Utilitarian Categories Research Articles

Assessing the Reach and Engagement Effectiveness of Disseminating Food and Nutrition Information on Social Media Channels.

This study utilized Facebook and Instagram as communication channels for disseminating evidence-based food and nutrition information to low-income adults. From February 2021 to October 2022, 442 identical posts were shared across both platforms for audience reach and engagement. Posts were categorized in two ways: hedonic and three levels of utilitarian (informative, convenience, utility), based on widely applied social media uses and effects theory (Uses and Gratifications Perspective); and food/nutrition topics (dietary guidance, mealtime behaviors, recipes, food resource management, health behaviors, and community building). From predominantly image-based posts (82.6%), reach and engagement for Instagram (136,621 versus 6096, respectively) outperformed Facebook (83,275 versus 1276, respectively). Analysis of covariance of rank-order reach and engagement metrics (likes, replies, shares) showed Facebook engagement was consistent across hedonic and utilitarian categories while Instagram showed highest reach and engagement for utilitarian posts, especially those emphasizing food affordability. Facebook and Instagram differed in which food/nutrition topics achieved maximal reach and engagement. Fifteen posts were randomly selected for qualitative analysis to identify features reflecting engagement levels. Low-engagement posts featured low-color-contrast or less-appealing images, especially on Instagram. This study offers insights for practitioners and researchers aiming to use social media to promote healthy food and nutrition.

The role of reviewer badges in the dynamics of online reviews

In this research, we examine the role of reviewer badges in the spread of opinion in the context of online reviews. Specifically, we investigate how ratings from badged and non-badged reviewers influence the opinions of subsequent reviewers, how this influence varies depending on whether the subsequent reviewer is badged, and the dynamics of review time and recent product popularity. Using a multimethod approach and archival data covering a two-year period of 458,305 reviews for products in both hedonic and utilitarian categories on Amazon (with data from TripAdvisor as a robustness check), we uncover several unique insights. First, badged reviewers tend to give lower ratings than non-badged reviewers. Second, prior ratings from badged reviewers have a smaller positive influence on subsequent reviewers than ratings from non-badged reviewers. Third, when we distinguish between badged and non-badged subsequent reviewers, we find that ratings from prior non-badged reviewers have a negative effect on ratings awarded by subsequent badged reviewers. These three effects are consistent with badged reviewers’ drive to differentiate their reviews. Finally, we find that badged reviewers tend toward stronger differentiation behavior when the reviewed product has recently become available online and when it has a high proportion of recent reviews from non-badged reviewers. The findings have important implications for marketing managers seeking to influence the review-generation process for their products and for platform managers working to incentivize the quantity and quality of reviews on their websites by awarding badges or other forms of recognition.

Thinking with Heraldry on the Eve of the Reformation: A Drawing by Niklaus Manuel Deutsch

This essay addresses an understudied drawing of a fictional coat of arms by the Swiss artist Niklaus Manuel, called Deutsch, suggesting that it gently subverts heraldic conventions, reflecting contemporaneous concerns about the instability of earthly insignia. By evoking iconographies of Fortuna and the homo viator, the drawing challenges the security of armorial prestige. Manuel – like Albrecht Dürer and Martin Schongauer before him – used the heraldic framework to probe pictorial conventions and to signal their artistic authority as arbiters of ornamental meaning. Produced on the eve of the Reformation, the drawing prefigures the intensified scrutiny of earthly and spiritual sign systems that would occur just a few years later. Art historians have tended to dismiss heraldry as a distinctly medieval and utilitarian category of image, too rule‐governed to nourish the imaginations of Renaissance artists. However, Manuel's drawing unlocks a window onto a world in which the heraldic provided a common point of reference for thinking about signification and identity during a period of transformative cultural change.

Advertising’s sequence of effects on consumer mindset and sales: A comparison across brands and product categories

Advertising has the power to influence how consumers experience, think, and feel about brands, but the sequence of these mindset effects may differ by brand and category. This paper analyzes how the mindset factors of cognition, affect, and experience mediate advertising effects on sales, using data from 178 fast-moving consumer good brands in 18 categories over seven years. The authors compare the models proposed in the literature and conclude that the concept of sequentiality in advertising effects holds up well. Importantly, the sequence varies across brands, with the affect → cognition → experience (ACE) sequence being the most common. Brand differentiation and the hedonic versus utilitarian nature of the product category moderate the incidence of the ACE sequence: this sequence is even more likely for utilitarian products and less differentiated brands. For managers, the results show that the last mindset factor in the sequence is the most important in driving sales, with cognition being most responsive to advertising among the mindset factors. Moreover, in utilitarian categories, highly differentiated brands can expect about seven times higher advertising responsiveness of affect than less differentiated brands.

