Utilization Of Meal Research Articles

An investigation into the performance and perikinetics of Brassica nigra meal in the treatment of real vegetable oil refinery condensate effluent.

In this study, the treatment of vegetable oil refinery plant condensate effluent (VORCE) having high total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) generated from acid oil unit was focused. The utilization of waste Brassica nigra meal (BNM) as protein flocculant in treating VORCE was explored. The B. nigra meal flocculant (BNMF) exhibited a crystalline nature, with the presence of amino and carboxyl functional groups, rendering it highly efficient (89.69% efficiency) in floc formation. Zeta potential and particle size (-5.6mV and 240.68 nm, respectively) indicate BNMF's effectiveness in initiating floc formation. The interactive effects of pH, dosage, settling time on COD, and TSS removal were investigated using the Box-Behnken design. At an optimal pH of 6.9 and BNMF dosage of 0.77 g/L, a maximum removal of 85.38% COD and 72.56% TSS was obtained. The perikinetic theory for the coagulation-flocculation followed a second-order rate reaction with high Kc (0.0001 L/mg min), low settling time (37.04 min), and high collision efficiency (2.703 × 1017), indicating the model's significance in achieving maximum COD and TSS removal. These findings highlight the potential use of BNMF in the treatment of VORCE, leading to circular economy by valorizing waste from mustard oil extraction and zero discharge. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Valorization of waste Brassica nigra meal (BNM) as a potent protein flocculant Optimization for vegetable oil refinery condensate effluent (VORCE) treatment was done. Interactive effects of the process parameters were analyzed using Design expert. Perikinetic theory for VORCE treatment follows second-order reaction rate with high Kc.

Walnut peptide relieves hypertension and associated kidney and heart injury by regulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and intestinal microbiota.

Hypertension is a chronic disease with high morbidity and mortality. Previously, we screened a walnut meal peptide FDWLR (PEP) with significant angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity. The present study further investigated the anti-hypertensive effects of PEP in vivo using spontaneously hypertensive rats. The results indicated that PEP reduced blood pressure and the indices in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (decreased by 15.36%), angiotensin II (Ang II) (decreased by 31.56%), angiotensinogen (AGT) (decreased by 58.84%) and aldosterone (ALD) (decreased by 18.27%), whereas NO levels increased by 54.96%. The pathological analysis showed that PEP relieved cardiac and renal damage. PEP also alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in the heart and kidney. Mechanistically, PEP mitigated cardiac and renal damage by simultaneously regulating ACE-Ang II-AT1R and the ACE2-Ang (1-7)-MAS axis. Additionally, PEP increased the levels of short chain fatty acids by 224.16% and improved gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of Prevotella, Phascolarctobacterium, Clostridium_sensu_stricto and Bifidobacterium, at the same time as decreasing Bacteroides and Alistipes abundances. This study indicated that PEP prevented hypertension and associated heart and kidney damage by modulating the RAAS system and gut microbiota, which is valuable in guiding future development and optimal utilization of walnut meal. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparison of Pediococcus pentosaceus YC64-fermented soybean meal and raw soybean meal in diets for Nile tilapia: Growth performance, feed utilization, and intestine health

Fermentation is a promising approach for improving the utilization of soybean meal (SM) by aquaculture fish, and the strain is the core of microbial fermentation processes. Herein, Pediococcus pentosaceus YC64, an autochthonous probiotic isolated from the intestine of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), was applied to the fermentation of raw SM. In an eight-week feeding trial, tilapia juveniles were divided into two treatments fed on diets with 0 % (Control) and 100 % of SM protein replaced by fermented SM (FSM). Results showed that solid-state fermentation improved SM quality indicated by increased acid-soluble protein contents. Fish fed the FSM diet had significantly higher weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency compared to those fed the SM diet. Furthermore, whole-body protein content significantly increased in the FSM-fed fish, accompanied with the increased amino acid transport and reduced protein catabolism. Texture profile analysis indicated that fish fed the FSM diet had reduced muscle hardness compared with the control, which was associated with changes in collagen deposition and myofiber development. Moreover, feeding an FSM diet enhanced goblet cell proliferation and stimulated mucin secretion, ultimately leading to improved intestinal tight junctions and reduced inflammatory response. Besides, the FSM diet feeding altered intestinal microbiota community, characterized by increased abundance of Pediococcus. Overall, P. pentosaceus YC64 exhibits promise as a fermentation strain in the production of FSM. The FSM performed better than SM in improving the growth performance, feed utilization, and intestine health of Nile tilapia.

