Using Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-high Resolution Mass Spectrometry Research Articles

Divergent Metabolic Fates of Aromatic Amino Acid-Derived Isomers: Insights from Ex Vivo Metabolomics and HDX-HRMS/MS-Based Resolution of Tautomers.

Tautomers are one of the many types of isomers, and differences in tautomeric structures confer altered chemical and biological properties. Using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) ex vivo metabolomics, we investigate, in whole blood, the divergent metabolism of enol and keto forms of indole-3-pyruvate (IPyA), a tautomeric product of aromatic amino acid metabolism. Two new compounds resulting from IPyA metabolism were discovered, 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2,3-dioxopropanoic acid or "indole-3-oxopyruvic acid" and glutathionyl-indole pyruvate (GSHIPyA), which were characterized via ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD). Computational calculations support the hypothesis that GSHIPyA forms specifically through the enol form of IPyA. GSHIPyA is also hypothesized to be tautomeric, and a hydrogen-deuterium exchange-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HDX-HRMS/MS) approach is developed to prove the presence of an enol and keto tautomer. HDX of GSHIPyA labels the keto form with an additional deuterium, relative to the enol form. HRMS/MS of the labeled isomers is employed to leverage the relationship of resolving power scaling inversely with the square root of m/z, for Orbitrap mass analyzers. HRMS/MS yields a smaller-molecular-weight deuterated tautomeric product ion, reducing the analyte ion m/z and thus lowering the resolving power necessary to separate the deuterated keto tautomer product ion from the [13]C product ion.

From small‐scale studies to an encompassing view: Inhibiting inflammation and clinically relevant enzymes with various extracts of Primula vulgaris using in vitro and in silico techniques

AbstractThe genus Primula holds great importance as a source of traditional remedies in various folk medicine systems. In the present study, we investigated the chemical composition and biological properties of different extracts (ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) of aerial parts and rhizomes of Primula vulgaris. To determine the chemical profile, the extracts were analyzed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐HRMS) technique and flavonoids were a major group in this profile. The antioxidant capacity was demonstrated by in vitro chemical tests and in general the ethanol/water extract was found to be the most potent. Enzyme inhibition was studied against various enzymes and ethanol and ethanol/water extracts were more active than others. To assess the anti‐inflammatory potential of the extracts at the molecular level, human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro experiments showed that the levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB), receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), interleukin 17 (IL‐17) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha were significantly reduced after treatment with the tested extracts. In addition, the extracts showed an inhibitory effect on the enzymes collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase, which are involved in the inflammatory process and destabilization of the extracellular matrix (ECM). P. vulgaris has been observed to modulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) synthesis by decreasing the concentration of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) during LPS‐induced inflammation. This study also examined the molecular binding and dynamic behavior of various enzymes and proteins associated with skin and infections using ligands derived from the tested extracts. Simulations with AutoDock Vina V1.1.2 and GROMACS 2023.1 showed that isoquercetin in particular showed superior performance in interactions with hyaluronidase. These findings are important for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for skin health and infection control. In summary, P. vulgaris can be considered as an important source of natural bioactive compounds for the development of effective health‐promoting applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics

Identification of major degradation products of Clorsulon drug substance including its degradation pathways by high resolution mass spectrometry and NMR

Clorsulon is an effective anthelmintic drug substance extensively used in the treatment of parasitic infestations in both cattle and sheep. An in-depth investigation of Clorsulon’s degradation products (DPs) was carried out through forced degradation study to comprehend its degradation path. A total of eight degradation products were separated under various stress degradation conditions. Structural elucidation of these DPs was conducted using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), and their fragmentation patterns were compared to that of the parent compound. Adequate amount of DP-4 was isolated and purified by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Subsequently, it was examined in detail using both 1D and 2D NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Most probable mechanistic pathways for the formation of degradation products under various stress degradation conditions were proposed to better understand the degradation profile. Based on the results of the stress study, Clorsulon drug substance was found to be unstable under photolytic and oxidative conditions. Understanding Clorsulon's degradation pathway is essential for determining shelf-life prediction of the finished product, safety and efficacy assurance, and guiding the development of stable, high-quality formulations.