Differential effects of analytical versus emotional rhetorical style on review helpfulness

This paper examines the interaction effect of analytical versus emotional rhetorical styles and overall ratings on the perceived helpfulness of product reviews on an e-commerce platform. Hypotheses derived from signaling theory regarding the nonlinear and interactive effects of these variables are tested using a zero-inflated negative binomial model with fixed effects. The results from the estimation of the model using a large sample of reviews from a hedonic and a utilitarian category suggest that analytical and emotional rhetorical devices have mutually opposing effects on helpfulness. While an analytical writing style increases the number of helpfulness votes a review receives, both positive and negative emotional tones reduce it. Further, readers perceive polarized ratings as more helpful, and an analytical style strengthens this effect while an emotional style weakens it. The results are consistent with signaling theory and suggest that an objective and analytical style serves as a strong signal about unobserved quality while an emotional style conflicts with the quality signal and reduces a review’s helpfulness.

Usage, Pleasure, Price, and Feeling: A Study on Shopping Orientation and Consumer Outcome.

Understanding the behavior of consumers and especially the purchase-related behavior has been a focus of research for the past decades. Thus, researchers and practitioners are curious to know how purchase patterns are different under different conditions such as product category, price, feeling, and so on. The primary focus of this study was to examine how the price of the products influences the purchase behavior of consumers across hedonic and utilitarian categories under regulatory focus theory (RFT). The secondary insight was to examine how mood can moderate this impact. We conducted three experimental studies to examine these research questions regarding the preference of consumers of hedonic (utilitarian) products when the price is low (high) and at different mood conditions in this purchase process. The results confirmed our hypothesis that product category has a significant impact on purchase choice of products and mood can mediate this impact. In the last section, we discussed the theoretical contribution, strategic insights for product designers and marketers, and possible future research directions.

The value of protected man-made parks of the Ukrainian Polissya of the second half of the 18th and early 20th centuries

For thousands of years, human activity has shaped the environment, changing it in accordance with utilitarian and functional requirements. As these requirements changed over time, so did the value that people associated with certain landscape features. Man-made parks created in the Ukrainian Polissya in the second half of the 17th – early 20th century are landscapes, the historical park environment, and modern adaptation of which to the modern functional purpose are valued by modern society and can be considered as ecosystem services of the park. The purpose of the study was to develop and test a methodology for assessing the values of man-made protected parks in the Ukrainian Polissya. The following research methods were used: field surveys (route), analytical, comparative and historic and systematic. To assess the level of ecosystem services provided by 32 parks located on the territory of the Ukrainian Polissya, a methodology was developed and tested that included 19 assessment categories, each of which contained several attributes (1-20). Assessment categories included utilitarian, environmental, educational, etc. Attributes were presented, but were not limited to the presence of a source and/or the presence of medicinal plants (within the utilitarian category), the presence of plantings that perform the functions of river protection and/or soil stabilisation (within the ecological category), and the presence of an educational path (in the educational category). Each attribute was assigned a score of 1 with a sum of values (up to a potential sum of 97), reflecting the level of ecosystem services provided by each individual park. By estimating the sum of values, parks were classified as high-value (sum of values from 70 to 97), medium-value (sum of values from 40 to 69), and low-value (sum of values below 40). Among the 32 parks surveyed, 31 (96.9%) parks were classified as medium-value (most with a sum of values in the range from 50 to 60), and one (3.1%) park was classified as low-value, while no park was classified as high-value. By identifying which of the 19 assessment categories (and attributes) are missing, it is possible to plan and implement improvements to increase the ecosystem services provided by individual parks. This methodology can be used to evaluate ecosystem services provided by man-made parks in Ukraine and around the world. Such an assessment would help preserving existing parks, saving them from destruction and development, thus preventing their transition to other types of land use. It would also increase the value of these unique multi-purpose landscape features in the future by transforming and expanding their cultural and social ecosystem services

Understanding the meaning of emoji in mobile social payments: Exploring the use of mobile payments as hedonic versus utilitarian through skin tone modified emoji usage

