User Impressions Research Articles

Differentially Private Stream Processing at Scale

We design, to the best of our knowledge, the first differentially private (DP) stream aggregation processing system at scale. Our system - Differential Privacy SQL Pipelines (DP-SQLP) - is built using a streaming framework similar to Spark streaming, and is built on top of the Spanner database and the F1 query engine from Google. Towards designing DP-SQLP we make both algorithmic and systemic advances, namely, we (i) design a novel (user-level) DP key selection algorithm that can operate on an unbounded set of possible keys, and can scale to one billion keys that users have contributed, (ii) design a preemptive execution scheme for DP key selection that avoids enumerating all the keys at each triggering time, and (iii) use algorithmic techniques from DP continual observation to release a continual DP histogram of user contributions to different keys over the stream length. We empirically demonstrate the efficacy by obtaining at least 16× reduction in error over meaningful baselines we consider. We implemented a streaming differentially private user impressions for Google Shopping with DP-SQLP. The streaming DP algorithms are further applied to Google Trends.

User Perceptions on the Urban Waterfront Development in the Kyrenia Ancient Harbour, including the Creative Individuals

Abstract Various entities offer to evaluate the adequacy of applications for urban waterfront development. This study focused on the underlying assumptions that gave a comprehensive review of urban waterfront development projects and applications and analysed user impressions in Kyrenia Ancient Harbour. Visitors to Kyrenia, including employees, employers, students, and creative people, were asked to complete a questionnaire. This study discovered that the twelve underlying factors of creative waterfronts included awareness of people, promotion of entrepreneurs, creative spaces and activities, innovation, tolerance, physical comfort, political support, social cohesion, diversity of function, economic contribution, and cultural preservation. An evaluation of the creative environment at Kyrenia Waterfront found various degrees of user participation based on several statistical tests. Most community members saw the example area favourably due to its distinctive urban characteristics and socialisation possibilities. Locals, however, believe that creative folks require new technologies and ideas to be more productive.

Attacking Social Media via Behavior Poisoning

Since social media such as Facebook and X (formerly known as Twitter) have permeated various aspects of daily life, people have strong incentives to influence information dissemination on these platforms and differentiate their content from the fierce competition. Existing dissemination strategies typically employ marketing techniques, such as seeking publicity through renowned actors or targeted advertising placements. Despite their various forms, most simply spread information to strengthen user impressions without conducting formal analyses of specific influence enhancement. And coupled with high costs, most fall short of expectations. To this end, we ingeniously formulate the task of social media dissemination as poisoning attacks, which influence specified content’s dissemination among target users by intervening in some users’ social media behaviors (including retweeting, following, and profile modifying). Correspondingly, we propose a novel poisoning attack, Influence-based Social Media Attack (ISMA) to generate discrete poisoning behaviors, which is difficult to achieve with existing attacks. In ISMA, we first contribute an efficient influence evaluator to quantify the spread influence of poisoning behaviors. Based on the estimated influence, we then present an imperceptible hierarchical selector and a profile modification method ProMix to select influential behaviors to poison. Notably, our attack is driven by custom attack objectives, which allows one to flexibly design different optimization goals to change the information flow, which could solve the blindness of existing influence maximization methods. Besides, behaviors such as retweeting are gentle and simple to implement. These properties make our attack more cost-effective and practical. Extensive experiments on two large-scale real-world datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method as it significantly outperforms baselines, and additionally, the proposed evaluator’s analysis of user influence provides new insights for influence maximization on social media.

Assistance by adaptative damping on a complex bimanual task in laparoscopic surgery.

Laparoscopic surgery has improved outcomes in abdominal surgery, but presents kinematic restrictions for surgeons. Robotic comanipulation with adaptative damping has been investigated in simple laparoscopic tasks. The present protocol aimed to determine the contribution of adaptive damping in complex bimanual tasks approaching clinical setting. Fourteen residents in general surgery performed three exercises, and for each three repetitions without (classic repetitions) and three with robotic assistance (robotic repetitions) in a randomised order. The exercises chosen were trajectory, modified Pea on a Peg and intracorporeal suture. Task performance, gesture performance, workload and impression were measured. Also, a semi-directed interview was performed to collect the participants' feeling about companipulated robots and their potential application in clinical practice. Adaptative damping assistance did not impact task performance, but allowed an economy of movement in the non-dominant hand during suture exercise (distance 916 ± 500mm in classic vs. 563 ± 261mm in robotic, p < 0.001). Perceived workload (p = 0.12) and user's impression were not different between classic and robotic repetitions, except novelty (p < 0.001). Participants' interviews revealed their interest for the robotic devices, particularly the gravity compensation, and were ready to use the adaptative damping provided an intermittent use, for example to dissect dangerous areas. Adaptative damping applied by comanipulated robots does not influence the performance of the task, but improves the performance of the gesture itself, particularly for the non-dominant hand, and during the realisation of a complex task like suturing. For residents in digestive surgery, this assistance does increase workload, and they would use this help in the operating room under certain conditions.

