User Program Research Articles

Biosafety Level 4 Laboratory User Training Program, China.

Experienced, qualified personnel certified to work in high-level biocontainment laboratories contribute to the safe operation of these facilities. China began a training program for laboratory users after establishing its first Biosafety Level 4 laboratory, the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory (Level 4) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We provide an overview of the content of this training program, which can serve as a reference for developing national norms for high-containment laboratory training.

Lessons learned from piloting a pain assessment program for high frequency emergency department users.

Background and aims Chronic pain (CP) management presents a challenge for the healthcare system as many individuals experiencing CP cannot access appropriate services. Consequently, individuals may visit emergency departments (EDs) to address their CP, even though this setting is not the most appropriate. CP was identified as a common factor amongst patients with repeat ED use at a hospital in Ottawa, Canada. Thus, staff of the Pain Clinic developed the Rapid Interdisciplinary Pain Assessment Program to improve the care of patients with CP who had a minimum of 12 ED visits in the previous year, who were considered high frequency users (HFUs) of the ED. This evaluation was conducted to guide program improvements in advance of a clinical trial. The results are reported here in order to describe lessons that could be applied to the development of similar programs. The benefits of the program in reducing ED use, pain intensity, disability, and psychological distress have been described elsewhere (Rash JA et al. Pain Res Manag 2018:1875967). Methods Thirty-five people completed semi-structured interviews or a focus group, including eight patients, six ED staff, four primary care physicians (PCP), five Pain Clinic physicians, and 12 program staff members. Questions focused on the program's implementation, as well as strengths and areas for improvement. Results The program was generally consistent in offering the intended patients the services that were planned. Specifically, patients received an interdisciplinary assessment that informed the development of an assessment and treatment plan. These plans were shared with the PCP and added to the patient's hospital electronic medical record. Patients also received education about CP and had access to medical pain management, substance use, and psychological treatments. Inter-professional communication was facilitated by case conferences. Numerous aspects of the program were perceived as helpful, such as the quick access to services, the comprehensive assessment and treatment plans, the individualized treatment, the use of an interdisciplinary approach to care, and the communication and relationships with other care providers. However, challenges arose with respect to the coordination of services, the addition of supplementary services, the accessibility of the program, patients' perceptions of being misunderstood, communication, and relationship-building with other service providers. Conclusions The program sought to improve the care of HFUs with CP and reduce their ED use for CP management. The program had numerous strengths, but also encountered challenges. Developers of programs for HFUs with CP are encouraged to consider these challenges and suggested solutions. These programs have the potential to deliver effective healthcare to individuals with CP and reduce ED overutilization. Implications Our findings suggest that the following points should be considered in the development of similar programs: the inclusion of a case manager; the use of strategies to ensure inter-professional communication, such as secure electronic consultation, approaches to allow access to assessment and treatment plans, and offering a range of modalities for communication; holding regular case conferences; determining the appropriate types of services to offer; and working to address patients' fears of being labelled.

Progress in Aqueous Solution Modelling: Better Data and Better Interfaces

The Joint Expert Speciation System (JESS) is presently the world’s largest single source of thermodynamic information about aqueous electrolyte solutions. Comprehensive and up-to-date thermodynamic models undoubtedly require such large databases but size alone, without well-designed data structures and good data assessment procedures, is insufficient. Computer databases are not like tables in a book; they should be constantly evolving, easy to search and specifically designed for processing by large-scale, automated facilities, including tests for careless errors and internal consistency. The maxim ‘garbage in, garbage out’ is today even more relevant than ever: without expert analysis and critical judgement, limitless storage capacity and computational power are likely just to add confusion rather than achieve meaningful insights into chemical problems. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the application of new methodologies to problems of differing size and complexity including harmonization of aqueous reaction equilibrium constants for more than 50,000 chemical species, systematic critical assessment of the thermophysical properties of aqueous glycine and its solid–liquid equilibria over wide ranges of temperature and pressure, and development of standalone programs for users lacking training in chemical speciation problems. Extension of these methods to new applications is discussed.

