Utilization Of Oil Palm Fronds Research Articles

Production of bioprotein from oil palm fronds by Aspergillus terreus strain UniMAP AA-1

Bioprotein is an alternative source that can be used to substitute the conventional protein source. In order to produce bioprotein, agricultural wastes can be utilized by microorganisms as substrates. Therefore, in this study, the utilization of oil palm fronds (OPF) as a substrate for the production of bioprotein by Aspergillus terreus strain UniMAP AA-1 through solid-state fermentation was investigated. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the production of bioprotein developed from OPF as a substrate and to optimize the physical parameters affecting bioprotein production. Solid state fermentation was carried out in conical flasks with 20 g of working volume at 30°C for 7 days. The fermentation time which produced the highest bioprotein was recorded at day 5. After that, the effects of temperature, substrate concentration and inoculum size were screened through 2-Level factorial design. Substrate concentration and temperature for the fermentation process were further optimized using Response Surface Methodology through Central Composite Design. As a result, maximum bioprotein produced was 0.7348 mg/mL at the temperature of 34.69°C, 58.06% w/v of substrate concentration and 5% v/v inoculum size. The data obtained in this study is potentially applicable in the scale-up production of bioprotein from OPF by A. terreus strain UniMAP AA-1 in the future.

Utilization of oil palm fronds for bio-oil and bio-char production using hydrothermal liquefaction technology

Hydrothermal liquefaction technology carried out on local Malaysian oil palm fronds (OPF) in a batch autoclave reactor to produce solid bio-char as well as liquid bio-oil is reported in this study. The parameters taken in consideration for study encapsulated variable reaction temperature (160–260 °C) and reaction times (20–100 min). Observations showed that the bio-oil yield percentage increased from 27.3% at 160 °C to 41.9% at 260 °C, whereas bio-char yield percentage decreased from 65.2% at 160 °C to 43.2% at 260 °C. Similarly, higher reaction time also produces higher yield bio-oil percentage and lower bio-char yield percentage. The characterization results showed that the combustion properties of bio-char and bio-oil were improved after hydrothermal liquefaction due to decrease in percentage of oxygen of bio-oil and bio-char and an increase in percentage of carbon content. The carbon percentage increased from 42.73% for OPF to 59.42% and 60.47% for bio-char and bio-oil, respectively. Whereas, the percentage of oxygen decreased from 52.51 for OPF to 36.30% and 35.61 for bio-char and bio-oil. The main chemical compounds identified in bio-oil by GC-MS were phenolic compounds and their derivatives, alcohols, ketones, and esters.

Utilization of oil palm fronds in producing activated carbon using Na2CO3 as an activator

Oil Palm Frond is a waste in palm oil plantations that have the potential to be processed into more valuable products. This possibility is because of the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in oil palm fronds. Therefore, this study aimed to utilize oil palm fronds in manufacturing of activated carbon through pyrolysis and impregnation that meets the requirements of the Industrial National Standard 06-3730-1995. The palm-fringed oil palm fronds were pyrolyzed in reactors at 150°C, 200°C, and 250°C for 60 minutes. Subsequently, the charcoal produced from the pyrolysis was smoothed with a ball mill, sieved with a size of 140 meshes, and impregnated using a Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) for 24 hours at a concentration of 0 %, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5 % (w/v). The activated carbon has 35.13% of charcoal yield, 8.6% of water content, 14.25% of ash content, 24.75% of volatile matter, 72.75% of fixed carbon, and 492.29 of iodine number. Moreover, SEM analysis indicated that activated carbon porous are coarse and distributed.

