Utilization Of Industrial Waste Materials Research Articles

ENHANCEMENT OF SUB GRADE SOIL BY USING FLYASH AND LIME

Abstract -In India 15% of land is covered by Black Cotton Soil. The presence of montmorillonite clay mineral in the Expansive soil causes Swelling and shrinking properties which leads to major problems in Construction sites. This can be resolved by using soil stabilization techniques which enhances the engineering properties of soil. The soil stabilization is most important for the construction which is widely used in pavements or any other structures on expansive soil. Utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement of soils is cost-efficient and eco-friendly method. In the present study an experimental investigation is taken to know the Geotechnical Characteristics of Expansive Soil with the Combination of FLYASH and LIME. In this study soil is mixed with the different proportions of (10%,20%,30% & 40%) FLYASH and (2.5%,5%,7.5%,10%,12.5% & 15%) LIME. The strength gained by soil is investigated by conducting California bearing ratio test & it is also calculated to reduce the thickness of the layer. The maximum dry density increased from 1.38g/cc to 1.54g/cc. The CBR un soaked test value enhances from 1.01% to 6.49% respectively Key Words: Black Cotton Soil, Fly ash, Lime, Compaction, maximum dry density, CBR

Development of Flexible Composite Sheet with Chrome Shavings Using Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Cross-Linker

Leather processing generates a huge amount of chromium (Cr) containing wastes, and one of them is chrome shavings (CS), which frequently end up in landfills. It may be harmful to the environment and human health due to the oxidation of Cr(III) to poisonous Cr(VI). Herein, CS and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are used for the preparation of flexible CS-PVA composite sheets, using CS as a skeletal and PVA as a cross-linker by a simple and facile technique. CS-PVA composite sheets are characterized by FT-IR, SEM, STA, and UTM. FT-IR analysis of CS-PVA composite sheets indicated the existence of dominating peaks corresponding to collagen amide bands as well as PVA characteristic bands, and it demonstrates the uniformity of the developed composite sheets. When the amount of PVA is increased, the tensile strength of CS-PVA composite sheets increases from 0.21 to 4.17 N/mm2. With increasing of the amount of PVA, the softness decreases from 6.47 to 3.7 mm, and SEM shows decreasing of pores in the composite sheet. The addition of more PVA makes CS-PVA composite sheets more thermally stable. This facile method of preparing CS-PVA composite sheet is low-cost and eco-friendly, having potential applications in various fields, including clothing, leather goods, decoration, packaging, and footwear products, as well as presenting promising platforms for effective utilization of industrial waste materials.

Effect of borax in slag-fly ash-based alkali activated paste

Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC) uses source materials rich in aluminosilicates to gain the properties superior to OPC based concrete. Alkaline chemicals are used to activate reaction in aluminosilicate precursors. In this study a combination of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) and fly ash with low calcium content (class F) is used as precursor and the activator used to activate the precursor is a combination of NaOH pellets and sodium silicate solution. Research interest in alkali activated materials (AAM) has grown as a result of its unique characteristics, which include less greenhouse gas emissions during its production, effective utilization of industrial waste materials, and sustainable as well as economic attributes. However, its quick setting as well as poor workability are deterring its widespread popularity. Though borax has been identified as a good retarder for cement-based materials, its effect on the blast furnace slag-fly ash-based alkali activated system with respect to the control factors were less investigated. The setting time, penetration resistance and workability of Alkali Activated Paste (AAP) is studied to identify the effect of borax with respect to the control factors. The potential of borax in AAM to improve its workability qualities were studied. According to the experimental results obtained, borax is a good retarder for slag-fly ash-based AAP and it could improve workability.

Utilization of titanium slag in cement grout for gamma radiation shielding: hydration, microstructure, mechanical properties and gamma-ray attenuation performance

The utilization of industrial waste materials for civil engineering structures has received massive attention in recent decades. In this work, the feasibility of using titanium slag to enhance the radiation attenuation properties of cementitious grout at the ages of 3 days and 2 years was studied. Titanium slag (TS) was incorporated as cement grout replacement at 0%, 10% 20% and 30%. Hardened blocks in dimension of 146×146×30mm were fabricated. The porosity of titanium slag was characterized while the phases in the raw materials as well as the fabricated grout were identified. The influence of the titanium slag addition on the grout hydration kinetics, density, compressive strength and porosity of hardened grouts was evaluated. The results show a decrease in density with the increase of titanium slag content as well as a decrease in compressive strength at curing ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. The slag also refined the microstructure, leading to a reduction in average pore diameter. Furthermore, the hardened blocks were subject to gamma-ray sources such as 137Cs (0.662 MeV) and 60Co (1.173 and 1.332 MeV) and the Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) and Half Value Layer (HVL) were evaluated. The results show that increasing curing age improves the shielding performance of the composite. At 30% replacement, the LAC improvement of the samples exposed to Co sources (1.173 and 1.332 MeV) at 3 days was 11.7% and 12.8% respectively while at 2 years, 9.9% and 9.8% improvement was obtained. Reduced HVL is obtained for an increase in replacement percentage and increased curing age. Therefore, this gives an indication of the possibility of developing low-density radiation shielding cement-based materials.

