Agricultural Land Utilization Research Articles

Screening of low-Cd-accumulating and Cd-remediating oilseed rape varieties using a newly indicator system for risk management of Cd-contaminated agricultural land

Although oilseed rape is frequently used as an alternative planting crop in the phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated agricultural land, methods for screening excellent oilseed rape varieties in this regard are inadequate. Herein, we developed a screening method that incorporates Cd accumulation, distribution, and removal, economic output, adaptability to Cd-contaminated agricultural land, and trace element variation. A Cd-adaptability index (Cd-AI) based on 10 agronomic traits was used to measure the adaptability of varieties to Cd-contaminated agricultural land. Moreover, to simplify the evaluation of adaptability, yield, biomass, and pod number with high weightings were selected to construct a discriminant function for Cd-contaminated agricultural land adaptability (correctly classified 94.20%). In a 2 year field trial, we evaluated 225 oilseed rape varieties, among which we identified two promising low-Cd-accumulating and two Cd-remediating varieties. For the low-Cd-accumulating varieties (HuYou17 and DeXingYou558), we obtained grain bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values of 0.07 and 0.08, BAFsoil-stalk values of <1, and economic outputs of RMB 25,054 and 32,292 yuan hm−2, respectively. Similarly, the Cd-remediating varieties (ZaoZa8 and YuYou61) were characterized by BAFsoil-stalk values of 4.65 and 3.61, BAFsoil-grain values of 0.16 and 0.16, Cd removals of 69.02 and 58.25 g hm−2, and economic outputs of RMB 31,189 and 24,962 yuan hm−2, respectively. Compared with the control variety, we detected lower uptakes of multiple trace elements (3–43%) in the low-Cd-accumulating varieties, whereas the Cd-remediating varieties were characterized by 15.40% and 8.30% increases in the accumulation of magnesium and zinc, respectively. Our findings augment the evaluation indices used for evaluating oilseed rape varieties and provide valuable insights from the perspectives of varietal screening and promotional application. The effective varieties identified have application potential for safe production and the remediation of agricultural land without interrupting annual agricultural production, and provide an economically sustainable approach for the utilization of Cd-contaminated agricultural land.

Islamic Law in the Rule of Sadd Adz-Dzari'ah on the Transfer of Agricultural Land Function to Housing in Grobogan

This research provides an in-depth exploration of Islamic legal aspects related to the conversion of agricultural land into residential areas, with a focus on the principle of Sadd Adz-Dzari'ah. This principle serves as the primary foundation for the research, playing a crucial role in regulating the land transformation process and establishing legal boundaries that must be adhered to. Through a case study conducted in the Grobogan Regency, this research aims to evaluate the application of the Sadd Adz-Dzari’ah principle in the context of agricultural land conversion. The research methodology employs a qualitative approach, utilizing in-depth interviews and document analysis. The collected data is analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify patterns and key themes related to the implementation of the Sadd Adz-Dzari’ah principle in land conversion. The main objectives of this study include gaining a profound understanding of the principle, evaluating its implementation in the conversion of agricultural land to residential areas in Grobogan Regency, analyzing the social, economic, and environmental impacts of the land-use changes, and presenting policy recommendations to enhance justice and sustainability, considering Islamic values. The research found that Islam with its sadd adz-dzariyat concept does not prohibit the conversion of agricultural land into housing as long as it provides maslahat for the community and is carried out based on existing statutory provisions and instead encourages the utilization of agricultural land for various purposes so that the land is not neglected and eventually dies without being utilized. Thus, this research is expected to significantly contribute to understanding the relevance and implementation of the Sadd Adz-Dzari’ah principle in the context of changing land use in rural communities. It also aims to provide a foundation for better policies aligned with Islamic values.

Assessment of the Coupling Degree between Agricultural Modernization and the Coordinated Development of Black Soil Protection and Utilization: A Case Study of Heilongjiang Province

Agricultural management encompasses various processes, including agricultural modernization and land protection and utilization; however, these aspects are seldom considered simultaneously. This study focuses on Heilongjiang Province, a major grain-producing region in China, in efforts to address this gap. The objective is to facilitate the mutual sustainable development of agricultural modernization as well as the protection and utilization of black soil through research and coordination. Statistical data from a case study conducted in Heilongjiang Province serve as the basis for this investigation, aiming to identify contradictions in the coordinated development of agricultural modernization and black soil protection and utilization in the province, design mechanisms to sustain this development, and ensure the mutually supportive progress of both aspects. This research delves into an infrequently explored dimension of the current policies surrounding black soil imposed by the Chinese authorities, offering significant insights into agricultural modernization.