Glycated walnut meal peptide‑calcium chelates (COS-MMGGED-Ca): Preparation, characterization, and calcium absorption-promoting

This study isolated a novel peptide MMGGED with strong calcium-binding capacity from defatted walnut meal and synthesized a novel peptide‑calcium chelate COS-MMGGED-Ca with high stability via glycation. Structural characterization and computer simulation identified binding sites, while in vitro digestion stability and calcium transport experiments explored the chelate's properties. Results showed that after glycation, COS-MMGGED bound Ca2+ with 88.75 ± 1.75 %, mainly via aspartic and glutamic acids. COS-MMGGED-Ca released Ca2+ steadily (60.27 %), with thermal denaturation temperature increased by 18 °C and 37 °C compared to MMGGED-Ca, indicating good processing performance. Furthermore, COS-MMGGED significantly enhanced Ca2+ transport across Caco-2 monolayers, 1.13-fold and 1.62-fold higher than CaCl2 and MMGGED, respectively, at 240 h. These findings prove glycation enhances structural properties, stability, calcium loading, and transport of peptide‑calcium chelates, providing a scientific basis for developing novel efficient calcium supplements and high-value utilization of walnut meal.

Effects of full-fat high-oleic soybean meal in layer diets on performance, egg quality and chemical composition

The utilization of full-fat high-oleic soybean meal in layer diets could lead to value-added poultry products. To test this idea, 336 hens were randomly assigned to 4 isonitrogenous (18.5% CP) and isocaloric (2,927 kcal/kg) formulated diets and fed the following diets for eight weeks: conventional control solvent-extracted defatted soybean meal (CON); extruded-expelled defatted soybean meal (EENO); full fat normal-oleic soybean meal (FFNO); or full fat high-oleic soybean meal (FFHO). Body weights (BW) were collected at week 0 and week 8. Eggs were collected daily, and the totals counted each week. Feed consumption was measured weekly, and egg quality was measured bi-weekly. Eggs were collected at wk 0 and wk 8 for fatty acid analysis. There were no significant treatment differences in any of the production parameters measured, BW, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio or egg production (P > 0.05). Eggshell strength was significantly greater in eggs produced from the EENO group as compared to the control (P < 0.01), while egg yolk color was significantly darker in eggs of the control and EENO treatment groups relative to the FFNO and FFHO treatments (P < 0.0001). Eggs produced by hens fed the FFHO diet had a 52% increase in monounsaturated n-9 oleic acid content (P < 0.0001) and reduced palmitic (P < 0.01) and stearic (P < 0.0001) saturated fatty acid levels as compared to the conventional controls. These results validate the utilization of FFHO as a value-added poultry feed ingredient to enrich the eggs and/or poultry meat produced.

A Review on Chicken Feather Flour Potential for Fish Feed

The escalating demand for chicken meat over the years has led to a corresponding increase in waste generation, particularly chicken feathers. While efforts such as making dusters and cocks have been undertaken to address this issue, they have yielded limited success in effectively managing chicken feather waste. Given the significant levels of nutrients, including protein and amino acids, present in this waste, it holds immense potential as a raw material for fish feed. However, the utilization of chicken feather waste remains relatively uncommon due to the challenging digestibility of its large crude protein structure, primarily composed of keratin protein. Thus, preprocessing is essential to degrade the keratin within chicken feathers, rendering it digestible for fish. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential utilization of chicken feather meal in aquaculture, particularly in fish feed formulations, by exploring its nutritional value and various processing methods to enhance the quality of this raw material.