User Impressions and Gait Analysis of Exoskeleton Device Usage in Generalized Tank Farm Activities

Tank farm workers involved in nuclear cleanup activities perform physically demanding tasks, typically while wearing heavy personal protective equipment (PPE). Exoskeleton devices have the potential to bring considerable benefit to this industry but have not been thoroughly studied in the context of nuclear cleanup. In this paper, we examine the performance of exoskeletons during a series of tasks emulating jobs performed on tank farms while participants wore PPE commonly deployed by tank farm workers. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of commercially available lower-body exoskeletons on a user’s gait kinematics and user perceptions. Three participants each tested three lower-body exoskeletons in a 70-min protocol consisting of level treadmill walking, incline treadmill walking, weighted treadmill walking, a weight lifting session, and a hand tool dexterity task. Results were compared to a no exoskeleton baseline condition and evaluated as individual case studies. The three participants showed a wide spectrum of user preferences and adaptations toward the devices. Individual case studies revealed that some users quickly adapted to select devices for certain tasks while others remained hesitant to use the devices. Temporal effects on gait change and perception were also observed for select participants in device usage over the course of the device session. Device benefit varied between tasks, but no conclusive aggregate trends were observed across devices for all tasks. Evidence suggests that device benefits observed for specific tasks may have been overshadowed by the wide array of tasks used in the protocol.

Usability Study of the Mommy-Be App: Exploring the Experience of Breastfeeding Mothers in Eastern Indonesia

Objective: The rise of mobile health (mHealth) apps has brought attention to their potential in supporting breastfeeding mothers and preventing postpartum depression (PPD). This study aims to evaluate the usability of Mommy-Be, a mobile phone app designed to support breastfeeding women and help them to acknowledge of their mental health and breastfeeding efficacy during lactation period. Theoretical Framework: This study uses Usability theory to analyze the use of mHealth applications that proposed by Nielsen model. Method: This study combines quantitative and qualitative methods, that asses Mommy-Be app's usability among breastfeeding mothers using the Mobile Application Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) and conducted in-depth interviews with a subset of participants. The study included 50 breastfeeding mothers in Makassar, Indonesia, who were primarily between the ages of 19 and 42 and had diverse educational and employment backgrounds. Four weeks after using the Mommy-Be app, revealed a generally positive impression of the application. Result: Based on MAUQ three dimensions, ease of use, interface satisfaction, usefulness, this study has been determined that the utilization of a Mommy-Be application is both acceptable and feasible as a mobile health (mHealth) solution for breastfeeding mothers. The mothers experience revealed diverse user impressions of the Mommy-Be application. Participants generally found it easy to use, with a favorable interface preference. Participants expressed various benefits of using Mommy-Be, including increased awareness of breastfeeding activities, assistance in meeting nutritional needs, and early detection of postpartum depressive disorders. Recommendations: To enhance the application's utility, participants suggested improvements, such as data export capabilities, better module integration, consideration of the target audience's resources regarding internet access and the inclusion of educational content, such as the provision of interconnection with multiple lactation counsellors.

A multimodal dialogue system for customer service based on user personality adaptation and dialogue strategies

ABSTRACT This paper presents a multimodal dialogue system with user personality adaptation and multiple nonverbal behavior generation for a conversational android robot that plays a customer service role in recommending travel plans. It is useful to estimate the user's personality to realize a dialogue system that adapts the dialogue strategy to individual users. To improve the user's impression of the conversation robot as a customer service agent, we must control the nonverbal behavior of the robot, such as its facial expressions and motions. Moreover, we need to design the dialogue strategy to provide information and make users enjoy the conversation by adding an ice-breaking step. Against this background, we develop a dialogue system prototype that adjusts the dialogue strategy based on the user's personality, as estimated by a pre-trained multimodal sensing model. Furthermore, we implement appropriate nonverbal behavior patterns for each situation, including the voice, motion, and facial expressions of the android robot, to provide it appropriate and polite service agent behaviors. A personality assessment game is introduced into the dialogue to prevent the user from becoming bored. The game plays an ice-breaking role in the dialogue. To let the user engage with the robot, we implement a complement to the user as a dialogue act. We evaluate the proposed multimodal dialogue system for customer service by means of participation in a dialogue robot competition. The fair evaluation results from 26 dialogue users who conversed with multiple systems show that the proposed dialogue system achieved the best score among 13 teams participating in the preliminary round of the competition, indicating that the user personality adaptation and various elements implemented in our dialogue system improve the dialogue experience of general users. The results of a third-party evaluation and multiple regression analysis show that natural response is the most important factor contributing to user impression.

