Uterine Changes Research Articles

The action of growth hormone in combination with lactogenic hormone or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in the ovary and uterus of adult rats hypophysectomized at time of vaginal cornification.

ABSTRACT Adult female rats of the Long-Evans strain were hypophysectomized at the time of vaginal cornification and treated for either 5 or 10 days with various pituitary hormones and their combinations. With these hormones, an attempt was made to reproduce the pattern of development of the ovarian follicles observed in adult normal rats at the time of vaginal mucification (prooestrus) and at the time of vaginal cornification. With the combination of growth hormone (100 μg) plus ICSH (100 μg). given daily for 10 days, the vesicular follicles in the ovary were increased in number and size, and degeneration of the medium-sized solid follicles occurred, as is observed in normal adult rats at the prooestrus stage of the ovarian cycle. With the combination of growth hormone (100 μg) and lactogenic hormone (100 μg), given daily for 5 days, the primordial follicles and follicles of small and medium size were numerous, with intact ova and membrana granulosa. This picture reproduces the follicular pattern that is observed at the time of vaginal cornification of adult normal rats. Growth hormone by itself stimulated the thecal cells of the atretic follicles, and this stimulation was enhanced when lactogenic hormone was injected in combination with the growth hormone. The uterine changes resulting from these various hormonal treatments are also described.

The simultaneous occurrence of certain changes in uterine and renal activity in dogs, and the role of oxytocin in these phenomena.

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 144, Issue 1 p. 80-91 ArticleFree Access The simultaneous occurrence of certain changes in uterine and renal activity in dogs, and the role of oxytocin in these phenomena Sheila Baird, Sheila BairdSearch for more papers by this authorMary Pickford, Mary PickfordSearch for more papers by this author Sheila Baird, Sheila BairdSearch for more papers by this authorMary Pickford, Mary PickfordSearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 November 1958 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1958.sp006087Citations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume144, Issue1November 10, 1958Pages 80-91 RelatedInformation

INDUCTION OF PSYCHIC ESTRUS IN THE HAMSTER WITH DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE EPITHELIUM OF THE LOWER REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

Klein (1937), Frank and Fraps (1945) and Kent and Liberman (1947, 1949) have shown that ovariectomized golden hamsters will mate after treatment with estrone and progesterone. Miescher, et at. (1938) and Wells and Greene (1939) described progestational changes in the adrenalectomized rabbit uterus after estrone-desoxycorticosterone administration. Van Heuverswyn, et al. (1939) described the uterine progestational changes induced with desoxycorticosterone in adrenalectomized rabbits and guinea pigs, and concluded that this substance was 1/6 to 1/10 as potent as progesterone in eliciting these changes. These investigators obtained psychic estrus in 6 of the 10 animals so treated. Other investigators, as Sosa Gallardo (1939), Courrier (1940), Leathern and Crafts (1940), Masson and Selye (1942), Masson (1943) and Emery (1946), have reported inducing progestational changes using desoxycorticosterone. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to determine the effectiveness of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DC...

Uterine vascular changes in menstruation and pregnancy.

Uterine vascular changes in menstruation and pregnancy.

XIII.—Hormonal Analysis of the Cyclic Variations in the Vascular Architecture of the Uterus of the Guinea-Pig

In a recent publication on the cyclic variations of the vascular architecture of the uterus of the guinea-pig (1940) we recorded that antimesometric hypersemia is a regular and essential characteristic of the uterine changes which occur during heat, and commented on its significance as a factor influencing antimesometric implantation in this animal.A natural sequel to this work was to acquire additional evidence for our conclusions by the experimental production of antimesometric hyperæmia in the uterus of the spayed guinea-pig following treatment by injection of ovarian hormones; such evidence to be of value demands that the antimesometric hyperæmia so produced should be comparable to that of normal heat.

XIII.—Hormonal Analysis of the Cyclic Variations in the Vascular Architecture of the Uterus of the Guinea-Pig

In a recent publication on the cyclic variations of the vascular architecture of the uterus of the guinea-pig (1940) we recorded that antimesometric hyperæmia is a regular and essential characteristic of the uterine changes which occur during heat, and commented on its significance as a factor influencing antimesometric implantation in this animal.

A COMPARISON OF FOUR METHODS OF BIOASSAY FOR THE GONADOTROPIC FACTORS

THE OBJECT of a gonadotropic assay is to evaluate the amount and kind of gonadotropic stimulation produced by a given extract, whether derived from the gland, blood or urine. The factor or factors producing such stimulation cause follicle growth and Iuteiniz3.tion in the ovaries. Follicle stimulation is followed by produc′tion of estrogen which, in rodents, causes proliferative changes in the uterine mucosa and breasts as well as mucification of the vaginal epithelium. Luteini- 23.tion (corpus luteum formation) produces progesterone which induces secretory changes in the estrogen-stimulated uterine and mammary epithe′lium. The gonadotropic effect may be evaluated directly from the ovaries or indirectly by evaluation of the ovarian action initiated by the gonadotropic factors, as manifested by the secondary effects produced on the rest of the genital system (uterus, vagina, breasts).