Quality of life of prosthetic and orthotic users in South India: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to compare QOL among people in India using lower-limb prostheses or orthoses with people without disability. A further aim was to compare subgroups and investigate whether QOL was associated with physical disability, gender, income, living area, and education.MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire study in which the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref was used to collect self-reported data. A total of 277 participants from India were included, 155 with disability and 122 without. Group comparisons were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U and the Kruskal–Wallis tests and associations were explored using regression analyses of the four QOL domains: physical health, psychological, social relationships, and environment.ResultsParticipants with physical disability scored significantly lower than did participants without disability in three of the four QOL domains, i.e., physical health, (Median 14.29 vs 16.29; p < .001) psychological, (Median 14.67 vs. 15.33; p = .017) and environment (Median13.00 vs 14.00; p = .006). For people with disability those with no or irregular income and those not attending school having the lowest QOL scores in all four domains. Education was associated with all four QOL domains and income was associated with psychological and environment. Living in urban slums was associated with a higher risk of lower QOL in three QOL domains, i.e., physical health, psychology, and environment.ConclusionsDespite rehabilitation services, people with physical disability experienced lower QOL in terms of the physical health, psychological, and environmental domains than did people without disability. Community-based rehabilitation programmes for prosthetic and orthotic users need to increase and improve their rehabilitation services to increase income and improve access to education. Priority could be given to those who have no or irregular income, live in urban slums, and have not attended school to further improve their QOL.

A Clinical Training Program for Hybrid Closed Loop Therapy in a Pediatric Diabetes Clinic.

Hybrid closed loop (HCL) therapy is now available in clinical practice for treatment of type 1 diabetes; however, there is limited research on how to educate patients on this new therapy. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to optimize a HCL education program for pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our multidisciplinary team developed a novel HCL clinical training program for current insulin pump users, using a quality improvement process called the Plan-Do-Study-Act model. Seventy-two patients participated in the HCL training program, which included (1) an in-person group class to reinforce conventional insulin pump and CGM use on the new system, (2) a live video conference class to teach HCL use, and (3) three follow-up phone calls in the first 4 weeks after HCL training to assess system use, make insulin adjustments, and provide targeted reeducation. Diabetes educators collected data during follow-up calls, and patients completed a training satisfaction survey. The quality improvement process resulted in a training program that emphasized education on HCL exits, CGM use, and optimizing insulin to carbohydrate ratio settings. Patients successfully sustained time in HCL in the initial weeks of use and rated the trainings and follow-up calls highly. Ongoing educational support is vital in the early weeks of HCL use. This quality improvement project is the first to examine strategies for implementation of HCL therapy into a large pediatric diabetes center, and may inform best practices for implementation of new diabetes technologies into other diabetes clinics.

Interactive programming paradigm for real-time experimentation with remote living matter

Recent advancements in life-science instrumentation and automation enable entirely new modes of human interaction with microbiological processes and corresponding applications for science and education through biology cloud laboratories. A critical barrier for remote and on-site life-science experimentation (for both experts and nonexperts alike) is the absence of suitable abstractions and interfaces for programming living matter. To this end we conceptualize a programming paradigm that provides stimulus and sensor control functions for real-time manipulation of physical biological matter. Additionally, a simulation mode facilitates higher user throughput, program debugging, and biophysical modeling. To evaluate this paradigm, we implemented a JavaScript-based web toolkit, "Bioty," that supports real-time interaction with swarms of phototactic Euglena cells hosted on a cloud laboratory. Studies with remote and on-site users demonstrate that individuals with little to no biology knowledge and intermediate programming knowledge were able to successfully create and use scientific applications and games. This work informs the design of programming environments for controlling living matter in general, for living material microfabrication and swarm robotics applications, and for lowering the access barriers to the life sciences for professional and citizen scientists, learners, and the lay public.