Despite research establishing emojis as sites of critical racial discourse, there is a paucity of literature examining their importance in the increasingly popular context of mobile payments. This is particularly important as new forms of social payment platforms such as Venmo bridge the seamlessness of mobile payments with the vibrant communicative practices of social networks. As such, they provide a unique medium to examine how emojis are used within the context of digital consumption, and by extension, self-representation. This study analyzes approximately 325 million public transactions on the U.S. payment platform Venmo to understand whether emoji usage in mobile payments is more hedonic or utilitarian. We then explore how race is represented across emoji usage on Venmo via tone-modified emojis, a subset of emojis whereby users can choose a skin tone. We found that while emojis in general are used for more hedonic purposes than utilitarian ones, darker tone-modified emojis indicate a proportionately higher use in hedonic consumption as compared to lighter tone-modified emojis, and also show a higher representation of utilitarian categories in transactions. Thematic analysis revealed that subsets with darker tone-modified emojis have a greater lexical variety and engage in more playful uses of emoji in mobile payments

The innovation of the potter's wheel: a comparative perspective between Mesopotamia and the southern Levant

The southern Levant and northern Mesopotamia are two areas in which the potter's wheel seems to have appeared independently. New data enable us to undertake a comparison between both regions. As a result, it appears that in both regions the context of production of the first wheel-made vessels was very similar. Wheel-coiled bowls were made by craft specialists attached to some kind of elite and responding to the demand of this same elite for fine vessels. Thus the potter's wheel was not adopted to improve productivity, but to produce to strong vessels with status value. As a consequence, this technology was not transferred to more utilitarian categories of vessels, and in both regions its development followed the same distinctive saw-tooth evolutionary trajectory.

Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect

This research investigates that brand differentiation creating superior values can be achieved not only by addingmeaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes, which is called “trivial attribute effect.” Two studiesprovided empirical evidences as following; first, trivial attribute effect creates a strong brand differentiation evenafter subjects realize that trivial attribute has no value. Second, trivial attribute effect is more pronounced inhedonic service category compared to the utilitarian category. Last, the amount of willingness to pay is higherwhen trivial attribute is presented and evaluated in joint evaluation mode than separate evaluation mode. Finally,we conclude with discussion and provide suggestions for further research.

Symbolic Lizards: Forms of Special Purpose Classification of Animals among the Nage of Eastern Indonesia

ABSTRACTThe Nage people of Flores island, eastern Indonesia, recognize an unnamed (or “covert”) life-form category comprising several named kinds of lizards as a distinct component of their folk zoological taxonomy, a general purpose classification of animals based primarily on universally observable morphological and behavioral features. Exploring symbolic values of lizards evidenced in Nage thought and practice, this essay considers how far lizards might also compose a unitary symbolic class and whether symbolic similarity and contrast may inform Nage taxonomy. The answer is in both cases negative. Typically, symbolic classes cross-cut the major divisions of a folk taxonomy of animals, thereby associating, on symbolic grounds (such as common association with spiritual beings), animals belonging to diverse life-forms such as snakes, birds, and fish. With reference to this and other findings, exploration of Nage lizard classification serves to introduce a discussion of general differences between folk taxonomy and symbolic classification of animals as well as circumstances in which folk taxonomic and symbolic categories are likely to coincide. Attention is also given to utilitarian categories as another form of special purpose, non-taxonomic classification, and with reference to specific practical uses Nage make of lizards, it is shown how the various members of the Nage folk taxon “lizard” similarly do not compose a single class. Contradicting a time-honored view most closely associated with Mary Douglas, the essay thus provides a comprehensive, critical demonstration of how animal classification in a given society need not compose a conceptual unity.

The Double-Edged Sword of Foreign Brand Names for Companies from Emerging Countries

Foreign branding—or using brand names that evoke foreign associations through, for example, spelling a brand name in a foreign language—is a popular means in both developed and emerging countries of suggesting a specific country of origin (COO) in the hope that it will evoke certain product qualities. As a result, consumers increasingly encounter products with brand names that imply a COO that differs from the actual COO (where the product is manufactured). In four experiments, the authors find support for the hypothesis that incongruence between the actual COO and implied COO decreases purchase likelihood asymmetrically. Incongruence backfires in hedonic categories but has hardly any effect in utilitarian categories. Furthermore, incongruence decreases purchase likelihood more if the actual COO is an emerging rather than developed country. The authors address the psychological process underlying the asymmetric effect of incongruence by showing that consumers apply different information-processing strategies to hedonic versus utilitarian products. These results have important implications for (foreign) branding decisions.

