Utilization Of Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Extraction, Characterisation and Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Date Fruit

Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.), known for its rich bioactive compounds, was the focus of this study, which aimed to optimize microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods for isolating these compounds and developing fortified milk with added date syrup. The research evaluated total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) under varying microwave frequencies, extraction times, and plant-to-solvent ratios. Date fruits were procured, cleaned, processed into powder, and subjected to various MAE conditions, with standard spectrophotometric methods used to quantify TPC and TFC. Optimal extraction conditions for maximum TPC (37±1.1 mg GAE/g) and TFC (460±0.6 mg QE/g) were identified at a microwave frequency of 720 W, an extraction time of 5 minutes, and a plant-to-solvent ratio of 1:15, highlighting the significant influence of microwave power and extraction time on phenolic and flavonoid contents. Furthermore, the research explored the nutritional enhancement of milk through fortification with date syrup, assessing the fortified milk for total soluble solids (TSS), pH, TPC, and TFC, which demonstrated an improved nutritional profile. This research provides valuable insights into the MAE of date fruits and the potential of date syrup in developing functional food products, guiding future studies and industrial applications aimed at enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of food products.

Recent Advances in Chemistry and Bioactivities of Secondary Metabolites from the Genus Acremonium.

Acremonium fungi is one of the greatest and most complex genera in Hyphomycetes, comprising 130 species of marine and terrestrial sources. The past decades have witnessed substantial chemical and biological investigations on the diverse secondary metabolites from the Acremonium species. To date, over 600 compounds with abundant chemical types as well as a wide range of bioactivities have been obtained from this genus, attracting considerable attention from chemists and pharmacologists. This review mainly summarizes the sources, chemical structures, and biological activities of 115 recently reported new compounds from the genus Acremonium from December 2016 to September 2023. They are structurally classified into terpenoids (42%), peptides (29%), polyketides (20%), and others (9%), among which marine sources are predominant (68%). Notably, these compounds were primarily screened with cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This paper provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds in this genus, both within the scientific field and pharmaceutical industry.

Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Trichoderma genus (Covering 2018-2022).

Trichoderma, a genus with more than 400 species, has a long history of use as an industrial bioreactor, biofertilizer, and biocontrol agent. It is considered a significant source of secondary metabolites (SMs) that possess unique structural features and a wide range of bioactivities. In recent years, numerous secondary metabolites of Trichoderma, including terpenoids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and steroids, have been identified. Most of these SMs displayed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antifungal effects. This review focuses on the structural diversity, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the SMs isolated from Trichoderma covered from 2018 to 2022. This study provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds from Trichoderma species in the agriculture or pharmaceutical industry.

Vitamin B12 bioaccumulation in Chlorella vulgaris grown on food waste-derived anaerobic digestate

Anaerobic digestion plays a pivotal role in the modern circular economy, as it offers a sustainable solution for converting organic waste into biogas (methane). It also results in a nutrient-rich liquid stream, referred to as digestate. This digestate is extensively applied to agricultural land as fertilizer due to its high macronutrient (N, P) content, but the bioactive micronutrients it contains and their significance for downstream applications remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate whether digestate generated from a vitamin B12-deficient substrate (fruit and vegetable waste) can be enriched in this vitamin through anaerobic digestion, and explore the capability of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris to grow in this medium and bioaccumulate B12. Our findings uncover, for the first time, that substantial amounts of B12 are synthesized during anaerobic digestion, and that C. vulgaris can effectively be enriched with this vitamin when grown in the digestate (10.6 μg Β12·g−1 dry weight). Additionally, we identified that pH-induced ammonia toxicity was the main inhibitor when growing microalgae in the digestate, which allowed us to significantly enhance productivity at lab- and pilot-scale through pH control. The case of B12 synthesis in digestate and accumulation in microalgae highlights the potential for enhancing the value of these waste streams through the identification and utilization of bioactive compounds.

EXPLORING APPROACHES FOR INVESTIGATING PHYTOCHEMISTRY: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

The extraction, isolation, and analysis of bioactive compounds from plants are fundamental in the study of medicinal plants. This review explores various techniques and methods used for the extraction, isolation, and analysis of bioactive compounds from plant materials. Traditional methods such as maceration, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction are commonly used, but novel techniques have emerged to enhance efficiency and selectivity. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and enzyme-assisted extraction are modern approaches that offer improved yields and efficiency. After extraction, bioactive compounds need to be characterized and analyzed. Chromatographic techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), are commonly employed for separation and quantification. Spectroscopic techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), provide valuable structural information. The continuous development of extraction and analytical techniques contributes to the discovery and utilization of bioactive compounds from plants in various applications. Future research can explore metabolomics, high-throughput screening, chemoinformatics, network pharmacology, multivariate data analysis, and computational modeling to enhance phytochemical investigations. The proposed methods and techniques complement traditional approaches, expanding our understanding of plant chemistry and its potential applications.