Realization of the power-system protection functions for digital power stations and using of Elbrus computers

The relevance of this study is justified by the introduction of digital transformers to modern electrical substations and the need to create relevant digital systems for the automatics relay protection. The article discusses the basic principles of automatics relay protection of the digital electrical substations. The authors examine the problems of its implementation with the use of embedded systems based on domestic computing systems of the Elbrus family with the support of a protected mode of program execution. They suggest an architecture of the user program for managing the automatics relay protection system at a digital substation. Based on the architecture of user tasks and the requirements of the industrial standard, the authors form the restrictions imposed on the software and hardware of the computing systems used in embedded systems in the industry. This paper presents some results of the protected mode in real problems of automatics relay protection at digital substations. The study demonstrates the advantage of using protected mode in creating programs that control industrial facilities. The authors consider the effect of protected mode on the performance and fault tolerance of the target system.

Sustainable Management of Wetlands: A case study of the Songor Ramsar and UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve in Ghana

This study on the Songor Ramsar and UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve in Ghana seeks to ascertain management method to promote sustainable management of wetlands. The findings clearly indicated that good management practices are employed in the management of the Songor Ramsar Site. The current approaches to management have focused on the harmonious fusion of modern scientific strategies and cultural and traditional methods. In the Songor Ramsar and UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve, traditional authorities have enacted traditional rites such as sacred groves and totems in the Ada East District which are strictly enforced to provide traditional regulatory support for their protection while modern conservation approaches in the Songor Wetland management utilizes all the laws in legal protected areas in Ghana. Management also embark on training programmes for users of the wetland resources in sustainable resource utilization to improve economic livelihood. Increased public education and sensitization on the economic importance of the Ramsar Site and the negative impact of environmental degradation has been part of the management strategies. The Public education is on environmentally sound management of waste within the Ramsar Site since the underlying causes of environmental degradation in the Songor Ramsar Site are mainly improper waste disposal, poor attitude of residents toward environmental conservation, wildfires and shoreline recession, inadequate public education on the impact of environmental degradation, fishing, and farming activities. The other factors identified include overgrazing, over exploitation of mangroves, predation, poaching and over fishing, and uncontrolled sand and salt winning

SyLMAND: a microfabrication beamline with wide spectral and beam power tuning range at the Canadian Light Source.

SyLMAND, the Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices, is a recently commissioned microfabrication bend magnet beamline with ancillary cleanroom facilities at the Canadian Light Source. The synchrotron radiation is applied to pattern high-aspect-ratio polymer microstructures used in the area of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). SyLMAND particularly focuses on spectral and beam power adjustability and large exposable area formats in an inert gas atmosphere; a rotating-disk intensity chopper allows for independent beam-power reduction, while continuous spectral tuning between 1-2 keV and >15 keV photon energies is achieved using a double-mirror system and low-atomic-number filters. Homogeneous exposure of samples up to six inches in diameter is performed in the experimental endstation, a vertically scanning precision stage (scanner) with tilt and rotation capabilities under 100 mbar helium. Commissioning was completed in late 2017, and SyLMAND is currently ramping up its user program, mostly in the areas of RF MEMS, micro-fluidics/life sciences and micro-optics.

Rationale and methods of an Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Community Paramedicine at Home (CP@home) program for frequent users of emergency medical services in multiple Ontario regions: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundFrequent users of emergency medical services for issues that could be more appropriately managed through non-urgent care deplete the limited resources of the health-care system. Community paramedicine is an emerging field that extends the role of paramedics beyond the traditional emergency response. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the impact of a community paramedicine home-visit intervention with frequent users on reducing ambulance calls, hospital visits, and admissions. The study will also provide a cross-sectional description of the characteristics of frequent users of emergency medical services.Methods/designAn open-label, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial with parallel intervention and control groups will be conducted in four paramedic services in Ontario. The sample size has been calculated as 261 per group for a 25% reduction in ambulance calls. Eligible participants will be frequent callers (three or more calls in 6 months), individuals who call for at least one lift assist, or individuals referred to the program by a paramedic. Individuals will be randomly allocated to receive either the Community Paramedicine at Home (CP@home) program intervention or their usual care (control). Intervention participants will receive up to three visits from a community paramedic, who will conduct health risk assessments, provide health promotion and education, provide referrals to local resources, and fax reports back to the family physician. Data will be collected from administrative databases (e.g., paramedic services), a custom CP@home program database, participant surveys, and key informant interviews. An intention-to-treat analysis will be conducted, including descriptive statistics and multi-level modeling to find factors predictive of primary and secondary outcomes. A thematic analysis will be used to analyze the qualitative outcomes. An economic analysis will consider the cost-effectiveness of the program.DiscussionCP@home has the potential to reduce the health-care system burden significantly by targeting current frequent users of emergency medical services. By targeting this population, CP@home aims to decrease ambulance calls and emergency department visits, reducing health-care costs and improving the quality of life of a vulnerable population. If successful, CP@home will inform the development of community paramedicine policies and the expanding role of paramedics in regions across Canada.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02835989. Registered on July 14 2016.