Utilization of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a protein source in diets for Cirrhinus mrigala: effects on growth, body composition, and hematology

IntroductionIn the current study, Cirrhinus mrigala was used as an animal model to investigate the impacts of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on their overall performance reared in six earthen ponds.MethodsIn this study, fishmeal (FM) was substituted with MOLM at various levels in the diet: 0% (control), 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%, for a six-month feeding trial. A total of 270 fish with 15 fingerlings (15.31 ± 0.12 g/fish) stocked in each of the six earthen ponds in triplicates.ResultsWhen compared to other experimental and control groups, analyses revealed that fish given a diet having 10% MOLM had the highest growth performance (final weight: 422.32 g, weight gain: 406.97 g). Fingerlings fed a diet which substituted with 10% of FM with MOLM showed the greatest results for body composition (crude protein: 19.31%; crude fat: 3.01%). The results of hematology, i.e., WBCs: 7.65 × 103 mm−3, PLT: 58.38, hemoglobin level: 8.52 g 100 mL−1, PCV: 25.12%, MCHC: 30.45%, MCH: 48.81 pg., MCV: 159.50 fl, also showed that 10% MOLM was the optimum level for FM substitution. Furthermore, the outcomes of body mineralization (P, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Mg, Zn, K, and Cu, 1.06, 0.92%, 5.53 mg/g, 9.90 ug/g, 54.62 ug/g, 3.09%, 3.81 ug/g, 8.31%, and 3.76 ug/g respectively) also indicated that 10% level was the best.ConclusionConclusively, the current study found that substituting 10% of FM with MOLM in the diet of C. mrigala fingerlings improved growth performance, carcass, hematology, and mineral status.

Electron beam irradiation treatment driven structure-function relationships of walnut meal proteins and hydrolysates

Despite the growth of the walnut industry, the high-value utilization of walnut meal, which is rich in high-quality protein, has not kept pace. Electron beam irradiation (EBI) is a non-heat processing technology utilized to improve the physicochemical properties of protein. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which EBI treatment influences the structure-function relationships of walnut meal proteins (WMP) and hydrolysates (WMPHs). The results showed that EBI treatment increased the hydrolysis degree of hydrolysis, surface hydrophobicity, content of sulfhydryl groups, and thermal stability of WMP and WMPHs, while exhibiting no significant difference in their amino acid composition and molecular weight. Ultraviolet (UV) analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CD spectra, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that EBI treatment modified the molecular structures of WMP and WMPHs by disrupting secondary structure, tertiary structure, and surface morphology. Additionally, EBI treatment significantly enhanced the foaming capacity (by 9.9% and 51.5%, respectively), emulsion activity (by 96.4% and 102.3%, respectively), ABTS (by 16.8% and 27.7%, respectively), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (by 118.2% and 326.2%, respectively) of WMP and WMPHs. Particularly, the EBI-treated WMP and WMPHs samples at 25 kGy demonstrate superior functional properties in various aspects. Correlation analysis revealed a strong direct relationship between the structural and functional properties of EBI-treated WMP and WMPHs. In conclusion, EBI represents a viable option for improving the functional properties of proteins and hydrolysates, thereby expanding the potential applications of walnut meal protein.

Improving Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Utilization with Sodium Butyrate in Nile Tilapia Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histology, Antioxidative Response, and Blood Biomarkers

Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal was introduced to aquafeed as a suitable protein source to replace fish meal (FM) and soybean meal and, thereby, consistent aquaculture production. However, mealworms should be added at adequate levels due to the presence of antinutritional factors such as chitin. Consequently, sodium butyrate (SB) is suggested to improve feed quality and ensure aquatic animals’ productivity and welfare. In this study, parallel with the protein source (T. molitor meal or FM), dietary supplementation of SB (1 g/kg) is involved as a factor in the 2 × 2 factorial study. The first and the second diets were formulated using FM as a protein source with or without SB, while the third and fourth diets were prepared by replacing FM with T. molitor meal with or without SB supplementation. After 60 days, fish fed with FM or T. molitor and SB showed improved final body weight and weight gain, while those fed with T. molitor without SB had a reduced protein efficiency ratio. Histological analysis revealed that dietary SB improved intestinal histological features by increasing the height and branching of intestinal villi and immune cell infiltration near intestinal crypts in Nile tilapia-fed FM or T. molitor. Furthermore, fish-fed FM or T. molitor and SB had higher Hb, red blood cells, PCV, total protein, and globulin levels than fish-fed respective test diets without SB supplementation. Dietary SB addition to FM or T. molitor-based diets also significantly enhanced blood lysozyme and phagocytic activities, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced MDA levels. Our results demonstrate that T. molitor meal can replace FM without compromising Nile tilapia’s growth performance and health status. Additionally, SB supplementation improved T. molitor meal utilization by Nile tilapia, thereby significantly enhancing the growth, digestion capacity, intestinal histological features, and antioxidative and immune responses. Consequently, dietary T. molitor meal reduces the reliance on FM and improves the sustainability and efficiency of Nile tilapia production.

Food Security and Diet Quality Improvements among At-Risk, Low-Income, Older Adults following a Free Meal Pilot Program.

Older adults are at a greater risk for food insecurity compared to the general population. This study aimed to describe changes in diet quality and food insecurity following a free meal program at low-income, older adult housing complexes. Study participants were recruited from two low-income older adult public housing complexes in Kentucky. Fifty participants were enrolled and received 1-4 free weekly meals across 3 months as part of the Meals on Wings pilot program. Surveys and a 24 h dietary recall were completed at baseline and 3 months. Participants were predominately female, 69 years of age, and Black or African American race. Food security status (FSS) and dietary quality through the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) were assessed as primary measures. Participants were placed in "at-risk" categories of the (1a) lower quartile of the HEI and (1b) lower than 51% HEI, or (2) "low" or "very low" food security status based on the USDA Household Food Security Screener (FSS). Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were conducted for HEI and FSS scores to include time, group, time*group interaction, and control of meal utilization percentage (i.e., dose). The MLR for the HEI quartile had a significant time by quartile interaction that was present for an increase in the HEI in Q1 (n = 12; 32.42 ± 5.95% to n = 6; 46.10 ± 10.62%; p < 0.0001) and a decrease in the HEI for Q4 (n = 12; 70.68 ± 7.13% to n = 9; 52.36 ± 11.57%; p < 0.0001). For those low food security participants (n = 24; 48.0%), the average food insecurity score from the 6-item USDA screener improved from 4.09 ± 1.62 at baseline to 2.63 ± 2.41 at 3 months (p = 0.0064). The MLR for the FSS had a significant group*time interaction (p = 0.0071). In our population, particularly those vulnerable with lowest dietary quality and food insecurity status, we did see improvements across the free meal pilot program. However, a small sample, limited generalizability, and limited data collection measures urge caution when using these results to extrapolate for the general population. However, the current results are promising and should encourage further investigation of the effects of meal assistance programs on the health and well-being of older adults.

Evaluating the mechanism of soybean meal protein for boosting the laccase-catalyzed of thymol onto lignosulfonate via restraining non-specific adsorption

The control of laccase-catalyzed efficiency often relies on the utilization of modifying enzyme molecules and shielding agents. However, their elevated costs or carcinogenicity led to the inability for large-scale application. To address this concern, we found that a low-cost protein from soybean meal can reduce lignin's ineffective adsorption onto enzymes for improving the efficiency of thymol grafting to lignosulfonate. The results demonstrated that by adding 0.5 mg/mL of additional soybean meal protein, the thymol reaction ratio of the modified lignosulfonate (L-0.5 S) significantly boosted from 18.1 % to 35.0 %, with the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the L-0.5 S against Aspergillus niger dramatically improved from 12.5 mg/mL to 3.1 mg/mL. Multiple characterization methods were employed to better understand the benefit of the modification under the addition of the soybean meal protein. The CO and R1-O group content increased from 20.5 % to 37.8 % and from 65.1 % to 75.5 %, respectively. The proposed potential reaction mechanism was further substantiated by the physicochemical properties. The incorporation of soybean meal effectively mitigated the non-specific adsorption of lignosulfonate, resulting in a reduction of the surface area of lignin from 235.0 to 139.2 m2/g. The utilization of soybean meal as a cost-effective and efficient shielding agent significantly enhanced the efficiency of subsequent enzyme catalysis. Consequently, the application of soybean meal in commercial enzyme catalysis holds considerable appeal and amplifies the relevance of this study in preservative industries.