Utilization of Oil Palm Fronds Processed By Ammoniation and Fermentation on Dry Material and Organic Material Digestibility in Aceh Cattle. Under supervised

The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara in March 2015- June 2015. This study aims to determine the value of dry matter and organic matter processed leaf palm fronds fermentation and ammoniation in cattle Aceh. This study used the Latin Square Design (LSD) 4 x 4. The treatment is Po as the control (untreated), Pf = fermentation (biomol), P2 = ammoniation (urea 3%), P3 = fermentation + ammoniation.The observed variable composed of Consumption and Dry Matter (DMD) and Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD). The result showed that treatments gave not significantly different (P>0.05) on consumption of DM and OM, but gave significantly different effect on DMD and OMD (P<0.05). Average % DMD on treatments Po, PI, P2, P3 : 51.54; 56.65; 51.48; and 63.05 and average % OMD : 58.61; 63.22; 57.28; and 63.05, respectively. The conclusion from this study that utilization of oil palm fronds treated by fermentation or combination between fermentation and ammoniation can increase the dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility in Aceh cattle.

PEMANFAATAN PELEPAH DAUN SAWIT SEBAGAI PAKAN SUMBER SERAT: STRATEGI DAN RESPON PRODUKSI PADA SAPI POTONG

Feed resources from the plantation is potential to develop cattle population in Indonesia. Utilization of oil palm frond as cattle feed is very limited due to several reasons. Oil palm frond is potential as feed in terms of both quantity and quality of nutrient. Availability of oil palm frond is around 5,872 kg DM/ha/year can meet the fiber requirement for 2 animal units. Part of oil palm frond which can be used as feed include leaf, frond and whole of oil palm frond chopped or shredded. Through processing can increase the crude protein content of oil palm frond from 10.3 to 19.5% and dry matter digestibility to 53.4%. Processing also extend the storing period, so it can be used as a feed stock. Giving up to 55% of the ration dry matter resulted average daily gain in beef cattle to 0.85 kg. It is concluded that oil palm frond can be used as a feed source of fiber through the proper way and support the optimal production of cattle.Key words: cattle, oil palm frond, source of fiber.

Oil palm frond as a sustainable and promising biomass source in Malaysia: A review

As the world second largest producer and exporter of palm oil after Indonesia, Malaysia's palm oil industries generate huge amount of biomass especially after pruning or harvesting the fresh bunch. The generated oil palm biomass includes empty fruit brunch (EFB), palm kernel shell, oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm frond (OPF), palm oil mill effluent (POME), and mesocarp fiber. Among the generated oil palm biomass, OPF is by far the highest in quantity, accounting for more than 50% of the total biomass generated in the oil palm industries. Therefore, OPF appears to be a very promising source of raw materials in Malaysia. Considerable amount of researches have been carried out to investigate the nutritional value and economic viability of OPF and its suitability for reused as recycle energy, nutrients, or being transformed into value‐added end products. Thus, this article aims to present an overview on the current scenario in Malaysian's palm oil industries, covering topics on the availability and the characterization of OPF. This article also emphasizes on the superior recycling of OPF in various fields and major challenges in the utilization of OPF. Based on the findings presented, it is definitely clear that OPF has the potential to serve as sustainable and promising biomass source for Malaysia, not only to reduce the environmental problem caused by openly burnt or landfill disposal of OPF but also to generate extra revenue for the country. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1864–1874, 2017

Efficient utilization of oil palm frond for bio-based products and biorefinery

The prospect of oil palm frond (OPF) juice as fermentation feedstock was investigated by taking two bioproducts, i.e. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB) and bioethanol as example. P(3HB) was successfully produced by Cupriavidus necator NCIMB 11599 from OPF juice through fed-batch fermentation with cell dry mass and PHB content of 40 g/l and 75 wt.%, respectively. On the other hand, bioethanol fermentation from OPF juice was conducted by using Baker's yeast, with and without nitrogen source supplementation. Ethanol yield of 0.49 g/g sugars was recorded when OPF juice was supplemented with nitrogen source. Furthermore, OPF pressed fiber obtainable after pressing the OPF juice was saccharified in order to obtain more fermentable sugars from OPF petiole. Hydrolysis of OPF fiber holocellulose into sugars was very high at 95%, contributed by the low lignin content in OPF and pre-treatment by wet disc-mill. Apart from fermentation, OPF pressed fiber is also useful for bio-based plastics, ruminant feed, reinforce material for biocomposites and bio-briquettes. Efficient utilization of OPF petiole proposed herewith can be an alternative pathway to the contribution of green and sustainable biorefinery.