Recognizing experiential knowledge in the process of qualification of peer helpers: an analysis of an educational program for service users in France

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes an innovative training program enabling the qualification of peer carers, working within the sector of ‘social inclusion’. Since the French national debate on social work conducted within the ‘Estates General’ of 2015, peer workers have become key players in training programs in virtue of their experiential knowledge and their understanding of issues related to the process of social exclusion. This article addresses the role of peer helpers’ experiential knowledge in the training process. Because of their ‘experiential’ and ‘empirical’ knowledge about questions linked to the process of exclusion, peer helpers have become key players in social work teams and within social institutions, thus contributing to new methods of socio-educational intervention. What impact will this recognition of peer helpers’ and service users’ experiential knowledge have on education in social work? This article gives an account of an 8-month training program for peer helpers examined on the methodological level through a process of Participant observation, and based on data from comprehensive interviews carried out with a panel of peer helpers.

Socio-Economic and Institutional Factors Influencing Adoption of Community-Based Agriculture and Rural Development (CBARD) Crop Production Interventions Project in Kaduna and Bauchi States, Nigeria

This study was conducted to assess the socio-economic and institutional factors influencing adoption of Communitybased Agriculture and Rural Development (CBARD) Crop Production Interventions Project in Kaduna and Bauchi States, Nigeria. Primary data for the study were collected using well-structured questionnaire, administered to 746 beneficiaries Descriptive statistics and Logit regression were used to analyze the data. The results of logit regression estimates indicated that age, farm size, farming experience, membership of cooperative societies, extension contact and access to input were all significant at 1% level of probability and influenced beneficiaries’ adoption of recommended crop varieties by 42% in the AfDB-CBARD Project Interventions. The rural wage earning opportunities created by the project as reported by the respondents in the study area included petty trading, crop processing and milling, commercial transportation, water vending, craftwork, bricklaying, seed multiplication, hired labour and animal traction. Constraints encountered by the beneficiaries as they participated in the project were inadequate capital, inadequate processing and storage facilities, low western literacy level and low prices for farm produce. The following recommendations were made: promotion of savings among farmers and farmer groups should be encouraged as well as encouraging the social organisation to secure loans for their members from agricultural banks. Commodity market/produce user programme and processing industries should be established to handle excess farm produce. Government should create awareness amongst the farmers conceiving the newly established agricultural cargo airports nearest to them. The cost of agro chemicals should be subsidized. Feeder roads should be constructed. Recreation facilities like viewing centers and rural telephony should be encouraged and a functional umbrella organisation for farmers is required to handle issues of capacity building for farmers.

Users Attitude Towards the Use of Library Catalogue in Federal University of Kashere Library in Gombe State, Nigeria

The study investigated the awareness and use of library catalogue for accessing information resources by users of Federal University of Kashere (FUK) Library. Four research questions guided the study. Survey research design was used, registered users of the University Library between 2016-2019 numbering 920 formed the population of the study where a sample of 272 (30% sample) was used based on 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval of Sample Size Calculator. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. Data generated was analyzed using simple percentage and descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were aware of library catalogue existence; they were more informed about card catalogue usage than OPAC for retrieving information resources. In effect, the respondents use card catalogue regularly compared to the OPAC. Majority of the respondents used the library for research work rather than for leisure and recreational purposes. Poor computer skills hindering navigation when searching OPAC and inability to locate materials on the shelves, indicated in the catalogue as being available were the challenges affecting the use of catalogue as an information retrieval tools. The study recommended that the library management should organize a periodic user education, orientation and sensitization programmes for the undergraduate users to create awareness and enable them gain the needed skills to use the library catalogue maximally when searching for information resources. Guidelines on how to use catalogue and library in general should be prepared and issued to registered users. Regular shelf reading should be done so as to establish right contact between library users and library materials.