High-throughput method for Peptide mapping and Amino acid sequencing for Calcitonin Salmon in Calcitonin Salmon injection using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography – High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) with the application of Bioinformatic tools

BackgroundTandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) can provide direct and accurate sequence characterization of synthetic peptide drugs, and peptide drug products including side chain modifications in the Peptide drugs. This article explains a step-by-step guide to developing a high-throughput method using high resolution mass spectrometry for characterization of Calcitonin Salmon injection containing high proportion of UV-active excipients. MethodsThe major challenge in the method development of Amino acid sequencing and Peptide mapping was presence of phenol in drug product. Phenol is a UV-active excipient and reacts with both Dithiothreitol (DTT) and Trypsin. Hence Calcitonin Salmon was extracted from the Calcitonin Salmon injection using solid phase extraction after the extraction, Amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping study was performed. Upon incubation of Calcitonin Salmon with Trypsin and DTT, digested fragments were generated which were separated by mass compatible reverse phase chromatography and the molecular mass of each fragment was determined using HRMS. ResultsA reverse phase chromatographic method was developed using UHPLC-HRMS for the determination of direct mass, peptide mapping and to determine the amino acid sequencing in the Calcitonin Salmon injection. The method was found Specific and fragments after trypsin digest are well resolved from each other and the molecular mass of each fragment was determined using HRMS. Sequencing was performed using automated identification of b and y ions annotation and identifications based on MS/MS spectra using Biopharma finder and Proteome discoverer software. ConclusionUsing this approach 100% protein coverage was obtained and protein was identified as Calcitonin Salmon and the observed masses of tryptic digest of peptide was found similar with theoretical masses. The method can be used for both UV and MS based Peptide mapping and whereas the UV based peptide mapping method can be used as identification test for Calcitonin Salmon drug substance and drug product in quality control.

Multiomics profiling of the therapeutic effect of Dan-deng-tong-nao capsule on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

BackgroundStroke is a complex physiological process associated with intestinal flora dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. Dan-deng-tong-nao capsule (DDTN) is a traditional Chinese medicine used clinically to treat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) for many years. However, little is known about the effects of DDTN in the treatment of CIRI from the perspective of gut microbiota and metabolites. PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the regulatory roles of DDTN in endogenous metabolism and gut microbiota in CIRI rats, thus providing a basis for clinical rational drug use and discovering natural products with potential physiological activities in DDTN for the treatment of CIRI. MethodsThe chemical composition of DDTN in vitro and in vivo was investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLCHRMS), followed by target prediction using reverse molecular docking. Secondly, a biological evaluation of DDTN ameliorating neural damage in CIRI was performed at the whole animal level. Then, an integrated omics approach based on UHPLCHRMS and 16S rRNA sequencing was proposed to reveal the anti-CIRI effect and possible mechanism of DDTN. Finally, exploring the intrinsic link between changes in metabolite profiles, changes in the intestinal flora, and targets of components to reveal DDTN for the treatment of CIRI. ResultsA total of 112 chemical components of DDTN were identified in vitro and 10 absorbed constituents in vivo. The efficacy of DDTN in the treatment of CIRI was confirmed by alleviating cerebral infarction and neurological deficits. After the DDTN intervention, 21 and 26 metabolites were significantly altered in plasma and fecal, respectively. Based on the fecal microbiome, a total of 36 genera were enriched among the different groups. Finally, the results of the network integration analysis showed that the 10 potential active ingredients of DDTN could mediate the differential expression of 24 metabolites and 6 gut microbes by targeting 25 target proteins. ConclusionThis study was the first to outline the landscapes of metabolites as well as gut microbiota regulated by DDTN in CIRI rats using multi-omics data, and comprehensively revealed the systematic relationships among ingredients, targets, metabolites, and gut microbiota, thus providing new perspectives on the mechanism of DDTN in the treatment of CIRI.

