Utilization Of Available Space Research Articles

Computational Approach towards Repetitive Design Tasks: The Case Study of Parking Lot Automated Design

The study aims to develop and assess an algorithm for efficiently generating parking spot layouts within predefined area outlines. The algorithm is an attempt to streamline the decision-making process by producing different design variants and optimizing the utilization of available space. The algorithm’s primary objective is to streamline decision-making by generating diverse design variants while optimizing the use of available space, with a distinct focus on mitigating environmental impact and fostering ecological well-being. Researchers conduct thorough tests on the algorithm across various outlines, resulting in multiple layout options for each scenario. They analyzed five representative parking locations and compare the algorithm’s results with the existing parking spot layouts. Throughout the evaluation process, they consider quantitative and qualitative data, considering the complexities of communication solutions within each context. The study findings indicate that the algorithm demonstrates comparable or superior performance to existing solutions. Overall, the study highlights the promising potential of algorithmic design approaches in the context of parking lot automated design. Achieving a balance between innovative designs and user-friendly layouts is crucial, and this is achievable by conducting comprehensive analyses that consider various factors. The consistent findings underscore the algorithm’s potential to significantly contribute to sustainable design practices in parking lot layouts, highlighting decreased environmental strain, efficient land use, and creating urban spaces that prioritize ecological benefits. Furthermore, seamlessly integrating algorithmic solutions with existing communication systems is paramount to ensure practical applicability in real-world scenarios. This integration will enable more effective and practical implementation of the algorithm’s outputs in actual parking lot design projects.

A review paper on energy harvesting in arid and semi-arid region via PV cell on irrigation canals

Solar power addresses the quest for sustainable power generation as the world looks to alleviate the challenges of possibility of fossil fuel extinction and its known adverse effect on environment. It is a key form of renewable energy due to abundant availability of sunlight throughout the major part of the year across large geographical areas. However, solar power plants installation requires large areas of land. To tackle the issue and for better utilization of available space, a novel idea of implementing solar power projects by covering irrigation canals with fixed or floating Photovoltaic covers evolved. Compared to arid regions, a fertile region with dependency on canal-based irrigation systems offers lesser land space. The objective of this review is to develop understanding of the practicality of implementing the solar power projects built on the irrigation canals. The deemed advantages of this approach include reduced rate of evaporation resulting in more availability of water, control of algae growth, continued availability of cultivation area as well as space availability for building up solar power infrastructure. The intent of this paper reviews is to see the past studies for energy harvesting by utilizing the canal irrigation-based spaces.

Plant Layout Development for Integrated Steel Plant for Capacity Expansion: Design Approach

After finalization of process flow for the capacity expansion of an Integrated Steel Plant, considering the overall design requirements and inter-relationship amongst new and existing facilities, overall layout is developed on available space. Optimization of layout is proposed considering sizes, locational relationship of new units with existing operating units, required limiting conditions, transportation logistics and other auxiliary facilities. Prime objective of layout optimization should be proper utilization of available space which has been identified for expansion. Optimized layout can be developed through 3D integrated approach, which considers a common digital model of the entire plant. It can be achieved by merging the engineering output from various vendors, merging the model of existing plants obtained from works, surveys, and vendors so as to create a seamless layout. The final layout shall be best possible and can be executed in time bound manner.