Convolutional Neural Network-Based Method for Agriculture Plot Segmentation in Remote Sensing Images

Accurate delineation of individual agricultural plots, the foundational units for agriculture-based activities, is crucial for effective government oversight of agricultural productivity and land utilization. To improve the accuracy of plot segmentation in high-resolution remote sensing images, the paper collects GF-2 satellite remote sensing images, uses ArcGIS10.3.1 software to establish datasets, and builds UNet, SegNet, DeeplabV3+, and TransUNet neural network frameworks, respectively, for experimental analysis. Then, the TransUNet network with the best segmentation effects is optimized in both the residual module and the skip connection to further improve its performance for plot segmentation in high-resolution remote sensing images. This article introduces Deformable ConvNets in the residual module to improve the original ResNet50 feature extraction network and combines the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) at the skip connection to calculate and improve the skip connection steps. Experimental results indicate that the optimized remote sensing plot segmentation algorithm based on the TransUNet network achieves an Accuracy of 86.02%, a Recall of 83.32%, an F1-score of 84.67%, and an Intersection over Union (IOU) of 86.90%. Compared to the original TransUNet network for remote sensing land parcel segmentation, whose F1-S is 81.94% and whose IoU is 69.41%, the optimized TransUNet network has significantly improved the performance of remote sensing land parcel segmentation, which verifies the effectiveness and reliability of the plot segmentation algorithm.

Sucessão geracional na agricultura: debate acadêmico e tendências científicas

ABSTRACT: The present study, detailed a survey of the academic debate and scientific trends regarding generational succession in agriculture. Hence this study is categorized under quantitative and qualitative bibliometric research. For this research, the Scopus database was accessed to identify scientific articles from publications between the years 2010 and 2021. The search, which included keywords like “successors” and “farm*”, resulted in 57 relevant articles. For the study, eleven thematic categories were selected, viz., Factors that influence generational succession; Gender issues in generational succession; Educational aspects in succession; Coping strategies in relation to the future of rural properties and utilization of agricultural land; Succession planning; Issues related to the dairy farming activity and the presence of successors; The role of rural youth in the succession; Socioeconomic effects on rural properties from the presence of successors; Agricultural transfers to “new” farmers; Emotional and belonging aspects in generational transfer; and Relationships and perceptions of non-successors with respect to rural property and succession. However, the factors that affect generational renewal and gender issues in generational succession are the themes that recur most often in the research. Europe is in the forefront in terms of research on succession, and reveals new research pathways and is on the frontline for the development of public policies on generational succession in agriculture. Finally, the other emerging themes were observed to be those which dealt with the relationship that exists between the emotional aspects and succession, as well as agricultural transfers to “new” farmers.

Analysis of Weather Prediction, Resource Management, and Land Optimization on the Application of Big Data Analytics in Agricultural Land Utilization in Agrarian Areas of West Java

This research investigates the impact of Weather Prediction, Resource Management, and Land Optimization on the adoption of Big Data Analytics in agricultural land utilization within the agrarian region of West Java. Employing a quantitative approach, the study integrates measurement model analysis, structural equation modeling, demographic profiling, and model fit assessment to comprehensively explore the intricate dynamics of technological adoption in agriculture. Results indicate that Land Optimization, Resource Management, and Weather Prediction significantly influence the adoption of Big Data Analytics. Demographic factors such as gender, age, education, and farming experience demonstrate varying correlations with key variables. The model exhibits strong fit, and approximately 60.2% of the variance in Big Data Analytics adoption is explained by the combined influence of the identified factors. This study contributes nuanced insights to inform policy and practice for sustainable and technology-driven agriculture in West Java.

ЗЕМЛЕВПОРЯДНИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ У СИСТЕМІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ: РОЛЬ ТА ФУНКЦІЇ