Combining metabolomics and network pharmacology to investigate the protective effect of Jiawei Xinglou Chengqi Granules in ischemic stroke.

Jiawei Xinglou Chengqi Granule (JXCG) is an effective herbal medicine for the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). JXCG has been shown to effectively ameliorate cerebral ischemic symptoms in clinical practice, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of action of JXCG in the treatment of IS by combining metabolomics with network pharmacology. The chemical composition of JXCG was analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS) untargeted metabolomics were used to identify differential metabolites within metabolic pathways. Network pharmacology was applied to mine potential targets of JXCG in the treatment of IS. The identified key targets were validated by constructing an integrated network of metabolomics and network pharmacology and by molecular docking using Cytoscape. The effect of JXCG on IS was evaluated in vivo, and the predicted targets and pathways of JXCG in IS therapy were assessed using immunoblotting. Combining metabolomics and network pharmacology, we identified the therapeutic targets of JXCG for IS. Notably, JXCG lessened neuronal damage and reduced cerebral infarct size in rats with IS. Western blot analysis showed that JXCG upregulated PRKCH and downregulated PRKCE and PRKCQ proteins. Our combined network pharmacology and metabolomics findings showed that JXCG may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of IS by targeting multiple factors and pathways.

Integration of fingerprint-activity relationship and chemometric analysis to accurately screen Q-markers for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation: Jinlian Qingre granules as an example

This study aims to develop a comprehensive strategy that accurately screens and quantifies quality markers (Q-markers) by combining LC-MS metabolomics with fingerprint-effect relationships, chemometrics, and QAMS methods for the quality control in traditional Chinese medicine compound preparations (CMP). First, the chemical compositions in Jinlian Qingre granules (JQG) were analyzed and identified using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Next, the HPLC fingerprint of JQG was established, and chemometrics were employed to evaluate JQG quality. Then, potential anti-inflammatory bioactive constituents were screened using a fingerprinting-effect relationship model utilizing partial least squares regression (PLSR) and a back propagation neural network optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA-BPNN). On this basis, Q-markers of JQG were determined and analyzed using quantitative analysis of multi-components by the single marker (QAMS) employing three components as reference substances (RS). 24 chemical constituents in JQG were characterized using UHPLC-HRMS. Twenty-four common peaks were assigned to the fingerprint. Six compounds, mangiferin, 2′'-O-beta-L-galactopyranosylorientin, orientin, veratric acid, vitexin, and harpagoside, identified from the common peaks associated with anti-inflammatory efficacy, could be used as Q-markers of JQG. The content determination results displayed no significant difference in the content of Q-markers in 20 batches of JQG samples measured using the external standard method and QAMS. Q-markers could be efficiently screened and determined by integrating multidisciplinary technologies. This comprehensive strategy could be beneficial for the thorough evaluation of CMP.

Chemical Profiling on Bioactive Stilbenoids in the Seeds of Paeonia Species Growing Wild in Greece

The seeds of Paeonia clusii Stern subsp. clusii and Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. subsp. mascula growing wild in Greece, though not previously investigated, has been studied as a source of bioactive stilbenoids and other phenolics. Their methanol extracts were analyzed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography—high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), and among the identified metabolites (62), 19 paeoniflorin’s derivatives, 17 flavonoids and 12 stilbenes were detected. Moreover, through classic phytochemical separation procedures, twelve among them were isolated and fully spectrally determined as trans-resveratrol, trans-resveratrol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, cis-resveratrol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, trans-gnetin-H, trans-ε-viniferin, luteolin, luteolin-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin-3′,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, hispidulin, paeoniflorin and benzoyl-paeoniflorin. All seed extracts were measured for their total phenolic content (TPC), appearing as a rich source (116.04 and 103.63 mg GAE/g extract, respectively), followed by free radical (DPPH) scavenging capacity (75.24% and 91.54% inhibition at the concentration of 200 μg/mL). The evaluation of tyrosinase inhibition for both extracts (61% and 70%, respectively) confirmed the potential for their future application in skin health care, comparable with other paeonies of Chinese origin, which are well-known as skin whitening and anti-aging promoters.