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Mineralization Using Industrial Waste as Feedstock to Produce Cement Substitutes

The mineralization of carbon dioxide offers a way to permanently sequester carbon while producing construction materials, combining the concepts of carbon capture and utilization (CCU) and carbon capture and storage (CSS). However, it is important to evaluate different mineralization processes in terms of their environmental impact. This study provides the first comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis that focuses on the utilization of industrial waste materials. We analyzed the climate and material footprint of six mineralization pathways from cradle to gate using steel slag, concrete waste, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash, and olivine as feedstock. A sensitivity analysis was used to identify the factors with the greatest impact on environmental performance. Our results show that all processes generate significantly negative values for the global warming impact (GWI) and raw material input (RMI), ranging from −0.6 to −1.3 kgCO2eq.kgfeed−1 and −0.6 to −1.6 kgkgfeed−1, when cement substitute is considered as product. Five out of six processes produce negative values for these factors when sand is considered as a product. When operated as a CCS technology without product use, the processes result in GWI values ranging from −0.13 to 0.01 kgCO2eq.kgfeed−1. Our study confirms that industrial mineralization is a promising technology for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Future process development should focus on replacing carbon dioxide-intensive products while balancing energy and chemical demand with process efficiency.

A strategy-purifying wastewater with waste materials: Zn2+ modified waste red mud as recoverable adsorbents with an enhanced removal capacity of congo red

The strategy, called purifying wastewater with waste materials (PWWM), can simultaneously improve the secondary utilization of industrial waste materials and in turn, reduce environmental pollution. However, the PWWM strategy has still not been extensively used because of its low purification efficiency of organic pollutants and extremely difficult secondary utilization process. Herein, we use zinc aluminum silicate (ZAS) to modify waste granular red mud (GRM) to form a recoverable adsorbent, called ZAS/GRM adsorbent. The ZAS has been found to exhibit exceptional adsorption performance with the ability to firmly anchor onto the surface of GRM, in which heavy metal ions can effectively solidify and reduce their outflow. Furthermore, many voids have been tactfully designed in the ZAS/GRM adsorbents by using a water vapor project, which provide more active sites for congo red (CR) organic dye, thereby remarkably improving the removal efficiency of CR. From our purification of CR, we find that the CR adsorption capacity of the ZAS/GRM adsorbent is 3.509 mg g−1, which is four times higher than pure GRM (0.820 mg g−1). This study demonstrates our PWWM strategy is highly effective and can inspire more research on waste reuse.

Performance of green concrete paving block imbibed with industrial scrap steel mill scale for sustainable construction

The utilization of industrial waste materials in concrete compensates the shortage of natural resources by not only solving the problem due to disposal of wastes but also by developing alternative solutions to protect the environment as well as reduction in the area requirement for landfill. The concrete made with such wastages using less energy during its production and eco-friendly is called as Green Concrete. Variety of industrial wastes is employed as whole or partial substitution for coarse or fine aggregate. Steel mill scale is one such kind of waste materials produced as a result of hot process of rolling of steel in steel companies with rich source of iron content with least impurities. This research study investigates the viability of adopting steel mill scale as a partial substitute material for fine aggregate (M-sand). The current study investigates the influence on fresh and hardened concrete paving blocks and its properties, when M-sand is replaced at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% with steel mill scale using a mix ratio of 1:1.6:2.1 at sustained water-cement ratio value of 0.5 and target strength at 28 days of 30 Mega Pascal. Physical and chemical characterisation of the materials, concrete compressive strength, concrete split tensile strength, water absorption, and also micro-structural examination of hardened paving blocks are experimentally investigated. Results suggest that 60% of the replacements outperformed the originals. The research findings point towards the feasibility of producing paving blocks from scrap steel mill scale for enhancing environmentally friendly construction practices and sustainable pavement infrastructure.