Effect of Azolla pinnata meal on growth, immunity, faecal E. coli, antioxidant capacity and gut histomorphology in Japanese quails

ABSTRACT Amidst increasing concerns regarding the incorporation of non-traditional protein sources in poultry diets as replacements for protein sources vital for human consumption, such as soybean meal, the utilization of Azolla leaf meal has garnered significant attention and popularity. The experiment commenced with 192 Japanese quail chicks (one day old), originated from a single hatch. Each chick was individually weighed and then randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, namely control, supplementation of Azolla at the rate of 20 g/kg (Azolla 20), 40 g/kg (Azolla 40), and 60 g/kg (Azolla 60). Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and dressing percentage were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Azolla 40 and Azolla 60 compared to the control. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was found in antibody titre against New Castle disease virus, maleanodialdehyde (MDA) and faecal E. coli excretion. Further, villus height, crypt depth and ratio between them improved significantly (P < 0.05) in Azolla 60 compared to the control. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated a favourable impact of incorporating Azolla meal into the Japanese quail diet, leading to improved growth rates attributed to its positive influence on intestinal morphology. However, no significant effects were observed on immune response, lipid peroxidation, or faecal E. coli levels.

EFFECT OF FEEDING A PEAT FEED ADDITIVE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS

Abstract. Poultry farming represents a significant sector of agriculture, playing a crucial role in ensuring high-quality produce while efficiently utilizing feed resources. The industrial development of this sector aims to achieve high yields in egg and meat production through the utilization of high-productivity poultry hybrids. The success of this approach largely depends on providing poultry with optimal feed rations that consider their physiological needs and biological characteristics. Adequate feeding plays a crucial role in achieving maximum productivity and product quality. Therefore, the development and implementation of scientifically-based approaches to poultry feeding are important strategic tasks for further poultry farming development. In this research, the influence of adding peat to the diet on the productivity and quality of eggs from laying hens was studied. The experiment was conducted on an industrial poultry farm with Hy-Line Brown W-36 laying hens. Our study has revealed that the use of a peat-based feed additive in the diet of laying hens has a positive impact on various productivity aspects, such as poultry live weight, viability, and egg-laying frequency. The application of peat-based feed meal, ranging from 0.5 to 1.25 kg per ton of feed for laying hens, resulted in increased egg mass compared to the control group: egg mass in Experimental Group 1 increased by 2.60%, in Experimental Group 2 by 2.90%, in Experimental Group 3 by 3.18%, and in Experimental Group 4 by 1.41% (P≤0.95). Thus, the utilization of peat-based feed meal demonstrated a positive impact on poultry live weight, viability, egg mass, and overall egg production yield.

Color quality improvement of Cherax quadricarinatus with dragon fruit peel meal utilization

This study aims to determine the effect of dragon fruit peel meal utilization in the diet to improving the color quality of freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). This research was done from May to June 2022 at the Lampung State Polytechnic Fisheries Laboratory. The test animals used were freshwater crayfish with an average weight of 6.7 – 6.8 g/crayfish and a stocking density of 7 crayfish/aquarium. Feeding with a feeding rate of 3% twice a day. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments were A = commercial feed (control), B = 5% dose, C = 10% dose, D = 15% dose, E = 20% dose. The parameters observed in this study were an increase in color quality and water quality. The results of this study indicate that the difference in the dose of red dragon fruit peel meal in the diets can have a significant effect on the color brightness of freshwater crayfish (86.01 in claws and 87.59 in Chepalotorax to teslon). The conclusion of this research is that supplementation of red dragon fruit peel meal mainly at a dose of 10% in the feed can improve the color quality of freshwater crayfish from brown to bluish color.Keywords:Dragon fruit peel meal UtilizationDietColor qualityCherax quadricarinatus

Research Advances in the High-Value Utilization of Peanut Meal Resources and Its Hydrolysates: A Review.