Suspect and nontarget screening of mycotoxins and their modified forms in wheat products based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry

Various forms of mycotoxins commonly exist in food and pose a significant risk to human health. Here a comprehensive suspect and nontarget screening strategy for both parent and modified mycotoxins was developed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLCHRMS). We constructed an in-house MS/MS database containing 82 mycotoxins in 8 categories. Then fragmentation characteristics of different classes of mycotoxins were rapidly extracted by a Python program “Fragmentation pattern screener (FPScreener)” and nontarget screening rules were determined by analyzing the frequencies and average intensities of fragmentation characteristics. Using the suspect and nontarget screening strategy, we successfully identified six parent mycotoxins and eight modified mycotoxins with different confidence levels in contaminated wheat and flour samples. This strategy enables screening of unknown parents and modified mycotoxins in food matrices with corresponding fragmentation characteristics.

Understanding the role of lipids in aroma formation of circulating non-fried roasted chicken using UHPLC-HRMS-based lipidomics and heat transfer analysis

The role of lipids in aroma formation of circulating non-fried roasted (CNR) chicken with different roasting times was studied using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based lipidomics and heat transfer analysis. Thirteen odorants were confirmed as important aroma compounds of CNR chicken, including dimethyl trisulfide, 3,5-dimethyl-2-ethylpyrazine, nonanal, and 1-octen-3-ol. A comprehensive lipidomics analysis identified 1254 lipids in roasted chickens, classified into 23 distinct lipid categories that included 281 phosphatidylcholines (PC), 223 phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and 202 triglycerides (TG). Using OPLS-DA analysis, the lipid PG (18:1_18:1) showed promise as a potential biomarker for distinguishing between chickens subjected to CNR treatments with varying roasting times. The lipids PC, PE, and their derivatives are likely to play a crucial role in the formation of aroma compounds. In addition, TGs that contributed to the retention of key odorants in roasted chicken included TG (16:0_16:0_18:1), TG (16:0_16:0_18:0), and TG (16:0_18:1_18:1). Findings further showed that lower water activity and specific heat capacity promoted the formation and retention of aroma compounds during the CNR process. This study contributed to a better understanding of the formation of aroma compounds through lipid oxidation in roasted chicken.

Untargeted analysis and tentative identification of unknown substances in human tears by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: Pilot study

In this work, a new approach for the identification of unknown compounds in human tears has been developed and validated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) linked to an intelligent data acquisition mode (AcquireX DS-dd-MS2) coupled to an automated data processing software (Compound Discoverer™ 3.2). As a pilot research study, four human tear samples from volunteers were analyzed. Data were acquired in both positive and negative ionization modes and exact mass, isotope pattern, and MS2 spectra match were used for the tentative identification. Following this approach, 58 substances were identified, 47 in positive mode and 11 in negative mode, with an estimated concentration ranging from 0.1 to 9000 ng mL−1. Most of them were amino acids, hormones, metabolites, and pharmaceuticals. In order to validate the proposed method, the system suitability was evaluated and 29 commercial analytical standards of the tentatively identified substances were analyzed, of which 28 were confirmed obtaining a high identification accuracy (96.6 %). These results confirm that the screening tool presented in this work can facilitate the discovery of new metabolites, novel potential biomarkers, and substances to which the person is exposed, such as pollutants.

Identification of erythropoietin mimetic peptide 1 linear form in a sealed vial and its administration study in horses for doping control purpose.