Scientific Meaning of Meanings: Quests for Discoveries Concerning Our Cultural Ills

This paper outlines pioneering concepts of fundamental physical and emotional features of the human brain which served as primary operators. These have developed during the past 10,000 years, giving rise to our present global megacultures and their various ancestral culture progenitors. Essential points are these: (1) Biological evolution endowed the human brain (quite inadvertently and unintentionally) with enormous latent powers for complex and sophisticated abstract ratiocinations. (2) Magnitudes of these latent powers grew exponentially with linear enlargements of brain size during the evolution of the genetic ancestors ofHomo sapiens sapiens(Hss) during the past 3 million years, but these latent powers never materialized in utilized forms within the environmental contexts in which they evolved. (3) These sophisticated, abstract ratiocinations, both latent powers and operative forms in today'sHssbrain, are divided between two major categories: utilitarian thinking and nonutilitarian thinking. (4) These two different types of thinking processes are carried out within separate, different regional combinations of neuronal biochemical entities within the same individual brain. (5) Sensitivities of abstract, sophisticated ratiocination processes within the human brain to influences from communication interactions with other human brains are exponentially greater in comparison with any other species of central nervous system in the earth's biosphere. This makes the brain population density the utmost critical factor, and determines the character of human thought within interacting populations of brains at a given time and place within a particular culture. (6) Abrupt increases of sedentary brain population densities, unnaturally greater by orders of magnitude than those that existed previously in biological evolutionary contexts, were engendered by the inauguration of agricultural practices 10,000 years ago. This enabled latent powers of the human brain used for complex and sophisticated abstract ratiocinations to become manifest in materialized forms of usage within relatively large groups of humans living in certain regions of the earth. (7) Thinking processes of the utilitarian category within brains living in such regions guided and dominated the development of sophisticated and complex social hierarchies and institutions, forms of communication, technologies, and cultures since that time. This dominating factor relegated thinking processes within the nonutilitarian categories of those brains to subservient roles during those developments. (8) Nonutilitarian abstract ratiocinations possess a potential for proper adjudication and guidance of utilitarian abstract ratiocinations in the latter's development of culture. However, lack of the former's proper role in cultural developments since the beginning of the Holocene interglacial era has resulted in the imprisonment ofHssas aliens in an intellectual hell on a foreign planet.

Bertolt Brecht Arbeitsjournal ed. by Werner Hecht (review)

118 BOOK REVIEWS ing, the word "cruelty" means to create, to breathe, to cry - any act is cruelty. Everything that is not dormant in life is cruel. When Brahma, for example, left his state of rest, he suffered. When a child is born, it knows pain. Death, transformation , thirst, love, appetite are all cruelties. The Theatre of Cruelty production must contain "physical" and "objective" elements, capable of acting and reacting upon everybody's sensibilities: screams, apparitions, surprises, magic, beauty, rituals, harmony, movement, colors, etc. Artaud relegated the word to its proper place as one of the ways of expressing and acting upon man's inner world. If words are to be effective, they must be manipulated like solid objects; they must act and react upon each other and upon the spectator. The word is a concrete reality and it must be uttered with the vehemence of the emotion that gave birth to it. Words are not merely a means ofcommunication. Artaud sought to restore to them their primitive functions and qualities, their incantatory nature, supernatural aura, mesmerising and magical faculties (as in hymns, prayers, etc.) - all lost to modern man. To recreate the world of the word necessitated first its destruction. Established words, meanings and sounds would have to be shattered before new content could emerge. Words then become as hieroglyphics, a visual translation of certain mysterious elements within man and the universe. Artaud had expressed a desire to dramatize one of the Marquis de Sade's tales for his Theatre of Cruelty venture. Tonelli believes that in de Sade's narrative works "evil reigns in an autonomous and almost gratuitous manner" but in his play~, it is subservient to the plot. In La Nouvelle Justine evil triumphs, and therefore this work is charged with mythical ramifications. Vitrac's Victor ou Les Enfants au Pouvoir presents a paradox: that of the child who is in danger of annihilation as he attempts to confront the adult world and yet, who is better equipped than the adult to do so because he is capable of transcending the hazards of such a society. Victor, Tonelli asserts, obeys the aesthetics of a Theatre of Cruelty production, because it goes beyond the world of "false appearances, of utilitarian categories." In Ghelderode's dramas, whether Faust, Christopher Columbus, or Don Juan, the characters are forever searching for "their authentic moi." Ghelderode's world is instinctual, ugly, haunting, and destructive. His protagonists are always "pushed by a desire for authenticity" and struggle ceaselessly to divest themselves of their multiple identities - but in vain. The chapters devoted to Beckett and Arrabal are equally illuminating. L 'Esthetique de la Cruaute will appeal to those interested in Antonin Artaud's theatrical views. BETTINA L. KNAPP Hunter College and the Graduate Center of CUNY BERTOLT BRECHT ARBEITSJOURNAL, 3 vols., ed. Werner Hecht. Suhrkamp Verlag Frankfurt am Main, 1973. 1022 pages of text, 217 pages of editorial notes. DM.70. With the publication of Brecht's "Working Diary" only two major works remain BOOK REVIEWS 119 to be published: his more conventional or private diary from the early twenties and his voluminous correspondence. Those seeking information on Brecht's private as opposed to his working life will have to wait for the two remaining bodies of texts as Brecht has, very deliberately, included very little about his private life in the "Working Diary." Covering the years 1938-1955, the Arbeitsjournal takes us behind the scenes in the period in which Brecht not only wrote a large number ofhis best known works but also magnificently staged these works upon his return from exile in the late forties. Brecht began the Arbeitsjournal while living in exile in Svendborg in Denmark. As he wrote he was aware that there was but little prospect ofhis major plays being either published or staged as Europe daily drifted closer to war. Mixed with his various attempts to write texts that could be used in the fight against Hitler, are his jottings on his wide reading during this period and his notes towards a less strident aesthetic than the one he presented in 1928 in his notes on the opera, Mahagonny. The notes of the Scandinavian period (1938-41...