The article delves into the land management mechanism within the general land management system to maximize the effective utilization of agricultural land, investment opportunities, and productivity potential in rural areas, and to create conditions for its social transformation into a powerful factor of economic growth. Given the state's sustainable development strategy for land use, the introduction of the land market, and the conceptual shift of community development to territorial and spatial planning, which is a crucial tool for land resource management, attention is focused on several tasks that must be accomplished to improve the land management mechanism in the general system of managing land resources in the agricultural sector. Specifically, it is necessary to guarantee the most efficient and ecologically safe use of all agricultural lands suitable for profitable production of agricultural products; create territorial conditions for the consolidation of land plots and better their use by implementing measures that ensure the preservation of lands and their involvement in agricultural production; restore disturbed and degraded lands and bring them to the conditions suitable for agricultural production, among others. In order to effectively implement certain actions, it is necessary to pass all stages of planning for the rational use and protection of agricultural land at a legislative level. This will help to formulate and set relevant requirements for land management regulations within defined territorial zones, including provisions regarding the use and possible changes of these rules. The land management mechanism plays a crucial role in the land management system by carrying out various functions. The tasks of agriculture in the implementation of the land management mechanism within the general system of land resource management in the agricultural sector are also clearly defined and formulated.

Spatial-temporal evolution of agricultural land utilization benefits and tradeoffs/synergies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

As urbanization and industrialization accelerate, the imbalance in agricultural land use between economic development, social security, and ecological protection becomes increasingly apparent. To achieve sustainable utilization of agricultural land, it is essential to promote the coordinated development of economic, social, and ecological benefits. To this end, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for agricultural land utilization benefits (ALUBs) based on three dimensions of economy, society, and ecology and adopts the Mechanical Equilibrium Model to analyze the spatial–temporal evolution of ALUBs and their tradeoffs/synergies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region at the county scale from 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that: (1) economic, social, and comprehensive benefits increased significantly, while the ecological benefit remained relatively stable; (2) the overall coordination degree of ALUBs increased continuously, albeit with evident spatial differences; (3) with the rapid growth of social benefit, the deviation types shifted from economic and ecological benefit dominant areas to social benefit dominant areas. Corresponding suggestions for sustainable agricultural land use are also proposed based on the characteristics of ecologically fragile areas, core urbanization areas, and major grain-producing areas, respectively. This paper can serve as a useful reference for the sustainable utilization and management of agricultural land.

Agricultural land suitability assessment for sustainable development using remote sensing techniques with analytic hierarchy process

Agricultural land suitability assessment is a significant management technique for ensuring the sustainable utilization of agricultural lands according to their actual potential. It may be possible to manage land resources in a sustainable way by selecting a suitable land use that is compatible with the local ecosystem and socioeconomic conditions. Various suitability assessment methods have been effectively applied for agricultural use, but a different land use suitability level for crop cultivation was evaluated in this study. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to analyze data related to slope, elevation, LULC, soil texture, precipitation, temperature, aspect, distance to river, soil moisture (NDMI), distance to road, and soil ph. These variables, according to the pair wise comparison results, have the most influence on suitability analysis and produce more accurate statistical analysis results. Additionally, spatial analyses were carried out to create the matrix that includes the adopted factors and their weights. The results demonstrate four agricultural land suitability areas: highly suitable (27.5%), moderately suitable (42.8%), marginally suitable (17.6%), and not suitable (12.1%). Suitability zones differ with district areas. An analysis of suitability per district showed that most of the areas are highly and moderately suitable for agriculture. The suitability maps provide an effective resource for decision-making in study regions for agriculture. The aim of the study was to address the demands of agricultural activities with actual land resources to improve production and reduce losses.

Evaluation of Environmental and Economic Performance of Crop Production in Relation to Crop Rotation, Catch Crops, and Tillage

Crop production constitutes a significant portion of the EU’s agricultural output and influences land use decisions. Various elements within the crop production system can significantly impact its outcomes. This paper aims to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of crop rotation, catch crops, and different tillage practices in Latvia by analyzing data from case studies, field trials, and field monitoring to identify the potential for improvement towards a more sustainable utilization of agricultural land. Environmental performance was evaluated by focusing on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), as it is likely to play a significant role in assessing the environmental suitability of crop production according to the Platform on Sustainable Finance. For economic performance, gross margins were calculated. Crop rotation in Latvia tends to be monotonous, with wheat and oilseed rape dominating over 60% of the cultivated area due to their profitability. The findings of this study indicate that achieving a minimum NUE of 70% is challenging. Crop rotations including oilseed rape, particularly the common wheat–oilseed rape rotation, have an average NUE below the threshold, while proper use of catch crops may increase NUE by 7–9%. The three-year field trials on commercial farms yielded divergent findings about the impact of various tillage practices on NUE and gross margin. However, the field trials conducted on the farm practicing reduced tillage for over ten years show higher NUE compared to ploughing. The advantage of reduced tillage was supported by the obtained results indicating lower costs of agrotechnical operations, including less diesel consumption.

TAXATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ENCOURAGE IDLE LAND DEVELOPMENT

The topic of idle land, especially in agriculture, seems to have a consequence on both agricultural production and land utilization. Malaysia's government normally takes a diplomatic approach to idle land concerns, providing financial assistance, facilities, and agricultural input to urge landowners to develop the idle lands. Actual studies on the global scale, however, indicated that certain countries took a tough stance by implementing the idle land tax. Hence, the aim of the research is to look into nine countries' idle land taxation implementation. Secondary data were analysed using comparative and thematic analysis to examine the key aspects of idle land tax application. The study identified five fundamental aspects that are critical to the application of idle land taxes. Based on these findings, Malaysia now has new options for idle land enforcement that it may adopt in the future if diplomatic strategies no longer have an influence on Malaysia's approaches to overcome idle agriculture land issues.

Agricultural Land Quality Evaluation and Utilization Zoning Based on the Production–Ecology–Health Dimension: A Case Study of Huanghua City

Clarifying the constituent elements of agricultural land quality, carrying out multi-dimensional quality evaluation of agricultural land, and implementing precise land consolidation and utilization zoning all have important guiding significance for achieving efficient utilization of agricultural land in China. This work analyzed the multi-dimensional evaluation framework of agricultural land based on its comprehensive quality elements and the production, ecological, and health functions. This paper constructed a multi-dimensional agricultural land “production–ecology–health” quality evaluation index system and evaluation criteria, and carried out a multi-dimensional quality evaluation of agricultural land in Huanghua City, Hebei Province, China. The spatial superposition of each dimension′s evaluation results, combined with the logical relationship between agricultural land use and each dimension′s quality, realized the renovation and utilization zoning of agricultural land. The results are as follows: (1) The production, ecological, and health qualities of agricultural land in Huanghua City were below the average and there is spatial variability, whose proportions of grade III and below were 63.12, 66.23, and 69.32%, respectively. In addition, low score areas are mainly located in the south and northwest of the study area. (2) The obstacle factors to quality in different dimensions were different: The obstacle factors to production quality were matter content, soil pH, irrigation guarantee rate, and alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen; groundwater salinity and depth, soil pH, and chemical fertilizers consumption for ecological quality; and groundwater salinity and depth and soil pH for health quality. (3) Agricultural land in Huanghua city is divided into five types of remediation, including 30,277.34 hm2 for high efficiency utilization area, 10,576.54 hm2 for production quality cultivation area, 34,387.86 hm2 for health quality cultivation area, and 56,311.22 hm2 for comprehensive consolidation and restoration area; special remediation measures are proposed for different types of zones. The work improves the multi-objective quality evaluation index system for agricultural land and implements differentiated land remediation strategies by identifying obstacle factors through zoning. It provides methodological ideas to improve the efficiency of land remediation and utilization.

The Strategy of Utilize Unused Lands for Production Purposes in Turkey

The aim of this study is to discuss the feasibility of the strategy to utilize unused lands for production purposes in Turkey and the effects of the land resources in Turkey on the implementation of the strategy. An unused (unproductive) land is a land that reduces the quality in terms of components that define a land, causes adverse conditions to affect the land use, and is not utilized for agricultural purposes within a crop rotation period of time. Published in the Official Gazette No. 30224 of 10/28/2017 and put into effect, the Year 2018 Program reads: "The utilization of unused agricultural lands for production purposes shall create models for the effective operation of agricultural farms". In addition, the sub-paragraph 11 on Policies and Measures, which are set out under the title of 5th Growth and Employment Strategy as a part of the 2019-2021 Medium Term Program in accordance with the Presidential Decree No. 108 of 9/20/2018, reads: "Organizational and legal infrastructure shall be established to utilize unused agricultural lands for production purposes." From this perspective, there is a need to reform the unplanned land use and the forms of property and use as it is one of the agricultural infrastructure problems in Turkey. The importance of introducing a system to give a true picture about the market of agricultural lands and making sure it is influenced less by other industries is self-evident. The land resources that Turkey currently has, challenges concerning those lands and agricultural structure make it difficult to execute the strategy. There are some major social, economic, legal and technical barriers to the achievement of the goals. This study offers recommendations on how to remove those barriers based on the figures of a study commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and analyzes the unused agricultural lands in Turkey and the possibilities to utilize them for production purposes. Agricultural lands are utilized for non-agricultural purposes, and the studies over how to utilize unused agricultural lands with conditions that reduce the quality of lands in terms of components that define a land point to a contradiction between what is intended and what is actual. Without making any land use plans, it is impossible for any effort of developing a land use strategy to be efficient.