The erythropoietin mimetic peptide 1 linear form (EMP1-linear), GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG-NH2 , was identified in an unknown preparation consisting of white crystalline powder contained in sealed glass vials using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The white crystalline powder, allegedly used for doping racehorses, was found to contain around 2% (w/w) of EMP1-linear. EMP1-linear can be cyclised in equine plasma at physiological temperature of 37°C by forming an intramolecular disulfide bond to give EMP1, which is a well-known erythropoiesis stimulating agent that can bind to and activate the receptor for cytokine erythropoietin (EPO). Thus, EMP1-linear is a prodrug of EMP1, which is a performance-enhancing doping agent that can be misused in equine sports. In order to identify potential target(s) for detecting the misuse of EMP1-linear in horses, an in vitro metabolic study using horse liver S9 fraction was performed. After incubation, EMP1-linear mainly existed in its cyclic form as EMP1, and four N-terminus truncated in vitro metabolites TYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG-NH2 (M1), SCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG-NH2 (M2), WVCKPQGG-NH2 (M3) and VCKPQGG-NH2 (M4) were identified. An intravenous administration study with the preparation of white crystalline powder containing EMP1-linear was also conducted using three retired thoroughbred geldings. EMP1 was detectable only in the postadministration plasma samples, whereas the four identified in vitro metabolites were detected in both postadministration plasma and urine samples. For controlling the misuse of EMP1-linear in horse, its metabolite M3 gave the longest detection time in both plasma and urine and could be detected for up to 4 and 27 h postadministration, respectively.

Fingerprinting Chemical Markers in the Mediterranean Orange Blossom Honey: UHPLC-HRMS Metabolomics Study Integrating Melissopalynological Analysis, GC-MS and HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS.

(1) Background: Citrus honey constitutes a unique monofloral honey characterized by a distinctive aroma and unique taste. The non-targeted chemical analysis can provide pivotal information on chemical markers that differentiate honey based on its geographical and botanical origin. (2) Methods: Within the PRIMA project "PLANT-B", a metabolomics workflow was established to unveil potential chemical markers of orange blossom honey produced in case study areas of Egypt, Italy, and Greece. In some of these areas, aromatic medicinal plants were cultivated to enhance biodiversity and attract pollinators. The non-targeted chemical analysis and metabolomics were conducted using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). (3) Results: Forty compounds were disclosed as potential chemical markers, enabling the differentiation of the three orange blossom honeys according to geographical origin. Italian honey showed a preponderance of flavonoids, while in Greek honey, terpenoids and iridoids were more abundant than flavonoids, except for hesperidin. In Egyptian honey, suberic acid and a fatty acid ester derivative emerged as chemical markers. New, for honey, furan derivatives were identified using GC-MS in Greek samples. (4) Conclusions: The application of UHPLC-HRMS metabolomics combined with an elaborate melissopalynological analysis managed to unveil several potential markers of Mediterranean citrus honey potentially associated with citrus crop varieties and the local indigenous flora.

Direct evidence of the use of multiple drugs in Bronze Age Menorca (Western Mediterranean) from human hair analysis

Human hair dated to Late Prehistory is exceedingly rare in the Western Mediterranean. Archaeological excavations in the Bronze Age burial and cult cave of Es Càrritx, in Menorca (Balearic Islands) provided some human hair strands involved in a singular funerary rite. This finding offered the opportunity to explore the possible use of drug plants by Late Bronze Age people. Here we show the results of the chemical analyses of a sample of such hair using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The alkaloids ephedrine, atropine and scopolamine were detected, and their concentrations estimated. These results confirm the use of different alkaloid-bearing plants by local communities of this Western Mediterranean island by the beginning of the first millennium cal BCE.

Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting subcutaneous eprinomectin injection in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) – A pilot study

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are exposed to the pathogenic parasitic nematode Elaphostrongylus rangiferi during grazing. The severity of disease is dose-dependent. Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment is needed to improve animal health and reindeer herding sustainability. Herds are traditionally only gathered once during the summer, requiring a drug with a persistent effect. In this study we investigated the suitability of long-acting eprinomectin, given as a single subcutaneous injection at 1 mg/kg bodyweight in adult reindeer and calves. Plasma and faeces concentrations were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Plasma concentrations remained above the presumed effect level of 2 ng/mL for 80 days, demonstrating the drug’s potential. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to other species using allometric scaling. Calves and adults had slightly different profiles. No viable faecal nematode eggs were detected during treatment. Eprinomectin was measurable in the reindeer faeces up to 100 days, which is of environmental concern.