AN ASSAY METHOD FOR PROGESTERONE BASED UPON THE DECIDUAL REACTION IN THE RAT1

Studies on the physiology of progesterone in the rat have met with difficulties because of the lack of clear-cut anatomic end-points of progestational effects. Detailed studies have heretofore been centred on the rabbit, wherein the transformation of the endometrium and the quiescence of the uterine musculature present striking evidence of corpus luteum hormone action. In the rat, uterine changes during pseudopregnancy, lactation, and after progesterone injections are by no means as striking. The decidual reaction, on the other hand, is a definite and specific indicator of corpus luteum activity in the rat and has therefore yielded the most exact information regarding the endocrine relations of early pregnancy. Because of its high degree of specificity, this response has been adapted to the assay of progesterone. Rats are more readily available in many laboratories than rabbits, and a satisfactory assay method based upon the rat may be useful in certain instances in

CHANGES IN THE GENITAL TRACTS OF GUINEA PIGS ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTIC AND ‘INTERSTITIAL GLAND’ OVARIES OF LONG DURATION1

FOLLOWING irradiation of the ovaries of young sexually′mature guinea pigs with a minimum sterili′tion dose of x′rays (i, 2), the normal ovarian stroma was replaced by ‘interstititial gland’—large glandular cells resem′ bling newly formed luteal cells and apparently formed in a similar manner. Unlike luteal cells, these glandular cells remained in their original healthy condition, without degenerating, for long periods of time. The only follicles present were a few primordial ones; at irregular intervals, one (usually) of these began to grow, but degenerated before reaching maturity by forming more interstitial gland. Ovulation did not occur and no corpora lutea were formed. Estrous cycles occurred irregularly; the estrous openings were greatly prolonged, and characterized by excessive desquamation of cornified cells or of all the types of epithelial cells found during a normal estrous opening2 For a time, uterine changes were normal in character but pro′longed and corresponded to the condition of the vagi...

Cyclical Changes in the Adrenal Glands of Spayed Rats

IN an earlier note published in these columns1, it was reported that cyclical variations occur in the responsiveness of the uterus of spayed monkeys to constant œstrogenic stimulation. In view of several considerations, it was suggested in a later communication2 that variations in the size and function of the adrenal cortex, such as occur in normal rats in the œstrous cycle3, may be responsible for these cyclical variations in the uterine response. Later work4 showed that cyclical uterine changes occur in spayed rats as well as in monkeys, and that the adrenal gland is probably concerned in their occurrence5.

A STUDY OF THE RATIO OF THE AMOUNT OF THEELIN PRODUCING UTERINE AND VAGINAL ESTRUS

It is well known that in the different parts of the genital tract the reaction threshold of estrin varies. The amount of estrin capable of bringing about definite growth and cornification on the atrophied vaginal epithelium of a spayed animal is not enough to produce the uterine changes of estrus. Allen (1) states, “The uterine tissues may begin growth, as evidenced by a fairly high incidence of dividing cells, but secretion of the uterine glands may fail to accumulate in amounts sufficient to distend the organ to its typical estrus condition.” Brouha and Simonnet (2), Marrian and Parkes (3), and Clauberg (4) also investigated this question. Marrian and Parkes found that, to produce the characteristic estrus distention of the uterus in castrated mice, 200 times the vaginal unit is required. Clauberg successfully produced changes in the uterus of the mouse corresponding to the physiological proliferative phase with only 10 times the vaginal unit. In the course of our experiments with rats, we tried to find answers to the following problems, a), what ratio exists between the amount of estrin required to produce vaginal and uterine estrus, b), what is the reaction time curve, i.e., the curve showing the time during which the estrus changes fully develop and disappear.

Participation of Ovarian Factors Other than "Estrin' in the Estrus Phenomenon

ConclusionThe effects of prolonged daily administration of estrogenic substance to normal and to castrated adult female rats are compared. It is concluded that, in the rat, “estrin’ alone can not completely replace the ovary in the induction of the uterine changes of the estrus phenomenon. Our results indicate the existence of ovarian factors other than estrin (or progestin) which influence the estrus phenomenon in at least 3 respects: 1. Preliminary inhibition of the uterine response to estrin. 2. Rhythmic activity of the endometrium. 3. Aubmentation of the uterine response to estrin.