Fabrication of sustainable green bricks by the effective utilization of tannery sludge as main additive

The existing practice of manufacturing construction bricks consumes the maximum amount of natural resources leading to their depletion and severe environmental degradation. The utilization of industrial waste materials is a plausible alternative and is the vision of the Indian government under the waste-to-wealth concept. In the present work, industrial byproducts such as tannery sludge, fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), and lime were used to develop sustainable green bricks (SGBs) without the need for burning. In the fabrication of SGBs, a combination of lime, fly ash and GGBS was used as binder material. Tannery sludge was replaced up to 30 % in the binder mix, and the optimized mix was used to prepare mortar, followed by solidification and stabilization. Finally, SGBs were water cured with and without prior carbonation. The characteristics of bricks such as microstructure, dry weight, compressive strength, and durability properties like sorptivity, leachability, water absorption and efflorescence were studied. They were comparable to conventional first-class bricks as per the Indian Standards. The compressive strength of the SGBs containing 20 % tannery sludge and 80 % of binder mix (containing 20 % GGBS, 30 % lime and 50 % fly ash) cured with and without carbonation was found to be 8.81 N/mm2 and 7.62 N/mm2; which is 2.5 and 2.17 times respectively, more than conventional first-class bricks (3.50 N/mm2). The elastic modulus of the carbonated specimen was 3.3 times higher than the non-carbonated mortar specimen, as determined by stress–strain analysis. The increase in the compressive strength was evidenced by the results of various techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Our results demonstrate that sustainable green bricks could serve as a better replacement for clay bricks and emerge as a carbon-negative material.

Effect of Blending Micro and Nano Silica on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete

The appropriate utilization of industrial waste materials like fly ash and silica particles from thermal power plants and ferrosilicon industries could be effectively used as partial supplementary cementitious materials. The fly ash was used as binary blends in the cement followed by micro silica and nano silica as ternary and quaternary blended materials in cement system of self-compacting concrete (SCC) respectively. As SCC possess high flowability, passing ability and resisting ability against segregation. The cement was replaced partially by weight from 5% to 15% by micro silica and 1% to 3% nano silica correspondingly. The behaviour of SCC at fresh state was determined using the following laboratory investigations (slump test, V-funnel and J-ring tests). The mechanical properties like compressive strength and flexural strength were analysed for different ages of concrete. The durability characteristics were identified by conducting the saturated water absorption test and the chloride penetration through rapid examination was carried out for all types of SCC mix proportions. The SCC mix containing 2% nano silica and the combination mix of 10% micro silica with 2% nano silica showed a comparable strength increase of 9.28% and 10.84% at 90 days. The addition of nanosilica enhanced the durability properties with less water absorption and decreased depth of chloride penetration.

Enhancement of syngas for H2 production via catalytic pyrolysis of orange peel using CO2 and bauxite residue

This study investigated co-pyrolysis of orange peel and bauxite residue, focusing on enhancing syngas generation through CO2-cofeeding. The results revealed that adopting CO2 as a reactive gas medium led to an increase of CO generation through the gas phase reactions of CO2 and pyrolysates. Such phenomena were further enhanced by the presence of bauxite residue, yielding 75% enhancement of CO generation, which is likely due to the catalytic role of metallic components in the bauxite residue. These observations offered useful implications in H2 production. First, CO generated from the process could be converted into H2 by adopting an additional chemical unit operation (i.e., water-gas-shift reaction). Second, considering that the final products of the water-gas-shift reaction are H2 and CO2, the CO2 from water-gas-shift reaction could be reutilized by looping CO2 into the pyrolysis process to further expedite H2 production. Apart from H2 production perspective, the more carbon conversion into CO is practically beneficial for reducing coke formation. Hence, the overall results of this study suggest that careful selection of biomass wastes and proper utilization of industrial waste materials could provide a viable platform for developing more efficient energy-harvesting process in thermolysis technology.

A Review of Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Industrial Waste Materials

In the world, various types of soils are available and found. The soil may be majorly classified in two groups as cohesive soil and cohesionless soil. The classification of soil may be executed as per particle size distribution and consistency limits. The expansive soil having expansion and shrinkage properties which is major issue for geotechnical engineers. Due to swell and shrink properties, the expansive soils change their volume. The black cotton soil is good example of expansive soils. In other hand, million tons of waste material is producing by industries in a year. This is also major issue that “How to utilize industrial waste materials”. These materials are Kota stone slurry, fly ash, marble dust, brick dust, marble slurry etc. In this research paper, reviews are made on discussion and conclusions of experimental study of utilization of industrial waste material to stabilize black cotton soil (BCS). The BCS is stabilized by Kota stone slurry at 5% variation from 5% to 30%, pond ash (from Kota Thermal Power Station) at 10% variation from 10% to 50%, sugarcane bagasse ash at 2.5% variation from 2.5% to 12.5%. The Atterberg’s limit, proctor test, free swell index and CBR test were performed to study the behavior of soil. From test results, it is observed that California bearing value (CBR) is directly proportional to percentage of industrial waste materials.