Interactions between Medical Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Antimicrobial Combination Effects.

It is accepted that the medicinal use of complex mixtures of plant-derived bioactive compounds is more effective than purified bioactive compounds due to beneficial combination interactions. However, synergy and antagonism are very difficult to study in a meticulous fashion since most established methods were designed to reduce the complexity of mixtures and identify single bioactive compounds. This study represents a critical review of the current scientific literature on the combined effects of plant-derived extracts/bioactive compounds. A particular emphasis is provided on the identification of antimicrobial synergistic or antagonistic combinations using recent metabolomics methods and elucidation of approaches identifying potential mechanisms that underlie their interactions. Proven examples of synergistic/antagonistic antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds are also discussed. The focus is also put on the current challenges, difficulties, and problems that need to be overcome and future perspectives surrounding combination effects. The utilization of bioactive compounds from medicinal plant extracts as appropriate antimicrobials is important and needs to be facilitated by means of new metabolomics technologies to discover the most effective combinations among them. Understanding the nature of the interactions between medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds will result in the development of new combination antimicrobial therapies.

Edible coating as postharvest management strategy for shelf-life extension of fresh tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.): An overview.

Tomato is considered as one of the most grown horticultural crops having a short shelf-life due to its climacteric nature of ripening, susceptibility to postharvest microbial decay, and mechanical damage, resulting in huge postharvest losses. Recently, the use of edible coatings has been seen as a promising environment friendly and sustainable technology for preserving the quality attributes and prolonging the shelf-life of tomato during storage. Although a lot of literature is available on the aspects of edible coating for fresh produce, especially stone and tropical fruits, but there is no dedicated comprehensive review that specifically addresses the requirements of edible coatings for whole fresh tomato. This review aims to provide the information about the desirable coating property requirements specific to tomato and summarizes or analyzes the recent studies conducted on the application of edible coating on tomato. The article also deals with recent trends on utilization of bioactive compounds as well as nanotechnological approaches for improving the performance and functionality of coating materials used for tomato. However, the edible coating technology for tomato is still at infancy state, and adoption of technology on a commercial scale requires economic viability and large-scale consumer acceptability.

Comparative Evaluation of the Phytochemical Profiles and Antioxidant Potentials of Olive Leaves from 32 Cultivars Grown in China.

Olives (Olea europaea L.) are a significant part of the agroindustry in China. Olive leaves, the most abundant by-products of the olive and olive oil industry, contain bioactive compounds that are beneficial to human health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacities of olive leaves from 32 cultivars grown in China. A total of 32 phytochemical compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry, including 17 flavonoids, five iridoids, two hydroxycinnamic acids, six triterpenic acids, one simple phenol, and one coumarin. Specifically, olive leaves were found to be excellent sources of flavonoids (4.92–18.29 mg/g dw), iridoids (5.75–33.73 mg/g dw), and triterpenic acids (15.72–35.75 mg/g dw), and considerable variations in phytochemical content were detected among the different cultivars. All tested cultivars were classified into three categories according to their oil contents for further comparative phytochemicals assessment. Principal component analysis indicated that the investigated olive cultivars could be distinguished based upon their phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacities. The olive leaves obtained from the low-oil-content (<16%) cultivars exhibited higher levels of glycosylated flavonoids and iridoids, while those obtained from high-oil-content (>20%) cultivars contained mainly triterpenic acids in their compositions. Correspondingly, the low-oil-content cultivars (OL3, Frantoio selection and OL14, Huaou 5) exhibited the highest ABTS antioxidant activities (758.01 ± 16.54 and 710.64 ± 14.58 mg TE/g dw, respectively), and OL9 (Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata isolate Yunnan) and OL3 exhibited the highest ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay values (1228.29 ± 23.95 mg TE/g dw and 1099.99 ± 14.30 mg TE/g dw, respectively). The results from this study may be beneficial to the comprehensive evaluation and utilization of bioactive compounds in olive leaves.

Pengayaan biskuit dengan fortifikasi fraksi tidak tersabunkan mengandung senyawa bioaktif multi komponen dari distilat asam lemak minyak sawit

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by product of CPO (crude palm oil) physical refining. PFAD containing multicomponent bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and squalene which accumulated in unsaponifiable fraction (UF) and can be separated by saponification. Utilization of bioactive compounds can be applied on food products by fortification into biscuits. The research aimed to determine the effect of addition level of UF from PFAD on physical and organoleptics of the biscuits and also to determine chemical characteristic and bioactive compounds from the best treatment biscuit. The method used a completely randomized design with one factor, namely the level of addition of the UF from PFAD consisted of 6 treatments and was repeated four times. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with significance level of 5%. The best treatment in this study was a treatment which contained 0.5% (w/w) of the UF from PFAD. The best biscuit had chemichal characteristics included those were the water content 1.81 ± 0.06%, 2.10 ± 0.06% ash content, 27.98 ± 0.54% fat content, 8.04 ± 0.13% protein content, 0.22 ± 0.02% crude fiber content, 60.07 ± 0.66% carbohydrate content, 2.66 ± 0.00002% FFA, and 7.10 ± 0.19 mek/kg total oxidation. The best biscuit contained bioactive compounds such as 147.19 ppm α–tocotrienol, 190.30 ppm δ–tocotrienol, 68.091 ppm ϒ–tocotrienol, 5,848.45 ppm β–sitosterol, 143.97 ppm stigmasterol, 621.09 ppm campesterol, and squalene content 3,284.50 ppm.

Recent Advances in Extraction and Biological Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Lotus Wastes

Lotus seedpod, lotus seed coat, lotus seed epicarp, and lotus plumule, which are common lotus wastes produced in the food processing industry, are often directly discarded or underutilized, resulting in the obvious waste of lotus resources. Since lotus wastes contain multiple bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and polysaccharides that can promote human health, the development and utilization of bioactive compounds from lotus wastes has attracted increasing attention. At present, both conventional and modern extraction methods have been widely used in the extraction of bioactive compounds from lotus wastes. Meanwhile, some new extraction methods have also been used to extract bioactive compounds from lotus wastes to increase the extraction rate and have shown significant effects. Polyphenols, alkaloids, and polysaccharides in lotus wastes exhibit bioactivities in many fields, especially in anti-glycation, anti-proliferative, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory. However, most bioactive studies are still in-vitro stage, which need to be further explored by in-vivo experiments in the future. This paper reviews the recent advances in extraction methods and biological activities of the main chemical compounds in lotus waste, which is expected to provide a reference for the development and utilization of lotus waste resources.

Antioxidant of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Padina sp with DPPH method

Padina sp. is seaweed which has high abundance in Indonesian waters, but the utilization of bioactive compounds is not yet optimal. This research intends to test the antioxidant activity of the secondary metabolites of Padina sp. in South Sulawesi waters. The extraction process uses a multilevel maceration method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents, then followed by concentrating/drying the sample using the evaporation method. The extract obtained was then tested for phytochemistry, determined the levels of flavonoids and phenolics, and tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH method. The results of this research indicate that the extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol from Padina sp. contains flavonoids and phenolics with levels 103.0435; 124.5109; 111.7391 mg QE/g sample and 1.1504; 7.1289; 3.6325 mg GAE/g sample, respectively. n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Padina sp. has antioxidant activity with IC50 values 117.3622; 115.7171; 116.8350 ppm, respectively. The IC50 value of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Padina sp.is in the medium category for antioxidant activity.

Bioactive Compounds Hold Up- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a Potent Bio-Control Agent

Microorganisms are an extremely promising alternative to the extended use of pesticides for bio-control of plants. Pesticides are often expensive and accumulate in plants, having adverse effects on humans. Moreover, detection of undesirable chemical compounds in the food chain connected with the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains of pathogens calls for an alternative, non-polluting strategy for controlling plant diseases. Thus, biological control through the use of natural antagonistic microorganisms has emerged, for a long time; gram-negative bacteria have been intensively investigated as biological control agents. However, recently the attention has switched to the gram-positive members of the aerobic, spore-forming genus Bacillus. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is an important Bacillus species because of its ability to produce different bioactive compounds with a broad spectrum of activity. The endeavor of this article is to review the literature on the utilization of bioactive compounds from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in bio-control.