Exploratory Metabolomics Underscores the Folate Enzyme ALDH1L1 as a Regulator of Glycine and Methylation Reactions.

Folate (vitamin B9) is involved in one-carbon transfer reactions and plays a significant role in nucleic acid synthesis and control of cellular proliferation, among other key cellular processes. It is now recognized that the role of folates in different stages of carcinogenesis is complex, and more research is needed to understand how folate reactions become dysregulated in cancers and the metabolic consequences that occur as a result. ALDH1L1 (cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), an enzyme of folate metabolism expressed in many tissues, is ubiquitously downregulated in cancers and is not expressed in cancer cell lines. The RT4 cell line (derived from papillary bladder cancer) which expresses high levels of ALDH1L1 represents an exception, providing an opportunity to explore the metabolic consequences of the loss of this enzyme. We have downregulated this protein in RT4 cells (shRNA driven knockdown or CRISPR driven knockout) and compared metabolomes of ALDH1L1-expressing and -deficient cells to determine if metabolic changes linked to the loss of this enzyme might provide proliferative and/or survival advantages for cancer cells. In this study, cell extracts were analyzed using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS). A total of 13,339 signals were identified or annotated using an in-house library and public databases. Supervised and unsupervised multivariate analysis revealed metabolic differences between RT4 cells and ALDH1L1-deficient clones. Glycine (8-fold decrease) and metabolites derived from S-adenosylmethionine utilizing pathways were significantly decreased in the ALDH1L1-deficient clones, compared with RT4 cells. Other changes linked to ALDH1L1 downregulation include decreased levels of amino acids, Krebs cycle intermediates, and ribose-5-phosphate, and increased nicotinic acid. While the ALDH1L1-catalyzed reaction is directly linked to glycine biosynthesis and methyl group flux, its overall effect on cellular metabolism extends beyond immediate metabolic pathways controlled by this enzyme.

Identification and analysis of the degradation products of chlorothalonil in vegetables

In this study, the untargeted screening of the degradation products of chlorothalonil (CHT) in vegetables was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Sulfhydryl-CHT (SH-CHT) and hydroxyl CHT (OH-CHT) were screened as the key degradation products of CHT in vegetables. SH-CHT is a new degradation product of CHT in the vegetables. This study was the first discover the SH-substituted degradation product of pesticide in vegetables. The chemical structure of SH-CHT was deduced and confirmed through synthetic reference. An efficient method for the simultaneous monitoring of SH-CHT and hydroxyl CHT (OH-CHT) in vegetables has been proposed based on QuEChERS in combination with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The recoveries of SH-CHT and OH-CHT were in range of 85.8%–105.1% with intra- and inter–relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 10.0%. The limits of detection were 2.0 μg/kg for SH-CHT and 0.2 μg/kg for OHCHT. Seven kinds of vegetables covering various plant families were processed with CHT. As a result, SH-CHT was detected in five kinds of sulfur-rich vegetables with transformation rates of 7.6%–26.6%. OH-CHT was detected in all the vegetables with transformation rates of 1.7%–14.0%. Toxicity evaluation based on ECOSAR program indicated that SH-CHT had potentially high toxicity to aquatic organisms. This study provides a powerful approach for the monitoring and risk assessment of SH-CHT and OH-CHT in food safety control. Furthermore, the study inspires comprehensive research on the overlooked degradation pathways of pesticides in sulfur-rich vegetables.

Dietary Energy Intake and Presence of Aberrant Crypt Foci Are Associated with Phospholipid, Purine, and Taurine Metabolite Abundances in C57BL/6N Mouse Colon.

Colon metabolomes associated with high-fat (H) versus energy-restricted (E) diets in early colorectal cancer (CRC) models have never been directly compared. The objectives of this study are to elucidate metabolites associated with diet, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and diet:ACF interaction, using a lifetime murine model. Three-week-old mice consumed control (C), E, or H initiation diets for 18 weeks. ACF formation is initiated weeks 16-21 with azoxymethane injections, followed by progression diet crossover (to C, E, or H) through week 60. Colon extracts are analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Metabolites associated with diet, ACF, or diet:ACF are determined using regression models (FDR-adjusted p-value <0.05). No metabolites are significantly associated with initiation diets, but concentrations of acylcarnitines and phospholipids are associated with C, E, and H progression diets. Purines, taurine, and phospholipids are associated with ACF presence. No significant associations between metabolites and diet:ACF interaction are observed. These results suggest that recent, rather than early-life, diet is more closely associated with the colon metabolome, particularly lipid metabolism. Results from this study also provide candidate biomarkers of early CRC development and provide support for the importance of early diet on influencing pre-CRC risk.

Detoxification mechanism of vinegar-processed Kansui revealed by systematic phytochemical analysis using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection tandem mass spectrometry, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and in silico drug target identification.

The dried roots of Euphorbia kansui L., known as Kansui, are used to treat ascites and edema in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the toxicity of this herb has seriously restricted its clinical application. A unique vinegar-processing method has been used to reduce its toxicity since the time of ancient China. However, the detoxification mechanism underlying such vinegar processing has not been fully revealed. To find the answer, the process-induced changes in components should be carefully investigated. We performed a systematic analysis of chemical components in raw and vinegar-processed Kansui using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) diode array detection tandem mass spectrometry and UHPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry. Thirty-one chemical components in raw and vinegar-processed Kansui were found, the chemical structures of 28 components among them were proposed and the process-induced changes in components were then investigated. A comprehensive conclusion about the process-induced chemical change was drawn. It was found that jatrophane-type diterpenoids decreased markedly after vinegar processing, while ingenane-type diterpenoids were retained during vinegar processing. In silico drug target identification gave hints that jatrophane-type diterpenoids, which decreased markedly during vinegar processing, may have more intense toxicity involving cholinesterase and mitogen-activated protein kinases, while ingenane-type diterpenoids, which were retained during vinegar processing, may have a more intense therapeutic effect involving carbonic anhydrase. The possible detoxification mechanism of vinegar-processed Kansui is presented. The research has significance for the therapeutic/toxic chemical basis of Kansui. Also, it has significance for drug discovery from terpenoids within the herb.

High-throughput metabolomics reveals dysregulation of hydrophobic metabolomes in cancer cell lines by Eleusine indica

Eleusine indica, which is used in traditional medicine, exhibits antiproliferative activity against several cancer cell lines. However, metabolomic studies to evaluate the metabolite changes induced by E. indica in cancer cells are still lacking. The present study investigated the anticancer effects of a root fraction of E. indica (R-S5-C1-H1) on H1299, MCF-7, and SK-HEP-1 cell lines and analyzed metabolic changes in the treated cancer cells using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Cell metabolic activity assays demonstrated that the cell viability of the three cancer cell lines was significantly reduced following treatment with R-S5-C1-H1, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations values of 12.95 µg/mL, 15.99 µg/mL, and 13.69 µg/mL at 72 h, respectively. Microscopy analysis using Hoechst 33342 and Annexin V fluorescent dyes revealed that cells treated with R-S5-C1-H1 underwent apoptotic cell death, while chemometric analysis suggested that apoptosis was triggered 48 h after treatment with R-S5-C1-H1. Deconvoluted cellular metabolomics revealed that hydrophobic metabolites were significantly altered, including triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and ceramide, suggesting that apoptosis induction by R-S5-C1-H1 potentially occurred through modulation of phospholipid synthesis and sphingolipid metabolism. These metabolomic profiling results provide new insights into the anticancer mechanisms of E. indica and facilitate the overall understanding of molecular events following therapeutic interventions.