Preparation, characterization and investigation of low hydration heat cement slurry system used in natural gas hydrate formation

Based on the low hydration heat requirement of cement slurry system used in natural gas hydrate formation and the effective utilization of industrial waste materials, the fly ash and slag were introduced into ordinary Portland cement to prepare a low hydration heat cement slurry system. During this study, the influences of fly ash and slag on the heat evaluation of cement slurry system were investigated by temperature profiles and hydration heat, which were tested by using a developed semi-adiabatic test equipment. Currently, the temperature profiles of cement slurry system were studied by the initial temperature (Ti), temperature rise (Tr), maximum temperature (Tm), and the hydration time (tm) corresponding to the maximum temperature, respectively. Moreover, the investigations of the influences of fly ash and slag on the strength property of cement stone were investigated. Then, a novel low hydration heat cement slurry system CFS1-1 used in natural gas hydrate formation was developed by the mass ratio of 2:1:1 (cement: fly ash: slag). Simultaneously, the initial hydration process of CFS1-1 was investigated by low field NMR, the rheological and thickening properties of CFS1-1 were also studied. Besides, some other application performances, such as density, fluidity, stability and consistency, were also studied. As a result, it was found that the application performances of CFS1-1 meet the cementing requirement of hydrate formation. In addition, the effective and reasonable utilization of industrial waste materials were also realized during this study.

A Study on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Fly Ash and Plastic Fibres

Abstract Soil stabilization is most important for the construction which is widely used in connection with road pavement and foundation construction because it improves the engineering properties of soil such as strength. Utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement of soils is a cost efficient and environment friendly method. Stabilization of the expansive soil is studied by using fly ash and plastic fibres. The present investigation is to evaluate the compaction, CBR and unconfined compressive strength of stabilized black cotton soil using fly ash and plastic fibre mixes. The geotechnical properties like compaction parameters and California Bearing Ratio increase in both soaked and unsoaked conditions which indicates the improvement in strength. From these results, it was found that optimum % of fly ash is 15% and of plastic fibres is 1% which gives the maximum increment in the CBR value compared with all the other combinations. Keywords: Compaction, California bearing ratio, expansive soil, fly ash, plastic fibres Cite this Article: Ch Ganeswari, Jyothiraju Kalahasty, Prasad DSV et al. A Study on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Fly Ash and Plastic Fibres. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 2017; 4(3): 11–18p.

A Study on Stabilization of Expansive Soil with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Sodium Silicate

Utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement of soils is a cost efficient and environmental friendly method. Stabilization of the expansive soil is studied by using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and sodium silicate. This paper includes the evaluation of soil properties like compaction, unconfined compressive strength test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. Detailed experimental study has been undertaken to investigate the characteristics and behavior of expansive soil mixed with GGBS and Sodium Silicate at different percentage. From the experimental results, it has been observed that various properties of soil added with these stabilizers at certain percentage show remarkable positive changes as compared to the natural soil. The value of compaction parameters has increased enabling increase California Bearing Ratio in both soaked and unsoaked conditions which indicates that improved in strength. From these results, it was found that optimum GGBS (20%) gives the maximum increment in the CBR value and 4% sodium silicate compared with all the other combinations.

STABILIZATION OF SOFT SOIL WITH GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND FLY ASH

Utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement of problematic soils is a cost efficient and environmental friendly method. It helps in reducing disposal problems caused by the various industrial wastes. However, it is essential to understand the performance of these waste products prior to use. The present paper evaluated the potential of granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) with fly ash to stabilize a soft soil. Soft soil samples were collected from Tatibandh-Atari, rural road of Raipur, Chhattisgarh. This soil was classified as CI-MI as per Indian Standard Classification system (ISCS). Different amounts of GBS, i.e. 3, 6, and 9% with different amount of fly ash i.e 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% were used to stabilize the soft soil. The performance of GBS with fly ash modified soils was evaluated using compaction and california bearing ratio (CBR) test. Based on these performance tests, optimum amount of GBS with fly ash was determined as 3% fly ash + 6% GBS. Reasonable improvement has been observed for unsoaked and soaked CBR value of soils with this optimum amount.