Ideology and Terror: A Novel Form of Government

The following considerations have grown out of a study of the origins, the elements and the functioning of that novel form of government and domination which we have come to call totalitarian. Wherever it rose to power, it developed entirely new political institutions and destroyed all social, legal and political traditions of the country. No matter what the specifically national tradition or the particular spiritual source of its ideology, totalitarian government always transformed classes into masses, supplanted the party system, not by one-party dictatorships, but by a mass movement, shifted the center of power from the army to the police, and established a foreign policy openly directed toward world domination. Present totalitarian governments have developed from one-party systems; whenever these became truly totalitarian, they started to operate according to a system of values so radically different from all others, that none of our traditional legal, moral, or common sense utilitarian categories could any longer help us to come to terms with, or judge, or predict its course of action.

SOME EFFECTS OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON SUGAR BEET PLANTS

S OF THE PAPERS PRESENTED BEFORE THE BOTANICAL TEACHING, GENERAL, MICROBIOLOGICAL, PALEOBOTANICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND SYSTEMATIC SECTIONS OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, COLUMBUS, OHIO, SEPTEMBER 11 TO 13, 1950 BOTANICAL TEACHING SECTION (Abstracts of this section are arranged alphabetically according to author) DAVIS, DONALD E., Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. Objectives of a general botany course in an agricultural college.-The obj ective of the first term may be divided into two categories: one is strictly utilitarian and the other is cultural. These categories are not wholly independent nor are they incompatible. These are six main objectives in the utilitarian category: (1) microscope technique and preparation of fresh mounts; (2) basic knowledge of food synthesis and utilization; (3) some understanding of the mechanism and significance of movement of materials into, within, and out of plants; (4) general understanding of plant structure and growth; (5) names and characteristics of some common trees; and (6) a minimum of terminology. The six main objectives in the cultural category are: (1) understanding of the scientific method as applied to both botany and other fields, with special emphasis on evaluation and interpretation of data, formulation of hypotheses, and what constitutes proof; (2) ability to understand cause and effect relationships as distinguished from the idea of purposeful behavior; (3) proficiency in solving new problems involving plant phenomena; (4) knowledge of both the differences and similarities between green plants and animals; (5) appreciation of the dependence of man and other animals on green plants; and (6) familiarity with names and characteristics of some common trees. Since transfer of learning can not be assumed, a constant effort must be made to show the interrelation and application of the material in this course to other courses and to everyday life. Daily lesson plans, demonstrations, and tests should all be evaluated on the basis of how much they contribute to these objectives. JOHNSON, MINNIE MAY, Stephens College, Columbia, Mo. Aerial field trips: preparation, follow-up and value.-Aerial field trips constitute a part of the regular program in the botany classes at Stephens College. Two trips are made by each student: the first in the fall at the peak of autumn coloration and the second one in the spring as the leaves begin to develop. In preparation for these trips the students are shown kodachrome slides covering the area over which they will fly. They are encouraged to read or interpret each of the landscapes. Just before the flight each student is given a mimeographed copy of a resume of the high points of the trip. As a follow-up, the instructor discusses the trips with small groups of students. In this evaluation use is made of a Kodak table slide viewer and a slide view box which makes it possible for the students to observe kodachrome slides of the four seasons at one time. The students are agreed that these aerial field trips are valuable experiences. By this means they get an over-all picture of the seasonal aspects of vegetation, plant habitats, plant distribution, the relationship of the topography of the soil to agriculture, soil erosion, erosion control, and the effects of strip mining. SMALL, JOHN A., New Jersey College for Women,, New Brunswick, N. J. A state park as an adjunct in teaching general botany.-Taking a This content downloaded from 40.77.167.83 on Wed, 08 Jun 2016 05:32:07 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms