User Speed Research Articles

Behavioral Modeling of Drivers near Speed Control Cameras: A Dual Perspective from Micro and Macro Data

The present study investigates the efficacy of speed cameras in managing vehicle speeds and their influence on various driver demographics within the operational context of the cameras. The research, conducted as a case study in Iran, comprises both macroscopic and detailed analyses, quantifying vehicle speeds at different spatial points relative to the speed camera location—upstream, adjacent to, and downstream of the camera—using a manual laser speedometer. Furthermore, the study examines diverse driver behavior metrics, including vehicle type, speeds at different locations, lane changes, braking actions, and measures such as obscuring license plates. Statistical analyses show that speed cameras effectively reduce speeds across different user groups and lead to increased braking and lane-changing behaviors, particularly among light vehicle categories. Moreover, the study reveals distinct behavioral patterns between indigenous and non-indigenous drivers. In addition, a multi-layer perceptron neural network model successfully approximates user speed selection behaviors within the operational range of speed cameras. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of speed cameras and their impact on diverse driver demographics, contributing to a deeper understanding of advanced speed control mechanisms.

Differences in Walking Speed of SACH Foot And Single Axis Foot in Transtibial Prosthesis User

Background: Lower limb amputation causes disruption of limb function, one of which is the ability to walk. One of the walking aids that can be used is a transtibial prosthesis. A transtibial prosthesis consists of a socket, shank and foot components. The choice of foot type and the use of a transtibial prosthesis is one of the factors that influence walking speed. SACH foot and single axis foot are the types of foot that are often used by prosthesis users Aims: To determine the difference in walking speed of SACH Foot and Single Axis Foot in transtibial prosthesis users. Method and Subjects: Using quantitative research, observational method with cross sectional design. The subjects of this research were users of transtibial prosthesis type SACH foot and single axis foot. The sample for this study consisted of 28 people. The measuring instruments used in this research are 10 MWT (Meter Walk Test). Results: Based on statistical tests, the results showed that there were differences in walking speed between SACH foot and single axis foot type transtibial prosthesis users. Where the p value <0.05 is 0.000 with an effect size of 0.81, which means it has a high or strong difference effect. Conclusion: There is a difference in walking speed, namely the walking speed of users of single axis foot transtibial prosthesis is faster than SACH foot. So, it is recommended to prefer using a single axis foot in users of transtibial prosthesis, especially at moderate activity levels. The limitations of this research are that there are not many subjects and the foot types are less diverse. Future research can be developed with other types of foot prosthesis and measurement of gait parameters

The concept of effective coverage radius use of the unlicensed high-frequency range in the operation of the 5G network

Economic expediency encourages mobile operators to deploy 5G networks in places with a high concentration of speed-demanding subscribers. In such conditions, sharp fluctuations in the volume of traffic with regulated requirements for the quality of service are inevitable. Note that 5G operates in the millimeter range. Accordingly, the quality of traffic service is affected both by the number of subscribers simultaneously initiating requests from one sector of coverage, and by the appearance of obstacles opaque to radio radiation in the space between the subscriber device and the base station. Effective smoothing of 5G traffic fluctuations, taking into account these disturbing factors, is an urgent task. The goal of this research is to evaluate the service quality parameters in a target area characterized by a specific user density. It takes into account that if the declared QoS requirements for connection speed for users in a network segment deployed within the licensed frequency range for 5G are not met, they can utilize a network segment deployed in the unlicensed high-frequency range for 5G under conditions of free competition. The metric being studied is the probability of session loss in the licensed network segment and the achievable transmission speed in the unlicensed network segment. Based on this, a method for assessing the density of base station deployment in the unlicensed network segment necessary to support the specified user density in the licensed network segment with defined QoS guarantees in terms of bandwidth is formalized. The experiment results showed that the probability of losing sessions with regulated requirements for the quality of service in both network segments, in addition to the base station placement density and subscriber devices, is significantly affected by the minimum data transfer rate, the intensity of obstacles, and the value of the Contention Window.

Pressure simulation algorithm for non pressure sensitive touch screen

The application of non pressure-sensitive touch screens in smart tablet software is becoming increasingly widespread, but they cannot directly sense pressure, which limits the user's writing experience. This article proposes a pressure simulation algorithm based on gestures and speed, which simulates pressure by analyzing touch data. This algorithm identifies the user's touch gestures and speed changes, infers the corresponding pressure values, and maps them to simulated pressure data. The experimental results show that the algorithm can significantly improve the writing performance of non pressure-sensitive touch screens, making the user experience more natural and smooth.

Speed-securing measures on rural roads in Sweden: An observational study

Objective Speed-securing measures are intended to, as the name suggests, to secure that the speeds of road users do not exceed the safe speed for a given type of environment. The purpose of this study was to make an evaluation of existing speed-securing measures on rural roads in Sweden to see how well they manage to limit the speed. Methods and data A total of 34 unique locations have been filmed with drones with varying speed limits between 40 and 70 km/h. The analysis focused on the radius of both the individual vehicle trajectories and the radius of the roads themselves and how they relate to the speed choice of the drivers (including the 85th percentile speed). Results The result shows a moderate correlation between both types of radii and the speed choice of the drivers. In addition, the result also shows only a weak correlation between the driven radius and the radius of the roads themselves. Finally, the result also shows that only 17 locations manage to keep the 85th percentile speeds under the speed limit. Conclusion Overall, the study suggests that the radius of the infrastructure is an important factor to lower the speed but the lack of a clear relationship between the driven radius and the radius of the road shows that more research is needed to properly understand why some locations work better than others.

ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS CHARACTERISTICS IN AD-HOC NETWORK

Background. Wireless ad-hoc networks are becoming increasingly prevalence in remote areas, in extreme environments, even in military operations, and in scenarios where setting up infrastructure networks is not possible. Research of ad-hoc routing protocols problems allows improving the efficiency of their operation in conditions of high variability in packet loss or instability of network operation when the speed of users changes. Objective. The purpose of the paper is analysis of packet loss dependency from a network operation time, study of a user speed influence on a network efficiency, and research of network operation efficiency with different routing protocols. Methods. The method of routing protocols efficiency evaluation is the simulation of their operation in an ad-hoc network on a test data set and research of a network indicators dependency in time under different loads and changing mobility of users. Results. The conducted research demonstrated that user’s mobility at different speeds significantly affects the network operation as a whole. The instability of users' positions leads to a significant increase in route search time and packet transmission time. Among researched GPSR, DSDV, and AODV protocols, the latter proved to be the best because it has the lowest percentage of data loss and the lowest average time of message send and receive operations. Conclusions. The work is dedicated to the actual problem of developing and setting parameters of ad-hoc network. Received research results indicate the need to choose the optimal routing protocol depending on specific application conditions, such as user movement speed and network stability. The proposed solutions can be the first stage of complex processing of packets in the mobile network and justify the choice of AODV protocol as a basis for further improvement.

Adaptive radio propagation model for maximizing performance efficiency in smart city disaster management application

Climate change poses several environmental threats like floods to urban environment; thus, effective and reliable communication of emergency information is needed during massive breakdown of network infrastructure. This paper presents a mobile adhoc network (MANETs) based effective information such as calls, image, and videos communication system that is compatible with current 3GPP and 5G communication network. Here in maintaining connectivity the information is communicated between different MANET nodes in a multi-hop manner. However, designing radio propagation is challenging considering higher local emergency request congestion at different terrain with varying speed of users. The current radio propagation model is designed without considering the effect of line-of-sight between communicating device and are not adaptive to different environment considering urban disaster management environment. This paper develops an adaptive radio propagation (ARP) model namely expressway, city and semiurban. Then, in reducing congestion and improving network performance efficiency the work introduced an adaptive medium access control (AMAC) protocol. The MAC incorporates a dynamic network controller (DNC) to optimize the contention window size in dynamic manner according to current traffic demands. The AMAC protocol achieves much improved throughput with lesser packet loss in comparison with existing MAC (EMAC) model considering different radio propagation model introduced in this work.

An Hybrid Framework OTFS-OFDM Based on Mobile Speed Estimation

The Future wireless communication systems face the challenging task of simultaneously providing highquality service (QoS) and broadband data transmission, while also minimizing power consumption, latency, and system complexity. Although Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely adopted in 4G and 5G systems, it struggles to cope with a significant delay and Doppler spread in high mobility scenarios. To address these challenges, a novel waveform named Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS). Designers aim to outperform OFDM by closely aligning signals with the channel behaviour. In this paper, we propose a switching strategy that empowers operators to select the most appropriate waveform based on an estimated speed of the mobile user. This strategy enables the base station to dynamically choose the waveform that best suits the mobile user’s speed. Additionally, we suggest retaining an Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) radar approach for accurate Doppler estimation. This provides precise information to facilitate the waveform selection procedure. By leveraging the switching strategy and harnessing the Doppler estimation capabilities of an ISAC radar.Our proposed approach aims to enhance the performance of wireless communication systems in high mobility cases. Considering the complexity of waveform processing, we introduce an optimized hybrid system that combines OTFS and OFDM, resulting in reduced complexity while still retaining performance benefits.This hybrid system presents a promising solution for improving the performance of wireless communication systems in higher mobility.The simulation results validate the effectiveness of our approach, demonstrating its potential advantages for future wireless communication systems. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by simulation results as it will be illustrated.

Utilizing Agent-Based Modeling for Optimization of Wayfinding in Hospital: A Case Study.

This research aims to propose a novel methodology for analyzing and optimizing wayfinding in complex environments by examining their spatial configurations. Wayfinding difficulties often lead to disorientation and hinder users' ability to locate destinations. Although architectural design can aid in simplifying user access, existing approaches lack a specific focus on wayfinding optimization despite its significant impact on users' navigational abilities. In this study, an agent-based model was employed to assess the efficacy of wayfinding in a multistory hospital. Subsequently, the layouts were optimized, leading to the creation of a new space distribution diagram. The simulation was then repeated to examine the potential improvement in wayfinding. Data collection encompassed user types, workflow scenarios, population distribution, and user speed. Comparative analysis of the agent-based simulation findings before and after layout optimization revealed a decrease in total distance and time spent on the modified floor plans for all users when compared to the existing layout. This suggests that the optimized layout holds significant potential for enhancing wayfinding performance. Given the positive outcomes observed for users, this approach is particularly well suited for preliminary design stages of complex environments, where designations among user groups are less crucial or flexibility is desired. Additional advantages include the ability to generate a comprehensive simulation of users' daily workflow, which is integrated into the optimization process and considers specific requirements regarding spatial adjacency.

Spatial Contraction Based on Velocity Variation for Natural Walking in Virtual Reality.

Virtual Reality (VR) offers an immersive 3D digital environment, but enabling natural walking sensations without the constraints of physical space remains a technological challenge. Previous VR locomotion methods, including game controller, teleportation, treadmills, walking-in-place, and redirected walking (RDW), have made strides towards overcoming this challenge. However, these methods also face limitations such as possible unnaturalness, additional hardware requirements, or motion sickness risks. This paper introduces "Spatial Contraction (SC)", an innovative VR locomotion method inspired by the phenomenon of Lorentz contraction in Special Relativity. Similar to the Lorentz contraction, our SC contracts the virtual space along the user's velocity direction in response to velocity variation. The virtual space contracts more when the user's speed is high, whereas minimal or no contraction happens at low speeds. We provide a virtual space transformation method for spatial contraction and optimize the user experience in smoothness and stability. Through SC, VR users can effectively traverse a longer virtual distance with a shorter physical walking. Different from locomotion gains, the spatial contraction effect is observable by the user and aligns with their intentions, so there is no inconsistency between the user's proprioception and visual perception. SC is a general locomotion method that has no special requirements for VR scenes. The experimental results of our live user studies in various virtual scenarios demonstrate that SC has a significant effect in reducing both the number of resets and the physical walking distance users need to cover. Furthermore, experiments have also demonstrated that SC has the potential for integration with existing locomotion techniques such as RDW.

Being an older person: modulation of walking speed with geriatric walking motion avatars

The phenomenon of one’s walking speed being affected by that of other pedestrians on the street is often observed in real-world scenarios. However, the effects of the motion and familiarity of avatars on a user in virtual reality have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study explored how alterations in human avatars affect the walking speed and sensation of users. Furthermore, walking speed has been shown to be influenced not only by visual perception but also by cognition. However, few studies have investigated the relationships between visual perception, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, we examined the relationships between stereotypical words for older people, a representative example of cognition-induced changes in walking speed, and visual perception stimuli of avatars. The results revealed a significant interaction between the stereotype and avatar walking motion. In particular, in the absence of the stereotype, participants were strongly affected by the older walking motion of the avatar, and their walking speed decreased. We also found that the walking motion of avatars significantly affects participants walking speed and sensation. These findings provide pioneering insights into the psychological factors that regulate human walking speed and propose a new method for manipulating the user’s walking speed and sensation in VR space.

Evaluating Internet Network Quality: A Comprehensive Analysis by the PNUP Directorate of Building

This study raises the problem of the condition of the building network of the Directorate of PNUP which has an irregular cabling structure so that if a network installation is carried out by connecting to the nearest switch without regard to cable paths, the cables are not on the path according to the irregular distribution of IP networks and bandwidth. The purpose of this study is to enhance the quality of the internet network in the PNUP Directorate building, compare the network performance before and after revitalizing fiber optic cables, and determine the internet bandwidth requirements in the PNUP Directorate building. The method employed is assessing internet network performance using Quality of Service parameter, by evaluating when the implementation that has been carried out is deemed sufficient, the evaluation is carried out based on the test results of the Quality of Service parameter. The user speed test is performed on public IP, followed by data recording and capture using tilnet tools. The values for delay, throughput, packet loss, and jitter are then processed and calculated. The outcome of this research demonstrates that network revitalization has successfully increased bandwidth usage, particularly in data transmission (Tx). Additional capacity and increased network performance after the revitalization allow for greater and more efficient use of bandwidth in transmitting data.

Handover management procedures for future generations mobile heterogeneous networks

Handover (HO) management in Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) poses challenges arising from network densification and dynamic environmental behaviors. Existing HO decision algorithms struggle to efficiently utilize network resources and ensure a high-quality user experience amidst the complexity of HetNets and the burgeoning growth of mobile users. This paper introduces a robust and data-driven HO decision model designed to enhance HO performance in HetNets. Initially, a conventional HO decision algorithm is developed based on users' Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) values in MATLAB. Various simulation cases explore different HO parameters to observe their impact on handover performance. To address these challenges, a data-driven HO decision model leveraging Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), a deep learning technique, is proposed for the regression task. The LSTM model is trained and tested using obtained RSRP values, and the future RSRP values predicted by the model are employed to trigger HO decisions in the proposed algorithm. Results from the traditional HO decision algorithm are compared with those of the proposed machine learning-based approach across various simulation runs, considering average Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), RSRP, user throughput values, the number of HOs and the Radio Link Failure (RLF) ratio. Different user speeds are also considered to establish a relationship between HO frequency and mobile user speed. The proposed model achieved reducing the rate of radio link failure to levels that are deemed acceptable in order to ensure a continuous connection.

Improving Walking Energy Efficiency in Transtibial Amputees Through the Integration of a Low-Power Actuator in an ESAR Foot.

Reducing energy consumption during walking is a critical goal for transtibial amputees. The study presents the evaluation of a semi-active prosthesis with five transtibial amputees. The prosthesis has a low-power actuator integrated in parallel into an energy-storing-and-releasing foot. The actuator is controlled to compress the foot during the stance phase, supplementing the natural compression due to the user's dynamic interaction with the ground, particularly during the ankle dorsiflexion phase, and to release the energy stored in the foot during the push-off phase, to enhance propulsion. The control strategy is adaptive to the user's gait patterns and speed. The clinical protocol to evaluate the system included treadmill and overground walking tasks. The results showed that walking with the semi-active prosthesis reduced the Physiological Cost Index of transtibial amputees by up to 16% compared to walking using the subjects' proprietary prosthesis. No significant alterations were observed in the spatiotemporal gait parameters of the participants, indicating the module's compatibility with users' natural walking patterns. These findings highlight the potential of the mechatronic actuator in effectively reducing energy expenditure during walking for transtibial amputees. The proposed prosthesis may bring a positive impact on the quality of life, mobility, and functional performance of individuals with transtibial amputation.

Peningkatkan QoS Layanan Video Call dengan Metode DASTFBC Sistem MIMO2x2 pada Jaringan LTE

ABSTRACT
 The DASTFBC (Diagonal Algebraic Space Time Frequency Block Code) method is a coding scheme that utilizes different diversity sources, namely space, time and frequency. This method is one method that can be used to improve video call services. The DASTFBC method uses a rotation matrix in the DAST code which is formed using algebraic number field theory. The code matrix structure consists of rotated information symbols, expanded using a square diagonal code matrix. This method is used to overcome signal power fluctuations at the receiver which cause the service quality to decrease (not comply with) BER video call standards. The DASTFBC method is applied to the LTE network MIMO system with 64 QAM modulation. This method will be simulated in the Matlab program to obtain results to improve video call services. The DASTFBC method simulation of BER was carried out for 4 user speed scenarios, namely 5km/hour, 40km/hour, 100km/hour, 120km/hour. Significant results of the DASTFBC method can already be seen when the user moves at 40km/ hour. With this method, a smaller BER value is obtained, namely 2x10-4, this shows that with the DASTFBC method the video call BER standard (10-3) can be met. The value of BER obtained when using DASTFBC with a speed of 120km/h is 8.5x10-3 this value almost exceeds the standard BER video call. So that the maximum speed of the user when using the DASTFBC method is 120km/h above that speed the standard value of the BER video call cannot be fulfilled.
 Keywords: video call, LTE network, MIMO, DASTFBC

Evaluating the User-Friendliness of a Mobile Application for Outpatient Food Monitoring: A System Usability Scale (SUS) Approach

To maintain and enhance the quality of the Mobile Food Intake Control Application for Outpatients in the Hospital, usability testing must be conducted using the System Usability Scale (SUS). This research aims to evaluate usability and analyze user-friendliness for further action by the Hospital. The respondents consist of 138 outpatient patients. Testing is carried out by requesting respondents to perform scenarios on the Mobile Food Intake Control Application, observed directly by the examiner. Subsequently, respondents fill out a questionnaire containing ten statements with Likert scale responses. The average SUS score of 87.0471 indicates excellent acceptance of the application, and the user rating suggests that the application meets user expectations sufficiently. However, user speed in using the application and focusing on its features are still considered normal, and the error rate falls within acceptable limits.

Tunable SRS-Aware Robust Coordinated Beamforming Design With Channel Aging

Coordinated beamforming holds tremendous potential to maximize network capacity, whose effect largely depends on the period sounding reference signal (SRS)-based channel sounding. However, the huge discrepancy between the sounding channel and the real-time channel is inevitable and nonnegligible with channel aging, which results in severe degradation of coordinated beamforming gain. In this paper, the discrepancy is modeled as a random error term with the effect of channel aging included, and a robust coordinated beamforming design with channel aging is further proposed, exploiting the potential capacity gain through the channel statistical information, which provides the potential for tuning the SRS period. Specifically, the joint correlation properties of channels are modeled in the random error matrix with the static statistical information collected from practical channel samples. To cope with multiple random terms, the deterministic equivalent method is adopted to obtain the approximate closed-form expression of the ergodic capacity, aiming at deriving a robust beamformer that can achieve a stationary point of the expected weighted sum-rate maximization problem. In addition, by adopting the proposed beamforming design, the tuning guidance for the SRS period is provided for practical networks satisfying different capacity requirements and mobile scenarios. Simulation results show that the proposed design can extend the SRS period more than 1× at 10% capacity loss when user speed <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$v=30\rm {km/h}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , compared with the traditional beamforming design.

New Model of Shaping Urban Cultural Tourism IP Based on Short Video Platforms

Urban cultural tourism is a kind of tourism that combines the regional tourism resources of the city and the unique culture of the local area. Moreover, with the constant development and progress of local cities, urban cultural tourism has become a new trend in urban development. The diversification of urban cultural tourism intellectual property (IP) aligns with cities' sustainable and innovative development. Additionally, as one of the hottest and newest ways of communication, short videos have seen a surge in recent years due to their low production cost, fast communication speed, diversified content, and large scale of users. The rapid development of short video platforms such as TikTok, Quick Worker, etc., has led to an explosive growth of short video users in China; short video platforms have become the new media for city image communication. However, using short video platforms to shape the urban culture tourism IP must pay attention to the communication strategy. The short video content should not only closely follow the positioning of the city's image, but also vividly show the cultural connotation of the city, thus constructing a multiple subject of the creation and communication of the short video.

Uncovering associations between users' behaviour and their flow experience

ABSTRACT Flow experience is one of the most ambitious targets of any user interface designer. However, it has remained elusive to evaluate how well user interfaces give rise to flow experience outside conducting invasive self-reporting-based questionnaires, which remove the users from the flow experience and can't be massively applied. At the same time, otherwise, well-built systems do track the behaviour of users on the interface, and therefore, user behaviour data could act as a reliable proxy for assessing the experience of users. Currently, there is little empirical research or data about which indices of user behaviours might correspond with having a flow experience as well as the different psychological constituents of the flow experience. Therefore, facing the challenge of using users' behaviour data to model users' experience, we investigated the associations between users' behaviour data (e.g. mouse clicks, activity time in the system, and average response time) and their self-reported flow experience by using data mining (i.e. associations rules) analysing data from 204 subjects. Results demonstrate that the speed of users' actions negatively affects the flow experience antecedents while also positively affecting the loss of self-consciousness. Our study advances the literature, providing insights to identify users' flow experience through behaviour data.

Leveraging AI in Postgraduate Medical Education for Rapid Skill Acquisition in Ultrasound-Guided Procedural Techniques.

Ultrasound-guided techniques are increasingly prevalent and represent a gold standard of care. Skills such as needle visualisation, optimising the target image and directing the needle require deliberate practice. However, training opportunities remain limited by patient case load and safety considerations. Hence, there is a genuine and urgent need for trainees to attain accelerated skill acquisition in a time- and cost-efficient manner that minimises risk to patients. We propose a two-step solution: First, we have created an agar phantom model that simulates human tissue and structures like vessels and nerve bundles. Moreover, we have adopted deep learning techniques to provide trainees with live visualisation of target structures and automate assessment of their user speed and accuracy. Key structures like the needle tip, needle body, target blood vessels, and nerve bundles, are delineated in colour on the processed image, providing an opportunity for real-time guidance of needle positioning and target structure penetration. Quantitative feedback on user speed (time taken for target penetration), accuracy (penetration of correct target), and efficacy in needle positioning (percentage of frames where the full needle is visualised in a longitudinal plane) are also assessable using our model. Our program was able to demonstrate a sensitivity of 99.31%, specificity of 69.23%, accuracy of 91.33%, precision of 89.94%, recall of 99.31%, and F1 score of 0.94 in automated image labelling.