VISCERAL TEMPERATURES IN THE INTACT AND UNANAESTHETIZED ANIMAL II. THE UTERUS OF THE RAT*

A method has been devised for determining the temperature of internal organs, which permits for the first time the use of intact and unanaesthetized animals (1). Ten abdominal organs are measured during a) resting conditions,b) metabolic changes in each organ (such as the oestrual cycle and gestation in the uterus) andc) physiological changes of the entire animal as in excitement or in hypothermia. The uterus was selected as the first organ for study because of its marked physiological changes (2, 3). Uterine temperature was studied in comparison with the general body temperature under the following conditions. A. Physiological changes particularly affecting the uterus: (1) The resting state, in which daily determinations were made throughout oestrual rhythms. (2) Pseudopregnancy, pregnancy, parturition, involution and lactation. (3) Retrogressive uterine changes subsequent to ovariectomy. B. Physiological changes in the entire body: (4) Excitation of the sympathetic system by pinching of the tail or by f...

The Treatment of Benign Uterine Hemorrhage By Irradiation

IT is not my intention to advance any new theories as to cause or methods of treatment but to review facts which are already well known. It has been stated by Anspach in the first edition of his work that, “almost every form of benign uterine hemorrhage is favorably influenced by radium treatment.” So far as my own personal experience is concerned, I have found the use of external irradiation by means of the roentgen ray extremely satisfactory and I now rarely use radium, thereby avoiding the surgical procedure necessary for its intra-uterine application. The causes of benign uterine hemorrhage may be classified as follows: 1. Myopathic uterine changes; 2. Glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium; 3. Functional disturbances of the ovary or ductless glands; 4. General diseases of the heart, kidney, liver, circulatory organs, etc. The hemorrhages may threaten life by producing anemia or they may be merely a constant source of annoyance. Irradiation is undoubtedly the treatment of choice in cases of menorrhagia of the menopause associated with fibromyoma. It yields extremely satisfactory results in cases in which the fibromyoma does not exceed in size a four-months pregnancy and in cases of a fibrous uterus in which the possibility of malignancy has been eliminated by the history or by a curettage (1). In cases of hemorrhage at or near the menopause it is considered proper by many radiotherapists to irradiate as for malignancy. Every attempt should be made, however, to eliminate malignancy by a bimanual and visual examination of the cervix, as advocated by Dr. J. Mason Hundley, of Baltimore, making use of Schiller's iodine test and by making a microscopic examination of the scrapings obtained by a careful curettage. I am more and more impressed with the necessity of this procedure. By observing these rules in all cases, disappointment to the patient and embarrassment to the therapist can be avoided. In treating uterine fibromyoma it is immaterial as to whether the tumor is submucous, interstitial, or subserous (2). A pedunculated fibromyoma is not considered suitable for treatment. A degenerating or strangulated fibromyoma should be removed by surgical procedure unless there are very definite contraindications to an operative procedure. Fibromyomas of such dimensions that they extend above the umbilicus, or those causing pressure effects should also be removed surgically. Pelvic infections are a definite contraindication to the use of radium but this statement does not so strictly apply to the use of the roentgen ray. Neill, of Baltimore, is responsible for the statement that 75 per cent of all uterine fibroids are amenable to irradiation therapy, probably meaning radium. This number is increased when the roentgen ray is the therapeutic agent used.

Uterine changes in experimental abortion and their relation to parturition

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 86, Issue 2 p. 171-182 ArticleFree Access Uterine changes in experimental abortion and their relation to parturition J. M. Robson, J. M. RobsonSearch for more papers by this author J. M. Robson, J. M. RobsonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 February 1936 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1936.sp003352Citations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume86, Issue2February 8, 1936Pages 171-182 RelatedInformation

RED CELL REGENERATION DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

In the human female the process of menstruation is accompanied by a train of phenomena of which the uterine changes are only a part. Thus, pain and nervous and congestive reactions may at times become very pronounced. These various activities of the organism usually increase in intensity a few days before the menstrual flow begins, to diminish again toward the close of the period. A second lesser maximum may occur a few days after the flow has ceased. Naturally, much attention has been centered on the changes in the peripheral blood and blood-forming organs during menstruation, but the reports have been somewhat confusing. The quantity of blood lost during a normal period is also a subject of considerable discussion. Kelly¹stated that the amount is from 60 to 240 cc.; Crossen²gave it as from 150 to 300 cc., and Howell,³from 100 to 200 cc., while

The functions of the corpus luteum.—IV. The relation of œstrin to the luteal phase of the œstrous cycle

