure post-pyrolysis, with a specific surface area 3.43 times larger, increased pore volume, and additional mesopores. Furthermore, the biochar displayed a higher abundance of functional groups and metal oxides after pyrolysis, collectively contributing to its robust adsorption capability for NH4+-N. This research introduces a promising approach for mitigating NH4+-N pollution in aquatic environments while concurrently enhancing the resource utilization of organic solid waste.

Effects of Fly Ash on the Efficiency and Bacterial Community Structure of Urban Multi-source Organic Solid Waste

To achieve efficient resource utilization of fly ash and multi-source organic waste, a composting experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of fly ash on co-aerobic composting using kitchens, chicken manure, and sawdust (15:5:2). The effects of different application doses (5 % and 10 %, calculated in total wet weight of organic solid waste) of fly ash on physical and chemical properties, nutrient elements, and bacterial community structure during co-composting were evaluated. The results showed that the addition dose of 5 % and 10 % fly ash significantly increased the highest temperature (56.6 ℃ and 56.9 ℃) and extended the thermophilic period to nine days. Compared with that in the control, the total nutrient content of compost products in the treatments of 5 % FA and 10 % FA was increased by 4.09 % and 13.55 %, respectively. The bacterial community structure changed greatly throughout the composting, and the bacterial diversity of all treatments increased obviously. In the initial stage of composting, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum of bacteria, with a relative abundance ranging from 35.26 % to 39.40 %. In the thermophilic period, Firmicutes dominated; its relative abundance peaked at 52.46 % in the 5 % FA treatment and 67.72 % in the 10 % FA treatment. Bacillus and Thermobifida were the predominant groups in the thermophilic period of composting. The relative abundance of Bacillus and Thermobifida in the 5 % FA and 10 % FA treatments were 33.41 % and 62.89 %(Bacillus) and 33.06 % and 12.23 %(Thermobifida), respectively. The results of the redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that different physicochemical indicators had varying degrees of influence on bacteria, with organic matter, pH, available phosphorus, and available potassium being the main environmental factors influencing bacterial community structure. In summary, the addition of fly ash promoted the harmlessness and maturation of co- aerobic composting of urban multi-source organic waste, while optimizing microbial community structure and improving the quality and efficiency of composting.

PELATIHAN PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH ORGANIK MENJADI KOMPOS DI DESA GILI TIMUR, KECAMATAN KAMAL, KABUPATEN BANGKALAN

Garbage consists of materials discarded as a result of human activity in their daily lives, which do not have economic value. There are two types of waste: organic and inorganic. Organic waste is easy to decompose, while inorganic waste is more challenging to break down. Most waste can be repurposed into something useful. For instance, organic waste can be processed through composting. In this community service initiative, participants were trained in converting household waste into compost. The training took place at the Gili Timur Village Hall in Kamal District, Bangkalan, on November 27, 2022. The target audience was the residents of Gili Timur Village, particularly housewives. Various types of waste, including husks, dry leaves, household organic waste, sugar solution, water, and EM4, were used to create compost. The composter was constructed from stacked buckets, yielding both solid and liquid compost. The training and subsequent assistance had a positive impact on the East Gili housewives’ community. Participants gained an understanding of how to process organic waste into compost. By using their own compost products, they can meet their fertilizer needs without relying on chemicals. Additionally, the utilization of organic waste has helped reduce waste volume around Gili Timur Village.

Bioconversion Progresses of Organic Solid Waste

With the increasing shortage of global resources and energy, the green recycling and utilization of organic solid waste have become global research hotspots. As representatives of green and clean technologies, the application of bioconversion in organic solid waste has achieved remarkable progress. In this article, the research progress on the major biotechnologies utilized in organic solid waste in recent years is summarized, including landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, and anaerobic fermentation. Then, the achievements of bioconversion in the reduction, harmlessness, and resource utilization of different kinds of organic solid waste, such as agricultural and forestry solid organic waste, food waste, and activated sludge, are discussed. Finally, the article provides suggestions for the future development of organic solid waste.

A novel strategy for urban and rural organic waste utilization with outstanding integrated benefits: based on study in China's Taihu Lake region

Typical organic waste in urban and rural regions (TWUR) is big in volume and poor in resource utilization, and there is currently a lack of integrated evaluation studies on the optimal pattern of TWUR resource utilization. Based on a representative case study of China's circum-Taihu Lake region, this study integrated material flow, life cycle assessment and comprehensive evaluation methods to explore the optimal scenario pattern for TWUR disposal and utilization under multi-scenario settings from multiple perspectives, including cost-benefit-technology-resource depletion. The synergistic coupled aerobic fermentation scenario in Scenario S2, which has a high level of technological maturity and can maximize nutrient recycling while minimizing environmental impacts, is the optimal scenario for using TWUR, according to the results of the entropy weight-TOPSIS integrated evaluation. Following the implementation of Scenario S2, 20% of the chemical fertilizers utilized in the study region will be substituted with organic fertilizers, resulting in a $16.19 billion reduction in organic waste disposal expenses and $228.64 billion in economic benefits. Additionally, China's carbon emissions will drop by 94.316 million tons as a result. This study validates that the optimal configuration pathway to achieve TWUR resource usage is synergistic coupled aerobic fermentation, in contrast to the majority of prior studies. In addition to being a valuable reference for TWUR's resource use transition and future market planning, this environmental technology analysis will help China in achieving its carbon emission reduction targets.

Pengolahan Limbah Organik Pasar Sayur Kota Metro Sebagai Media Kultur Maggot Hermetia Illucens Melalui Pot Biokonversi Bagi Peternak Ayam Skala UMKM

This activity aims to explore the effectiveness of applying organic waste from the Vegetable Market in Metro City as a medium for Hermetia Illucens maggot culture, as well as to determine the ecological and economic impacts of the activity on small-scale poultry farmers in Metro City. The community service was conducted using the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) method. Several points were obtained from the conducted community service: first, the discovery and dream phase involved educating and socializing the potential of organic waste as a maggot cultivation asset, as well as formulating the desired targets. Second, the design and define phase aimed to formulate program activities to achieve the targets, including determining the timing, location, and necessary equipment. Third, the destiny phase included the implementation of the community service, which involved education and practical activities such as hatching maggot eggs, making larva maggot breeding boxes, sorting and fermenting organic waste, and constructing a production house. Based on the monitoring conducted, challenges were found in the form of predator attacks such as rats, chickens, and green flies on the maggot egg hatching containers. Evaluation was carried out by creating special containers equipped with lamp lighting and using netting as covers for the containers. Challenges were also found in the aspect of maggot growth, where the utilization of organic waste from the Metro City vegetable market was not sufficient to maximize growth. Therefore, evaluation was conducted by mixing organic waste from the Metro City vegetable market with household waste generated by each partner of the community service. Education and mentoring in the management of organic waste from the Metro City vegetable market have impacted the community's perspective on viewing organic waste as a valuable asset and their skills in managing waste as a medium for maggot cultivation.