Peanut meal (PM) is a by-product of extracting oil from peanut kernels. Although peanut meal contains protein, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and small amounts of polyphenols and fiber, it has long been used as a feed in the poultry and livestock industries due to its coarse texture and unpleasant taste. It is less commonly utilized in the food processing industry. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research conducted on the deep processing of by-products from oil crops, resulting in the high-value processing and utilization of by-products from various oil crops. These include peanut meal, which undergoes treatments such as enzymatic hydrolysis in industries like food, chemical, and aquaculture. The proteins, lipids, polyphenols, fibers, and other components present in these by-products and hydrolysates can be incorporated into products for further utilization. This review focuses on the research progress in various fields, such as the food processing, breeding, and industrial fields, regarding the high-value utilization of peanut meal and its hydrolysates. The aim is to provide valuable insights and strategies for maximizing the utilization of peanut meal resources.

Extraction of protein from sesame meal: Impact of deep eutectic solvents on protein structure and functionality

There is an increasing need for sustainable sources of dietary protein. Sesame meal is a protein-rich waste from the industrial production of sesame oil. It could help meet this need if high quality protein could be extracted from the meal in an environmentally friendly way. The traditional alkali-soluble acid precipitation extraction process produces proteins with poor functionality and harmful to the environment. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a novel, sustainable approach to protein extraction. In this study, four DES systems (choline chloride-glycerol, choline chloride-ethylene glycol, choline chloride-oxalic acid, and choline chloride-glycolic acid) were designed and tested in 3 M ratios (10 sample solutions). Extracted proteins were compared with protein extracted by traditional alkali-soluble acid precipitation in terms of structure and function. The choline chloride-ethylene glycol system extracted protein with a purity of 93.3%. The choline chloride-oxalic acid system performed well in terms of solubility, emulsification, foaming and thermal stability. These results indicate that deep eutectic solvents can effectively extract sesame protein with characteristics appropriate for use in the food industry. This research lays the groundwork for high-value utilization of sesame meal, which is currently discarded as waste.

Utilization of Meat and Bone Meal for Yeast Fermentation to Produce Astaxanthin

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a product of the rendering industry, which is looking for high-value applications of rendered animal proteins (RAP). The objective of this research was to utilize MBM as a nitrogen source to produce astaxanthin (AX) by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and quantify the bioavailability of MBM as a potential substitution of commercial nitrogen sources (i.e., yeast extract and peptone). To conduct yeast fermentation under the optimal glucose loading, the C/N ratio was optimized to achieve maximum AX content. MBM was hydrolyzed by using proteinase and alkaline (Ca(OH)2) for 4, 8, and 16 h with different enzyme and alkaline loadings to produce MBM hydrolysates (MBMHs). The MBMHs were directly fermented by X. dendrorhous under the optimum glucose concentration. Experimentally, the optimum medium contained 40 g/L glucose, 5 g/L peptone, and 3 g/L yeast extract, where AX content of 3.69 mg/g dry cell mass was achieved. MBMHs were used by X. dendrorhous as a nitrogen source, while fermentation with lyophilized MBMHs was generated using proteinase K. This resulted in a maximum AX content of 1.58 mg/g dry cell mass. This research exhibits the feasibility of using MBM as a nitrogen source to produce AX with X. dendrorhous.

Byproducts of Sesame Oil Extraction: Composition, Function, and Comprehensive Utilization.