Glittering potentially malignant shell: Arecanut

Areca nut is consumed extensively throughout the world with significant public health and oral implications. This habit is more prevalent amid communities belonging to India and the South-East Asia region (SEAR). In the past few decades, surveys have reported that consuming areca nut has increased among population and a high proportion of school children use areca-nut daily in some form. Low cost, easy availability, advertising, role modeling, social acceptance and perception of areca nut as harmless is what contributes to its use. Areca nut users are at high risk of oral submucous fibrosis, a debilitating and potentially malignant condition and also suffer adverse health outcomes. Though industrially made areca nut products have been banned in all states and union territories of India, but it is still widely available. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provides evidence-based policies for reducing tobacco use, but no global policy exists for the control of areca nut use. Associative research is needed to sermon this nugatory global public health emergency and to mobilize efforts to control areca nut use. In addition, possible prevention and cessation programs for areca nut users, effective actions to increase awareness regarding health risks among general public and to minimize its use both at personal and government levels should be undertaken.

Point of care ultrasound training for medical students: Is it beneficial?

Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) has oftentimes been touted as the stethoscope of the future. Improvements in technology have now lowered costs, making it more accessible to all physicians. Currently, there is no structured training program for POCUS and most POCUS users acquire knowledge during their respective specialist training by learning from peers or by attending ad-hoc courses. As POCUS gains traction, there is increasing interest in introducing training during medical school. We conducted an introductory course to POCUS for a batch of 9 medical students during their Internal Medicine rotation. The session was focused on orienting students to the ultrasound machine, knobology and imaging acquisition of the venous system. The instructors also shared with the students the scenarios whereby POCUS may aid diagnosis and clinical management. A survey was conducted after the course to assess the students’ understanding and interest in further sessions. Prior to this session, the medical students were only introduced to ultrasound during their obstetrics rotation. After the session, 89% of the students have a better understanding of how POCUS can be integrated into daily clinical practice. 89% of the students were also more confident in handling the ultrasound machine. All the students felt that POCUS can enhance their learning, and should be included in the Internal Medicine curriculum. As POCUS becomes more widely practised, consideration should be made to include it as a component of medical school training. While there are concerns that it will divert attention and resources in a packed curriculum, the interactive nature of ultrasound training, its direct correlation with anatomy, integration with clinical scenarios, makes it a powerful tool to potentially enhance clinical teaching.

China Net: Military and Special Supercomputer Centers

Author describes military and special supercomputer centers and networks by example CT-2. Work on highly productive and promising SC with a globally addressable memory and multi-thread architecture is carried out within the framework of the CT-2 project. The eponymous supercomputer belongs to the class of strategic supercomputers. The code name used is CT-2 (full name Qin Tao -2) - this is the idiom in the Chinese name “The main project in the interests of special studies of military intelligence of the Ministry of Defense of China”. Due to using of massive multi-thread streaming architecture increased tolerance to delays in performing operations with memory and the network, effectively support working with program models in the form of static graphs of data flows. Because of this, it will successfully cope with the processing in real time of multiple data streams and work effectively through a single address space with a huge memory capacity of several tens of petabytes, even in the mode of intensive irregular work with it, it will have exceptional fault tolerance and availability. The amount of available memory for the user program is 32PB, the physical memory is 64PB, which is done for hot standby. According to information received in 2011, the initially massive multi-thread microprocessor CT-2 with asynchronous threads for information systems has also become hybrid, it has enhanced numerical processing power - SIMD operations on short vectors have been introduced, as well as elements of modern graphic processors in the form of synchronous threads.