Granulation in technology for utilization of industrial waste materials

Technology is presented for the utilization of dust, captured by electric filters of a cement production rotary kiln, with preparation of granulated potassium-lime fertilizer in a drum pelletizer. The binder used is an aqueous solution of potassium, prepared by mixing sinter dust with water and unconditioned granules in the ratio S:L = 1:5. The size of the dried granules is not more than 5 mm, strength in compression 1.2‐1.6 MPa, and this satisfies the requirements for granulated fertilizer. With the aim of utilizing overburden chalk rocks from iron deposits of the Lebedinskii and Stoilenskii Mining and Concentration Combines granulation technology is developed for chalk as an improver for soil deoxidation. It is established that the most effective binder material is bentonite. The optimum weight of bentonite clay per ton of chalk is 2‐3 kg. The granules obtained satisfy the requirements for a granulated fertilizer with respect to size, strength and moisture content. During development of industrial production in the economic revolution of the country ever greater amounts of natural resources are involved. However, the degree of the rational use is very low. About 70% of industrial expenditure in CIS countries is consumed in feedstock, materials, fuel, electrical energy, and at the same time about 10‐70% of starting materials is converted into waste discharged into the atmosphere or volumes of water. In ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, and also in the production of fertilizer and chemical preparations obtaining concentrates is an obligatory production operation with which it is necessary to grind natural materials, accompanied by an increase in the dispersion of mineral waste materials (that is undesirable from an ecological point of view) and an increase in the amount of them. With known assumptions, it is possible to confirm that the level of the harmful effect on the natural environment of substances contained in dumps is proportional to their dispersion and volume. The practice of operating tailing and slurry pits indicates that they serve as a source of water and atmospheric contamination. In view of the exhaustion of natural resources, it may be suggested that these pits and dumps with time are converted from objects for burying waste materials into reservoirs for storing unclaimed mineral masses undergoing a specific treatment cycle and containing components that it will be necessary to extract in the future. Aggregation of technogenic powders by granulation may be considered as the next step in converting mineral waste material into a source of conditioned technogenic raw material. In order to store powders in pelletized form, powder with binding properties is mainly recommended, i.e., calcium ashes from thermal power stations, cement kiln dust, etc. [1]. A method has also been proposed in [2] for immobilizing and storing condensed harmful substances by processing them with a protective binder solution (aluminosilicate solution of nepheline in a 10‐20% solution of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid) followed by hardening and molding.

ChemInform Abstract: Utilization of Industrial Waste Materials. Part 20. Stereoselective Cycloaddition of Silylenes and a Disilene to an Enantiomerically Pure Cyclic Ketimine Derived from an Industrial Waste Material.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Utilization of industrial waste materials. Part 20. Stereoselective cycloaddition of silylenes and a disilene to an enantiomerically pure cyclic ketimine derived from an industrial waste material

A new enantiomerically pure aromatic cyclic ketimine with two stereogenic centres derived from an industrial waste material has been used as a reactant in novel stereoselective cycloadditions of silylenes and disilenes. The products obtained are chiral non-aromatic organosilanes.

ChemInform Abstract: Utilization of Industrial Waste Materials. Part 14. Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols and Thiols with a 2‐Azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane Backbone and Their Application in Enantioselective Catalysis.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Utilization of industrial waste materials. Part 14.† Synthesis of β-amino alcohols and thiols with a 2-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane backbone and their application in enantioselective catalysis

New, chiral β-tert-amino tert-alcohols have been synthesized from the enantiomerically pure sec-amine (all-R)-1b via the new glycine, alanine and phenylglycine derivatives 2–6. Grignard additions to these esters provided the new rigid amino alcohols 7–11 in fair yields. The absolute configurations of the stereogenic centers, which arose during the alkylation step, were assigned by an independent route leading to some of the optical antipodes of 7–10. Condensation of enantiomerically pure β-amino alcohols 13a–g, 16 and 17 with γ-ketoester rac-12 afforded the N,O-acetals 14a–g, 18 and 19, which were subsequently reduced to the β-tert-amino alcohols 10a,c and 15a–g. X-Ray analysis of compound 19 was performed to verify the stereochemistry observed by chemical correlation. The nucleophilic ring opening of enantiomerically pure styrene oxide by amine 1b resulted in the formation of regioisomeric amino alcohols 9a, 21a, and 10a, 21b. Amino thiol derivatives 22 and 25a,b were prepared by treatment of 10a and 15a,b, respectively, with methanesulfonyl chloride followed by regio- and stereoselective cleavage of the in situ formed aziridinium ions with potassium thioacetate. Reduction of these compounds to thiols 23 and 26a,b and subsequent oxidation afforded amino disulfides 24 and 27a,b. Finally, the bicyclic β-amino alcohols and thiols were used as chiral ligands in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde and ee values up to 96% were found.