Sesame is principally used to generate oil, which is produced by chemical refining or pressing. Sesame meal, as a main byproduct of sesame oil extraction, is usually discarded, causing resource waste and economic loss. Sesame meal is rich in sesame protein and three types of sesame lignans (sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol). Sesame protein extracted via a physical method and an enzymic method has balanced amino acid composition and is an important protein source, and thus it is often added to animal feed and used as a human dietary supplement. Extracted sesame lignan exhibits multiple biological activities such as antihypertensive, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering activities, and therefore it is used to improve the oxidative stability of oils. This review summarizes the extraction methods, functional activities, and comprehensive utilization of four active substances (sesame protein, sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol) in sesame meal with the aim to provide theoretical guidance for the maximum utilization of sesame meal.

Insect Meal as an Alternative to Protein Concentrates in Poultry Nutrition with Future Perspectives (An Updated Review)

In recent years, interest has grown among poultry nutritionists in using alternative protein sources, such as insect meal, to meet the protein requirements of poultry due to sustainability concerns surrounding traditional protein sources such as soybean and fish meal. Insect meal can be produced from different insects, including black soldier fly, mealworms, and house crickets, and its nutrient composition varies depending on the insect species, the substrate they are reared on, and the production method. This review article provides an updated overview of insect meal as a new form of protein concentrate in poultry diets, including its nutritional value, advantages, challenges, and future prospects. Insect meal has been shown to be a rich source of protein, amino acids (lysine, methionine), and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, zinc), with a high digestibility rate, making it a valuable feed ingredient for poultry production. Additionally, using insect meal in poultry feed could reduce the cost of production and the environmental impact on the industry. Furthermore, the use of insect meal has the potential to improve the growth performance and meat quality of poultry species. However, several challenges related to large-scale insect production, legal regulatory frameworks, and consumer acceptance need to be addressed. Future research and development could help overcome these challenges and increase the adoption of insects as a potential source of protein in poultry feed. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of insects as a potential source of protein for poultry nutrition and highlights the possible perspectives of insect meal to contribute to a more sustainable and efficient poultry production system. While challenges remain, the utilization of insect meal in poultry feed has the capability to enhance the sustainability and efficiency in the poultry industry. Hence, insect meal emerges as a highly encouraging protein alternative, offering sustainable prospects for its utilization within the poultry sector. However, advancements in insect production technology and efficiency have the potential to raise the production scale while lowering prices, making insect meals more affordable compared to conventional protein sources. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it is recommended to further explore the practical implementation of insect meal as a reliable and efficient means of supplying protein in poultry nutrition.

COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FED COMMERCIAL DIETS AND MAGGOT MEAL IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEM

This study evaluated the comparative development of juvenile catfish (C.gariepinus) fed commercial diets (Skretting and Aqualis feed) and maggot meal at the Fishery unit, Federal College of Forestry Jos (FCF, Jos), Plateau State Nigeria. One hundred and twenty (120) C.gariepinus fingerlings were purchased at the Fishery unit, FCF, Jos for the experimental study. The experimental trial was conducted within 6 weeks (42days). The experimental set-up comprised three treatments; with each replicated. Data collected was evaluated using ANOVA and mean values were differentiated by the New Duncan Multiple range test at 5% (p≤0.05) probability level. Using the sack method, maggots were cultured from poultry waste and harvested using the floating method with mesh nets; then further processed into powdery form as the maggot meal. The commercial feeds and maggot meal had different proximate compositions; the maggot meal had better nutritional value and content. The C.gariepinus fingerlings in T3 indicated pre-eminent values for the growth parameters with regards to average length (6.90cm); width (6.95cm) and weight gain (0.047kg). Furthermore, the criterion of water quality in the RAS was significant and suitable for production of the juvenile catfish (C.gariepinus). Also, there are variations in the comparative cost of experimental feeds consumed during the experimental trial. This study therefore recommends increased utilization of the maggot meal formulated at 35% crude proteins as the central diet for C.gariepinus fingerlings in RAS; intensification of maggot production and extensive research on maggot meals as fingerlings diets.