The classic work of Fraenkel, of Ancel and Bouin, and of Marshall (see Marshall, 1922, and Parkes, 1929, for discussion and references) showed conclusively that the post-ovulation changes in the accessory reproductive organs are controlled by the development of the corpus luteum. This correlation has since been worked out in considerable detail by various investigators, including Evans, and Hammond, and Courrier (see Parkes, 1929, for references), and very recently Corner and his co-workers (1929) have prepared from corpora lutea extracts capable of causing the uterine changes charateristic of the luteal phase. On the other hand, the recent intensive work on the œstrus-producing hormone, together with the delay in preparing active corpus luteum extracts, has resulted in many attempts to show that œstrin is responsible for the post-ovulation changes as well as for those typical of œstrus. In particular, the effects of œstrin on the mammary gland have been put forward as evidence that this hormone is responsible for their complete development as found at the end of pregnancy (see Parkes, 1929, for references and discussion). This supposition received superficial support from the discovery that large amounts of œstrin occur in the blood and urine during human pregnancy . Whatever the meaning of this fact that may be, however, the view that œstrin is responsible directly for the changes of the luteal phase is untenable (Marshall, 1932) and has largely arisen from inadquate acquaintance with the cycle of the normal animal.

The relation of ectopic gestation to the associated uterine changes and vaginal bleeding

The relation of ectopic gestation to the associated uterine changes and vaginal bleeding

The functions of the corpus luteum. II.—The experimental production of placentomata in the mouse

During the luteal phase of the cycle in many mammals, notably in the rabbit, ferret, and dog, the uterus undergoes changes which are designed to facilitate the implantation of the fertilised ovum. In other animals, such as the guinea-pig(5), the uterine changes during the luteal phase are histologically less obvious, but physiologically the uterine mucosa is in a peculiar condition of irritability. Injury to the mucosa at this time results in the production of large blocks of decidua-like tissue, to which the terms placentomata or deciduomata have been given. It has been shown by Marshall, Hammond, Loeb and others that the presence of the corpus luteum is essential for these post-ovulative uterine changes, and therefore that the corpus luteum is directly or indirectly responsible for their production. In the rabbit decidual tissue can only be induced to develop when functional corpora lutea are present in the ovary. In the guniea-pig (Loeb, 5) placentomata can be produced during the post-ovulation phase of the cycle in the unmated female, but in the rat Long and Evans (6) were unable to obtain a similar result. This discrepancy is undoubtedly due to the fact that in the short diœstrous cycle of the rat the corpora lutea undergo comparatively little development, whereas in the guinea-pig the cycle is longer and the corpora luteá are known to become active. During the pseudo-pregnancy which follows sterile copulation in the rat (Long and Evans, 6) and also during lactation (Corner and Warren, 2) placentomata can be produced. During both of these times corpora lutea develop to a greater extent than during the diœstrous cycle and become functional.

Some limitations of the action of the so-called follicular hormone in birds.

During the past twenty-five years the work of many investigators has shown that the ovaries exercise control over the rapid temporary growth and hyperemia of the uterus which is characteristic of “heat” in mammals. Various extracts made from ovaries, and from other distinct tissues, have also long been known to bring about these particular uterine changes when injected into mammals (Marshall and Jolly, 1905; Lane-Claypon and Starling, 1906; Sonnenberg, 1907; Adler, 1911). The separation from the ovary of a lipoid fraction capable of inducing these uterine changes is also well established (Iscovesco, 1912; Hermann, 1913; Fellner, 1913, 1921; Seitz, Wintz and Fingerhut, 1914; Frank and Rosenbloom, 1915); and recently both the separation and the testing of this hormone have been more satisfactorily accomplished (Allen and Doisy, 1923; Frank and Gustavson, 1925). Still other hormones have probably been separated from the ovary (Iscovesco, 1912; Seitz, Wintz and Fingerhut, 1914; Papanicolaou, 1924), but the one considered here is the utero-stimulant” of Iscovesco, “das spezifische Ovarialsekret” of Fellner, the “follicular hormone” of Allen and Doisy, and the “female sex hormone” of Frank and Gustavson. No previous study has been made of the action of this hormone when injected into a bird—nor into any animal other than a mammal. Allen, and co-workers, however, obtained from fowl ovaries an extract which gave positive tests for the hormone when injected into rats. They were unable to obtain the hormone from egg-yolks. Fellner extracted the hormone from the eggyolks of the fowl and from the ovaries of fish, and obtained the typical uterine reactions in tests made on rabbits. In our rather limited studies we have obtained positive results on oviducal enlargement (little or moderate) and hyperemia in 3 of 7 tests with immature (3.5 to 6.5 mo.) ring doves.