A Questionnaire-based Survey on Challenges Faced and Strategies Adopted by Pain and Palliative Care Physicians Working in Oncology Setup During Novel COVID-19 Pandemic - A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Objectives:Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought to the fore various challenges faced by pain and palliative care physicians working in oncology setup all over the country. Cancer care has been afflicted a lot during the pandemic, with challenges faced by patients and their caregivers as well as the healthcare workers. The questionnaire based online survey was conducted to explore the personal challenges faced, strategies adopted and to compare the challenges between different oncology setups.Materials and Methods:After obtaining institutional ethical clearance the online questionnaire prepared through Google forms was rolled out to pain and palliative care physicians working all over the country with the help of social media platforms. The results were expressed in absolute number, percentage and comparisons were made with the help of Fisher’s exact test.Results:Maximum challenges faced were the fear of carrying infection back home (91%), the possibility of attending to a COVID positive case in day to day clinical practice because of inadequate space and screening (62%) and limited services provided by NGO’s during pandemic (71%). Strategies commonly adopted were the provision of necessary personal protective equipment (83%), the conduct of educational sessions for the task force members (67%), maximum utilization of available space in the hospital (85%) and stockpiling of necessary medications and equipment (75%).Conclusion:It is the need of the hour to formulate strong and effective strategies to overcome the challenges encountered by pain and palliative care physicians so that we are equipped in the future to deal with any kind of pandemics.

Length-Matching-Constrained Region Routing in Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum Circuits

It is known that the pipelined architecture in a rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) circuit can be constructed by inserting a set of path-balancing D-type flip-flops (DFFs) into some gate columns. Based on the assignment of the gates involving the splitters (SPLs) inside each gate column in the placement stage, the passive transmission line (PTL) region between two adjacent gate columns can be formed for a set of 2-pin connections in the routing stage. In this article, given a set of 2-pin connections with length-matching constraints inside one PTL region, based on the efficient utilization of available space in two routing layers, a new grid-based Manhattan routing model can be defined to use available space inside two routing layers for the insertion of the extension lengths on the given connections. To minimize the routing width inside one PTL region, a two-way track-assignment-based routing algorithm using the defined routing model can be first proposed to assign two partitioned sets of vertical intervals onto the used tracks inside two routing layers and connect the corresponding horizontal segments for the given connections with no extension length. Based on the definition of the available areas in the initial two-layer routing result, an iterative flow-based insertion algorithm can be further proposed to insert the feasible detouring paths onto the available areas for the extension lengths on the given connections. If there is no available area for the extension lengths on the unsatisfied connections, an efficient insertion algorithm can be proposed to insert the detouring paths onto one extra area for the extension lengths on the unsatisfied connections. Compared with Kito's routing algorithm and Cheng's routing algorithm in length-matching-constrained region routing, the experimental results show that our proposed routing algorithm can use reasonable CPU time to decrease 22.2% and 16.3% of the region width for 12 tested examples on the average, respectively.

Evaluation of Parking Characteristics: A case study of Delhi

In major cities, as the development goes on, the parking generation rate increases rapidly which leads to major parking problems. A study has been carried out in Delhi to study the parking characteristics and to measure the adherence to parking guidelines. Parking surveys have been carried out at nine sections, typically at commercial and shopping areas in Delhi. On-street and off-street parking characteristics were analyzed considering the parking statistics which includes parking accumulation, parking occupancy, parking load, average parking duration, parking index/parking efficiency. Some areas, even having sufficient parking capacity suffered from congestion due to improper management and lack of availability of required signs, marking of bays and other smart techniques. As a result of analysis, the peak parking saturation values at P1 and P3 parking at Nehru place came 0.97 and 0.98 respectively which shows optimal utilization of parking. According to total volume study at Nehru place, the peak parking saturation is 3.25 and 6.21 for car and bike respectively which shows high spill over condition. Also, at Bhikaji cama place back side parking and Atta market bike parking shows spill over condition as per study. At Kamla nagar market, parking space is well utilized. Observing the study outcomes, some guidelines has been suggested for optimal utilization of available space. Study outcomes will be helpful for engineers, planners and policy makers.

Wave interaction with multiple slotted barriers inside harbour: Physical and numerical modelling

Effective design of ports, harbours, and marinas is a major challenge due to the utilization of available space, material involvement, and capital investment. One of the major aspects of the design is the construction of cost-effective breakwater for the creation of a tranquillity zone and an increase in the usable area within the harbour. In the present study, the interaction of regular waves with such barriers with the impermeable back wall is investigated experimentally and a numerical model based on the direct iterative boundary element method is validated. In numerical modelling, a quadratic pressure drop is considered for the slotted walls for wave past the porous barriers to account for the effect of wave height on energy dissipation. Effects of wave height, wave period, porosity and the number of walls on the reflection coefficient are investigated. The study reveals that a number of optima are one less than the number of slotted barriers which occurs alternately and the number of minima is always one more than the number of maxima. It is found that the reflection from the slotted wall barrier reduces with an increase in the number of slotted walls, especially for longwave conditions and for porosity greater than 30%. Whilst for porosity less than 30%, adding more number of slotted walls do not contribute to a reduction in wave reflections. An array of slotted vertical barrier arranged in a zigzag manner is found to be an effective mechanism for enhancing the wave energy dissipation, more space creation and a significant reduction in material requirement and easy installation procedure.

Results of Soil Microclimate Research in Forestry Intercropping Systems in Hungary

A special form of alley cropping system is the intercropping of forest, which is traditional and still used nowadays worldwide in afforestation. In Hungary this practice is used mostly on the non-protected areas of the Great Hungarian Plain. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which intercropping modifies the development of seedlings compared to the current practice of reforestation. Measurements and observations have been proceeded in two trial sites: Hajdúhadház and Kapuvár, and in both cases, control areas were also designated, close to the trial site, with similar parameters. The experimental areas have different ecological features, but in both cases intermediate cultivation has been applied. The Hajdúhadház experimental area was established in 2015 and measurements were carried out until 2017, while in Kapuvár, the experiment started in 2019. At both sites, soil temperature, conductivity and growth parameter measurements were performed. The two examined areas are different regarding to tree species and plantation structure, but the main purposes of both forestry companies were to maximize the utilization of available space, protect seedlings and ensure the success of afforestation. The research results so far show that soil microclimate is more favourable in the intercropping system, which contributes to the better development of seedlings. By using maize as an intercrop in the alleys, fodder production for animal stock and game management was also feasible. Further investigations on yield and microclimate are planned in the area of Kapuvár Forest Office in the next three years.    

New approach for maximizing generation and optimal utilization of available space for solar PV system

To accomplish an enormous demand of power with solar energy, a cost effective and optimum system has to be developed which works in synchronisation with the existing grid. The Government in developing countries like India is providing momentous opportunities and marvellous schemes to promote renewable energy sources like solar for generating power. This paper aims to analyse the generation of power from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems economically and efficiently as it is always a challenge for the design engineer to develop an economical and efficient solar PV system. Apart from technical issues, structural aspects also affect the power generation from PV modules. This paper proposes an innovative design of non-movable tracking system that enhances the power generation of PV modules by just providing two grooves in the mounting structure in place of the tracking system. A formula for the optimum space calculation for PV installation is also proposed in this paper. A comparative analysis of total annual energy generated by the hardware setup and the results obtained using software of the rooftop solar PV system has also been analysed for practical consideration. To verify the results, first, the system has been simulated using the PVSYST software considering all practical and existing realistic losses like PV loss due to irradiance and temperature, array soil loss, module quality loss, array mismatch loss, ohmic wiring loss, and inverter loss which formulate a bonafide case of consideration and then hardware implementation of the proposed system. The hardware and software results have been compared to analyse the proposed topologies adopted to address the aforesaid problems.

A Dual Band Additively Manufactured 3-D Antenna on Package With Near-Isotropic Radiation Pattern

Internet of Things (IoT) applications need wireless connectivity on devices with very small footprints, and in RF obscure environments. The antenna for such applications must work on multiple global system for mobile communication (GSM) bands (preferred choice for network connectivity), provide near isotropic radiation pattern to maintain orientation insensitive communication, be small in size so that it can be integrated with futuristic miniaturized IoT devices, and be low in cost to be implemented on billions of devices. This paper presents a novel 3-D dual-band near-isotropic wideband GSM antenna to fulfill these requirements. The antenna has been realized on the package of electronics through additive manufacturing to ensure efficient utilization of available space and lower cost. The proposed antenna consists of a meander line antenna that is folded on the faces of a 3-D package with two variations, $0.375\lambda $ length for the narrowband version and $0.67\lambda $ length for the wideband version. Theoretical conditions to achieve near-isotropic radiation pattern with bent wire antennas on a 3-D surface have been derived. The antenna has been optimized to operate with embedded electronics and a large metallic battery. The antenna provides 8.9% and 34.4% bandwidths, at 900 and 1800 MHz, respectively, with a decent near-isotropic radiation behavior.

Analytical Modeling for Underground Risk Assessment in Smart Cities

In the developed world, underground facilities are increasing day-by-day, as it is considered as an improved utilization of available space in smart cities. Typical facilities include underground railway lines, electricity lines, parking lots, water supply systems, sewerage network, etc. Besides its utility, these facilities also pose serious threats to citizens and property. To preempt accidental loss of precious human lives and properties, a real time monitoring system is highly desirable for conducting risk assessment on continuous basis and timely report any abnormality before its too late. In this paper, we present an analytical formulation to model system behavior for risk analysis and assessment based on various risk contributing factors. Based on proposed analytical model, we have evaluated three approximation techniques for computing final risk index: (a) simple linear approximation based on multiple linear regression analysis; (b) hierarchical fuzzy logic based technique in which related risk factors are combined in a tree like structure; and (c) hybrid approximation approach which is a combination of (a) and (b). Experimental results shows that simple linear approximation fails to accurately estimate final risk index as compared to hierarchical fuzzy logic based system which shows that the latter provides an efficient method for monitoring and forecasting critical issues in the underground facilities and may assist in maintenance efficiency as well. Estimation results based on hybrid approach fails to accurately estimate final risk index. However, hybrid scheme reveals some interesting and detailed information by performing automatic clustering based on location risk index.

Solar photovoltaic system design optimization by shading analysis to maximize energy generation from limited urban area

In the urban areas the demand of solar power is increasing due to better awareness about the emission of green house gases from conventional thermal power plants and significant decrease in the installation cost of residential solar power plants. But the land cost and the under utilization of available space is hindering its further growth. Under these circumstances, solar photovoltaic system installation needs to accommodate the maximum number of solar panels in either roof-top or land-mounted category. In this article a new approach is suggested to maximize the total number of solar panels in a given area with enhanced energy output without compromising the overall efficiency of the system. The number of solar panels can be maximized in a solar photovoltaic energy generation system by optimizing installation parameters such as tilt angle, pitch, gain factor, altitude angle and shading to improve the energy yield. In this paper mathematical analysis is done to show that the capacity and generated energy can be enhanced by more than 25% for a given land area by optimization various parameters.

Utilization of community pharmacy space to enhance privacy: a qualitative study.

BackgroundCommunity pharmacists require access to consumers’ information about their medicines and health‐related conditions to make informed decisions regarding treatment options. Open communication between consumers and pharmacists is ideal although consumers are only likely to disclose relevant information if they feel that their privacy requirements are being acknowledged and adhered to.ObjectiveThis study sets out to explore community pharmacy privacy practices, experiences and expectations and the utilization of available space to achieve privacy.MethodsQualitative methods were used, comprising a series of face‐to‐face interviews with 25 pharmacists and 55 pharmacy customers in Perth, Western Australia, between June and August 2013.ResultsThe use of private consultation areas for certain services and sensitive discussions was supported by pharmacists and consumers although there was recognition that workflow processes in some pharmacies may need to change to maximize the use of private areas. Pharmacy staff adopted various strategies to overcome privacy obstacles such as taking consumers to a quieter part of the pharmacy, avoiding exposure of sensitive items through packaging, lowering of voices, interacting during pharmacy quiet times and telephoning consumers. Pharmacy staff and consumers regularly had to apply judgement to achieve the required level of privacy.DiscussionManagement of privacy can be challenging in the community pharmacy environment, and on‐going work in this area is important. As community pharmacy practice is increasingly becoming more involved in advanced medication and disease state management services with unique privacy requirements, pharmacies’ layouts and systems to address privacy challenges require a proactive approach.

Reconfiguration of Handicapped Parking Spaces to Maximize Utilization of Available Space

This paper presents a design solution based on analysis of the appropriate width of handicapped parking space for individuals with different levels of disabilities in Saga. The methodology followed in this study revealed an option for increasing the available quantity of handicapped parking within the available space by selectively reducing the width of alighting space requirements built into space standards. A physical simulation was carried out with assistance from volunteers with different types of disabilities who were asked to park in a confined space in order to obtain meaningful data for space requirements by disabled individuals. The investigation found that the current standard of 3.5 m width adopted for handicapped parking is conservative and has little merit from the point of view of functionality for handicapped individuals. The data collected allowed the research team to develop a methodology to propose a new arrangement for increasing the parking spaces for disabled persons. The paper explains the physical data collection process and details of the proposed arrangement that could better utilize the available space. number of handicapped parking spaces. Results of before and after surveys during 2006 and 2008 by Kiyota (2011) have shown that the PP system has made it harder for wheelchair bound severely disabled to find appropriate parking spaces. The percentage of severely disabled motorists observed in disabled parking spaces has decreased from 24.4% to 14.0% in a popular large shopping mall in Saga according the above surveys. (4) There was no mechanism to increase the quantity of handicapped parking spaces to match the expansion of the disabled population that followed from the introduction of the PP system. It is difficult to change current policy in only the Saga region instead of the entirety of Japan. Drop off areas with benches for disabled passengers may resolve this problem, but not all popular shopping malls have that condition. It was hypothesized that it may be possible to add more handicapped parking spaces by a strategy of reconfiguring the disabled parking spaces according to the actual space needed by users. It was acknowledged that broad width spaces were required by wheelchair users. It was speculated however, that individuals with mild disabilities did not need the generous width of parking space provided to wheelchair users. Therefore, the suitable planning solution required may be a reconfiguration of the current overall space allocated to handicapped parking in such a manner that there are spaces with different widths to match proportions and needs of different user populations. Experiments performed during this project showed that it is possible to establish the width of parking space used by different categories of individuals with different types of disabilities. The initial experiment surprised authors as it challenged the conventional width associated with disabled parking spaces although this paper does not propose to vary the long established standard. Following sections of the paper are presented to explain how the width of parking space required varies with the category of disability and detailed description of how the available space can be reconfigured to increase the number of spaces available for individuals with mild disabilities.

North DMC Medical College: innovative project management and new paradigm of development

Establishment of a Medical College in Hindu Rao Hospital by North Delhi Municipal Corporation (North DMC) within a period of 6 months was a huge challenge. The Project Management Team devised innovative methods to achieve the complex task of establishing a Medical College within the existing infrastructure of a functioning hospital by spending less than INR 70 million. The concept was new and implementing it required tremendous hard work, creative and innovative thought process, real time decision making, and fast implementation. The fact that the college was being established by a government agency meant that all procedures and approvals had to be obtained from competent authorities before initiating any activity. In order to achieve the desired outcome, time lines were squeezed and senior officers personally interacted with concerned authorities to get the necessary approvals. The project was implemented by adopting a new paradigm of development. Rather than establishing the new Medical College and Hospital from scratch, a scientific and detailed gap analysis was done within an existing and fully functional hospital. This was aimed at identifying the possibility of establishing a Medical College in a general hospital with minimum re-structuring of infrastructure, optimum utilization of available space, innovative methods of business process re-engineering and integrating the old with the new. The time bound implementation of this project is a classic example of top management commitment and strong team building leading to organizational change. The change was both in terms of perception of Corporation’s ability to deliver complex projects in short time and in terms of stakeholders’ participation and integration with the objectives of the project. The project put to extreme test the ability of the team to deliver in face of heavy odds. The effective and seamless integration of tactical steps with strategic goals showcase efficient and effective project planning and implementation. The conventional method of project management was abandoned to adopt a fast track approach of parallel management of activities and resources to achieve desired results in an extremely short time. Many uncertainties and unforeseen problems during the short period of implementation had the potential to derail the whole process. But quick and innovative steps and out of box thinking to go around the problems and converting challenges into opportunities led to successful final outcome.

A COMPACT PACKAGE WITH INTEGRATED PATCH ANTENNA FOR SINGLE-CHIP 60-GHz RADIOS

This paper presents the development of a standard surface mountable ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) package with an integrated patch antenna in low temperature coflred ceramic (LTCC) technology for emerging single-chip 60-GHz radios. It addresses the challenges of low-loss wire bonding interconnections required between the chip and the antenna as well as the package to allow e-cient utilization of available space for miniaturization. The compact package of size 12:5£8£1:265mm 3 achieves good electrical performance. For instance, the package part exhibits insertion loss 22dB, and attenuation rate < 0:2dB/cm below 5GHz; while the antenna part demonstrates 8-GHz impedance bandwidth and 8 § 2dBi peak realized gain at 60GHz. Simulated and measured results are compared. They agree reasonably well, indicating the feasibility of designing and manufacturing the integrated antenna package in LTCC for millimeter- wave applications.

Two fitness measures for clonal plants and the importance of spatial aspects

The capability of clonal plants to reproduce both sexually and vegetatively and their resulting hierarchical organisation into ramets and genets pose problems for the determination of fitness. We develop ramet-based measures of clonal plant fitness including both modes of reproduction. To this end we use simple population-dynamic equations accounting for limited space, limited dispersal, and disturbance. Neglecting interactions among ramets (r-selection regime) we derive an expression for initial growth rate r as a fitness measure. At higher densities interactions among ramets lead to density control (K-selection regime) and competitive exclusion of genotypes or species may occur. In this case we apply an invasibility criterion to derive an abundance fitness measure: competitiveness C. The optimum of C corresponds to an evolutionary stable strategy. C increases with the proportion of reproductive adults, with inverse module mortality, and with the sum of sexual and vegetative reproduction. The latter are defined as the product of the rate of module production and two correction factors accounting for juvenile mortality before establishment and for the efficiency of space exploitation by propagules. Thus C is equivalent to potential life-time offspring production, in contrast to realized life-time offspring production R0. Because the correction factor for space exploitation cannot be expressed analytically we obtain it from complementary spatially-explicit individual-based simulations. To illustrate an application of the fitness measure C we predict optimal allocation to vegetative and sexual reproduction. In a homogeneous habitat an intermediate allocation may maximize fitness only if there is a non-linear trade-off between the modes of reproduction. However even if this trade-off is linear, spatially heterogenous disturbances can lead to an intermediate optimum of allocation because seed dispersal with subsequent vegetative spread improves the utilization of available space for recruitment if the spatial extent of single disturbances is much larger than the distance of vegetative dispersal. Thus, our study underlines the importance of spatial features for fitness measures especially of clonal plants.

OR Practice—An Efficient Decision Support System for Academic Course Scheduling

This paper describes a network-based decision support system approach to the most general form of the academic course scheduling problem. The dimensions of faculty, subject, time, and room are considered by incorporating a penalty function into a network optimization approach. The approach, based on a network algorithm, is capable of solving very large problems. This methodology can be applied to other scheduling situations where there are competing objectives and multiple resources. Such situations include: scheduling of exams, times, and rooms in an academic setting, and scheduling of clients, times, and facilities for physicians, hospitals, dentists, counselors, and clinics. Common problems in such settings include the utilization of available space, and dissatisfaction with assigned times and locations. The proposed system results in more effective room utilization patterns, improved instructor satisfaction levels, and streamlines the tedious scheduling process. We describe the use of the model to schedule all graduate and undergraduate courses in the College of Business Administration at Texas A&amp;M University. This involves 175 faculty, over 300 sections, 20 rooms, and 16 time slots for each semester's scheduling problem.