Development of an e-health education program at the workplace using formative research – Technologies for improving quality of life

Backgrounde-Learning, a means by which to expand people’s access to information can be effective in promoting health in the workplace. This study to present steps in the development of an e-health education program at the workplace. ObjectiveThis study aimed to present all steps of develop a telehealth education program for computer users using formative research to identify themes to health education for workers. MethodsA team of expert conducted focus groups with administrative workers (n = 36 participants) to identify thematic health to the development of program. Three meetings were audio video recorded, and notes. All data were based on constant analysis, classical content analysis and keywords in-context. ResultsThe content of the nine audio videos included four musculoskeletal health topics (Walking Program, Back School, Muscle Relaxation Techniques, and Work-related Musculoskeletal Diseases); three to healthy diet (Eating and Commensality, Ultra-processed Food and Food labeling, and Oil and Fat); two to mental health (Burnout Syndrome and the Meaning of work). ConclusionThe proposed steps in the development of a workplace e-health education program were successfully achieved. The engagement of the workers’ staged focus groups was fundamental to the choice of themes relevant to the population in question.

Perspectives on ParentWorks: Learnings from the development and national roll-out of a self-directed online parenting intervention

Online parenting interventions are an increasingly viable alternative to face-to-face programs, as they can potentially overcome barriers to participation and increase program reach. The current paper describes learnings from the design, development and dissemination of ParentWorks, a self-directed online parenting intervention designed to be inclusive of both mothers and fathers.ParentWorks was promoted via a national media campaign and was accessible to all Australian parents through a dedicated website. Participants created a user account, engaged in a series of video modules, and completed assessment measures at pre-, post-program and 3-month follow-up. For two-caregiver families, parents were encouraged to participate together using a shared account. There was no direct practitioner support, although a range of innovative automated features were included to enhance participant motivation and encourage program completion.Several key lessons emerged from program development and implementation. These relate primarily to design and content of the program website, user account functionality, program structure and features, and data collection. Further research is needed particularly with regard to methods for increasing participant retention in self-directed online programs.The learnings described here will be relevant to those researching and developing online parenting interventions as well as other online mental health interventions aiming to reach a large population sample.

The Effect of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion Speed on Users' Shoulder Muscle Coordination Patterns in Time-Frequency and Principal Component Analysis.

A rehabilitation program for wheelchair users should be based on a thorough understanding of shoulder muscle coordination patterns. The objective of the study was to quantify the extent to which the muscle electromyographic (EMG) patterns vary with propulsion speed. A total of 11 wheelchair-dependent participants with a diagnosis of spina bifida or T6-T12 spinal cord injury volunteered for the study. Each participant performed a series of wheelchair propulsion bouts at 1m/s, 1.3 m/s, and 1.6m/s. EMG signals of 8 shoulder muscles as well as the physiological and kinetic variables were recorded. Propulsion at 1.6m/s generated significantly higher EMG intensities in biceps brachii, anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, and middle deltoid than at 1m/s and 1.3m/s. The combined wavelet and principal component analysis showed that the faster propulsion speed requires higher push muscle activity in the early push phase and in the phase transitions between alternating push and recovery. Training to strengthen the shoulder flexors to achieve smoother phase transitions could improve rehabilitation outcomes by increasing functional speed while lessening shoulder strain.

Development of training programs for users of enterprise resource planning system

One of the important factors (may be, the main one) determining duration of initial (trial) operation of Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) is quality of users training to collaboration in integrated (at the level of elementary transactions) control system. It is obvious that duration of initial operation and corresponding losses from the incidents arising at EPR operation can be significantly reduced not only due to high-quality design and EPR testing, but, considerably, due to increase in level of competences of users reached by their training. Mathematical definition of training program development for EPR users of large metallurgical company is given in the article. The main criterion there is general increment of users’ competences as a result of implementation of training program. Procedure of task solution is based on method of network programming which relies on structural and similar network representation of criterion and restrictions. General scheme and an example of solution of the studied task are provided in which separate estimated tasks are solved by method of dichotomizing programming. Received approximate solutions of an objective can be improved by means of finding global optimum of initial task by method of branches and borders in which values of criterion function of found approximate decision are applied as borders. In practice it is expedient to consider a task, opposite to described in the article in which costs of training are the criterion. Owing to structural similarity of functions of an increment of competences and costs of training the return task can be decided according to the same scheme that it is offered for a direct task. The considered task can be generalized by taking into account the preferences of users regarding the significance of individual programs relative to others by introducing appropriate “scales”. General scheme of task solution won’t change.