Assessment of Strength Properties of Biocomposite from Oil Palm Frond

Shortage of solid wood supply as the main raw material for the wood-based industries is cute problem faced by the world wide wood industry. Agricultural residues especially from oil palm plantation are abundantly and is therefore hoped to solve the above problem. In this context, this study would like to venture into the utilization of oil palm frond (OPF) as the potential agricultural residues for the manufacture of biocomposite panel. Raw material (OPF) mixed with the binder urea formaldehyde at three resin levels (8%, 10%, and 12%) to produce board of two density levels (550 kg/m3 and 650 kg/m3). The boards produced were tested for the mechanical strength (MOE & MOR) in accordance with the European Standard (EN 310). The results showed that the MOE values increased as the resin content increased for both board densities. The values are 1755.54 MPa to 2147.44 MPa for 550 kg/m3 and 2351.81 MPa to 2810.34 MPa for 650 kg/m3. Respectively, similar trend of increment was exhibited for the MOR values 12.18 MPa to 14.98 MPa for 550 kg/m3 and 16.62 MPa to 19.90 MPa for 650 kg/m3. In conclusion, the utilization of oil palm frond for the production of strong biocomposite material stands a great potential.

Effect of autohydrolysis and enzymatic treatment on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) frond fibres for xylose and xylooligosaccharides production

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the most important commercial crops for the production of palm oil, which generates 10.88 tons of oil palm fronds per hectare of plantation as a by-product. In this study, oil palm frond fibres were subjected to an autohydrolysis treatment using an autoclave, operated at 121 °C for 20-80 min, to facilitate the separation of hemicelluloses. The hemicellulose-rich solution (autohydrolysate) was subjected to further hydrolysis with 4-16 U of mixed Trichoderma viride endo-(1,4)-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) per 100 mg of autohydrolysate. Autoclaving of palm fronds at 121°C for 60 min (a severity factor of 2.40) recovered 75% of the solid residue, containing 57.9% cellulose and 18% Klason lignin, and an autohydrolysate containing 14.94% hemicellulose, with a fractionation efficiency of 49.20%. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the autohydrolysate with 8 U of endoxylanase at 40 °C for 24 h produced a solution containing 17.5% xylooligosaccharides and 25.6% xylose. The results clearly indicate the potential utilization of oil palm frond, an abundantly available lignocellulosic biomass for the production of xylose and xylooligosaccharides which can serve as functional food ingredients.

Utilization of Oil Palm Frond - Based Diets for Beef and Dairy Production in Malaysia

Oil palm fronds (OPF) are one of the main by-products of the oil palm industry in Malaysia. It contains about 38.5 % crude fibre with ME values of about 5.65 MJ/kg dry matter. OPF has great potential to be utilized as a roughage source or as a component in a complete feed for ruminant animals. This paper briefly reviews the availability of OPF in Malaysia and its importance in the local beef and dairy industry. About 26 million metric tonnes of OPF are produced on dry matter basis annually during pruning and replanting operations in the plantations. The nutritive value of OPF and studies to improve its feeding value is highlighted. The optimum level of inclusion for ruminant feeding is 30 % and improvement to intake and digestibility can be further enhanced with addition of other oil-palm by-products. Performances of beef and dairy cattle fed fresh OPF or as silage, pellets and cubes are shown. Good quality OPF silage can be produced without using any additive and the significant improvement on the rate of growth and milk yield were shown. With good formulations, OPF based diets can allow live weight gains of between 600-850 g/day and for local crossbred dairy animals, milk yield of about 11.1 to 20.3 liter/day can be obtained. Pellet based on ground OPF seemed to be less well utilized for ruminant feeding due to its smaller particle size. OPF based cubes which have longer particle size is more suitable for beef and dairy cattle. Long-term feeding of OPF based feeds have been shown to produce good quality carcasses, and the meat is safe for consumption.