Dominant roles of torrential floods and atmospheric deposition revealed by quantitative source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils around a historical mercury mine, Southwest China

Hg pollution in soils surrounding the Wanshan mercury mine (WMM), once the largest Hg-producing center in China, has been confirmed, neglecting other potential toxic elements (PTEs). Better understanding of the sources and transport pathways of soil PTEs remains insufficient. To response these limitations, eight soil PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) at two typical agricultural sites, namely AZ and WW that are located near and far from the WMM, respectively, were systemically investigated. The results showed that AZ exhibited significantly higher concentrations of all the PTEs in the surface soil than WW (p < 0.01). Hg and Cd were recognized as the priority control PTEs, with their average concentrations of 21.54 and 1.21 mg kg–1 at AZ, and 15.79 and 0.48 mg kg–1 at WW. Those affected PTEs tended to enrich in near-river areas. Atmospheric deposition contributed more to soil Hg than did regular irrigation, but these two sources could not explain the considerable soil Hg accumulation. Three sources, including natural sources, hydraulic transport (torrential floods and regular irrigation) and atmospheric deposition, were identified and quantified based on the positive matrix factorization model, statistical methods and various auxiliary information. Hydraulic transport (mainly torrential floods) dominated the soil Hg input, which could explain 83.8% and 69.8% of the soil Hg input at AZ and WW, respectively. Atmospheric deposition dominated the soil Cd input, explaining 44.3% and 59.9% of the soil Cd input at AZ and WW, respectively. More attention should be given to the safe utilization of agricultural land and long-term monitoring of atmospheric deposition of Hg and Cd. This study could provide insights to prevent PTE diffusion along the above dominant transportation pathways while developing similar mine regions.

Strategi Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Masyarakat Sekitar Kawasan Hutan Di Pulau-Pulau Kecil (Studi Kasus Di Pulau Maitara Provinsi Maluku Utara)

The livelihoods of people in small islands are never disconnected from socio-economic problems and the degraded environment. In the long term, the living system will influence the surrounding environmental condition if the environment utilization is not sustain managed. This research aimed to assess the people's livelihood assets to encourage the living quality of local people. Qualitative and quantitative methods were implemented to analyze the data from questionnaires in deeply direct interviews. The variables to evaluate in the livelihood assets condition consisted of human capital, natural capital, social capital, physical capital, and financial capital, which covered the sampling region in South and North Maitara island. The basic capital of people's livelihood is presented as Pentagon Assets, and its strategies are grouped into intensification, extensification, and migration. The result showed that the component of livelihood capital assets depending on natural capital was 8.99, financial capital was 9.88, physic capital was 12.38, human capital was 15.06, and social capital was 16.64. The intensification and extensification consisted of the percentage of yard utilization was 11%, agriculture land utilization was 37%, empty land utilization was 24%, and arable land utilization was 12%. Moreover, migration as part of livelihood strategies in this region composed of permanent migration was 15%, and circular migration or commuter was 45%. In conclusion, agricultural land utilization is still dominant for local people, exerting circular migration to sustain their subsistence.Keywords: livelihood assets, sustain, environment utilization, small island

Impact of Participation in Groundwater Market on Farmland, Income, and Water Access: Evidence from Pakistan

Groundwater irrigation has a critical role in the sustainability of arable farming in many developing countries including Pakistan. Groundwater irrigation is generally practiced to supplement surface water supplies in Pakistan. Nevertheless, uninterrupted and extensive use of groundwater irrigation has raised several concerns about its sustainability and resultant environmental implications. Due to the scarcity of groundwater and heterogeneity in farmers’ resources, informal groundwater markets have emerged in Pakistan, where farmers trade water using a contractual system. Yet, the effects of these markets on agricultural productivity and equity remain largely unknown. This paper aims to analyze the impact of participation in the groundwater market on farmland utilization, cropping patterns, water access, and income. We analyze these impacts using primary data collected from 360 farmers in three different zones of the country’s largest province. The farmers were categorized as buyers, sellers, and self-users of water. Results indicate that participation in water markets increased agricultural land utilization, evinced by a higher cropping intensity among participants. A horizontal and vertical equity analysis of water markets shows that although large farmers have better access to groundwater irrigation, water market participation improves equity to water access. Based on income inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve, water market participation also improves farmer incomes regardless of farm size. Propensity score matching revealed that wheat yield and income among water-market participants went up by approximately 150 kg and PKR 4503 per acre compared with non-participants. Groundwater market participants’ higher crop productivity and income level suggest that water markets need a thorough revisit in terms of policy focus and institutional support to ensure sustainable rural development.

Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Ecological Efficiency and Ecosystem Service Value of Agricultural Land in China

In-depth analysis of spatial and temporal variations in the ecological efficiency of agricultural land has important theoretical and practical significance in achieving the efficient utilization of agricultural land, the coordinated development of natural resources and the environment, and the formulation of sustainable agricultural development policies. By including carbon emissions and pollution as undesired output indicators of agricultural land use, and introducing ecological service values as output indicators, an SBM-Undesirable model which can not only avoid the deviation caused by the difference of radial and angular selection, but also reflect the essence of efficiency evaluation, was used to estimate the ecological efficiency of agricultural land in 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of China from 2004 to 2017. Spatial and temporal differences were then analyzed. The results show that (1) The ecological efficiency of agricultural land in China decreased overall from 2004 to 2017. (2) The eco-efficiency of agricultural land was highest in the eastern provinces, lowest in the central provinces, and moderate in the western provinces. (3) Among the input indicators, the input redundancy rates of agricultural land, chemical fertilizer input and agricultural film input were too high. (4) China’s agricultural land use has not evolved towards harmonious development of the environment and economy. Due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, agricultural films and other factors that cause pollution, there has been a one-sided increase in the economic output of agricultural land, and improvements in ecological value have been inhibited. Based on the research results, feasible suggestions are put forward to improve the ecological efficiency of agricultural land in China.

Topological Optimum Approach for Improving Indicators for Agricultural Sustainability

Background. The goal of this study is to improve the topological efficiency of agricultural production in Saudi Arabia’s allocated agriculture area. Method. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) topology was adopted to efficiently identify agricultural land utilization from 2009 to 2013. Results. According to the constant return to scale (CRS) topology, the area may be reduced by 8.7831667 percent in 2009, resulting in a given optimal crop yield scenario. Similarly, the area may be reduced by 3.9425506 percent in 2010 to attain a given optimum crop production topology, by 4.0198591 percent in 2011 to achieve the same amount of crop production, and by 1.0621519 percent in 2012 to attain the desired level of crop output. The topology of crop production could increase by 5.1334182 percent while retaining quality, according to the variable return to scale (VRS) topology while maintaining the same assigned area. Conclusion. Also using the linear programming approach to reproduce the results of CRS and VRS models.

Agricultural Crop Recommendation System Using IoT and M.L.

Agriculture is the backbone for a developing economy like India and there is an enormous need to maintain the agricultural sustainability. Hence it is a significant contribution towards the economic and agricultural welfare of the countries across the world. Effective utilization of agricultural land is crucial for ensuring food safety and security of a country. The aim of this paper is to propose an IoT and ML based Agriculture system that can assist farmers or agriculturist in crop prediction based on Metrological Agriculture theory by getting live Metrological data from the crop field using IoT technology and M.L for prediction which will enable smart farming and increase their overall yield and quality of products.

حصاد المياه لحوض بحيرة الثرثار وأهميته الاستراتيجية في تحقيق التنمية

Supplying water is a concern in the world because of the decline in low rainfall in most of the world as a result of rising temperatures and increased evaporation/transpiration، which cause decreasing of farming areas and supplying food under high population numbers and effects on supplying them with food. This research study included determining the best sites that are suitable for creating available watersheds which serve the region in the future. Through the analysis of natural and geomorphological maps، declination، soil، natural vegetation as well as the analysis of information results through modern technology programmes which helped to identifying best places to create watersheds in the basin of Al- Thirthar Lake. Al- Thirthar Lake has a significant impact in increasing the region، the Euphrates and the Tigris River with water needs time of water scarcity، which could serve the region at the present and in the future. There are three sites in the basin of Al- Thirthar Lake which are suitable for the watersheds of dams، small lakes and different types. When those sites are invested correctly and successfully، then will have a clear impact in setting appropriate plans to encourage the future development process in the region and to be suitable with the dry and semi-arid environmental conditions، which suffer from a significant shortage of water resources in addition to the decline in population and geographical distribution in the region. Through the development of this strategy، it will achieve a great goal of the population settlement and invest those potentials in providing water، utilization of agricultural lands and provide the food needs of the country very dramatically، and this provides job opportunities for the unemployed and achieve the stability of life in the region.