Пошуковий маркетинг у створенні вражень користувачів вебсайтів

Increased competition in the digital environment leads to the search for effective tools to attract targeted traffic to websites. Search engine marketing (SEM), which includes search engine (contextual) advertising (SEA) and search engine optimization (SEO), allows toachieve this aim by means of technical settings and consideration of marketing aspects in creating user impressions. The effectiveness of search engine marketing is tested in practice with the help of web analytics, which allows real-time tracking of traffic, its sources, and user actions, which helps identify the most effective tools and advertising campaigns. In the context of the emerging impression economy, improving the user experience of potential and existing customers at every touchpoint depends on the speed and convenience of achieving user goals in the digital environment. Search engine marketing is based on users’ search queries in the face of actualized demand. Therefore, websites that are quickly accessible in search and contain a value proposition in accordance with the search queries of potential customers will be convenient for users, have a competitive advantage by providing positive impressions based on an improved customer experience. This approach ensures that the interests of both users and businesses are satisfied, thus achieving the goals of digital marketing and business efficiency in general. The aim of the recearh is to substantiate the relationship between search contextual advertising and search engine optimization as search engine marketing tools and to identify their synergistic impact on creating positive user impressions, increasing targeted traffic and increasing website conversion. In the reseach, the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, system-structural analysis, comparison, systematic, logical generalization were used. Based on the semantic mechanism of working with search queries, the article substantiates the relationship between search engine advertising and search engine optimization as search engine marketing tools and reveals their synergistic impact on creating positive user impressions, increasing targeted traffic and increasing website conver­sion. The proposed algorithms for search engine advertising and internal search engine optimi­zation, taking into account the technical and marketing aspects of the implementation of these digital marketing tools, help in this regard.

Pediatric resident use, perceptions, and desires for improvement of a clinical secure messaging application

BackgroundHospitals are transitioning away from traditional pagers to secure text messaging (STM) applications. STM is perceived to improve efficiency and accessibility. There is limited research on user's impressions of how STM impacts patient safety, provider wellness, and quality of patient care. ObjectivesTo understand the use and perceptions of a clinical STM by pediatric residents at a free-standing quaternary care children's hospital. MethodsA survey was conducted of pediatric residents regarding their experience with Diagnotes®. Demographic data were obtained along with use patterns, ability to perform tasks, and perceptions of intended purpose. Further questions evaluated agreement with communication strategies and satisfaction with features. Three open-ended questions asked about experience where STM impacted (1) patient care coordination and (2) patient safety. A final question asked for any additional STM feedback. ResultsOf 169 surveys, there were 112 respondents (66.3 % response rate). Respondents unanimously endorsed daily STM use on their personal mobile devices with good knowledge of basic features. Respondents were overall satisfied with Diagnotes® (73.9 %) including the ability to communicate efficiently (84.8 %) and effectively (79.5 %). Yet only 32.1 % were satisfied with Diagnotes® training. Only 59.5 % believed Diagnotes® was appropriate for urgent patient care needs and only 43.2 % believed its purpose was to inform the team of patient emergencies. Key qualitative themes included improved coordination of patient care tasks through STM, but there were concerns raised around sending and receiving messages, the additional cognitive burden placed by STM, and differences in culture of use that created conflict. ConclusionsDiagnotes® is viewed positively including use for effective coordination of patient care and familiarity of functions of Diagnotes®. Barriers included unclear interprofessional expectations for use. Future research should incorporate a broad range of healthcare professionals' perceptions and co-creation of STM best practice guidelines for use, including around urgent or emergent patient care issues.

ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF CLOUD SERVICES FOR DEVELOPING EDUCATIONAL PRESENTATIONS

The article examines the most popular cloud services for creating educational presentations and seeks to determine the effectiveness of their integration within the educational framework. A webometric analysis of these cloud services resulted in the identification of the top 10 resources commonly employed for presentation creation, including Prezi, Sway, Slides, PowToon, Canva, ZohoShow, Genial.ly, Emaze, Piktochart, VideoScribe, among others. Our research conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of these platforms, utilizing web analytics tools such as Ahrefs, Moz, and Similarweb to establish their respective rankings. This approach facilitated an encompassing selection of cloud-based educational tools capable of meeting the multifaceted requirements of all stakeholders in the educational process. The analytical process unfolded across multiple stages: an initial description and assessment of key parameters of each cloud service, subsequent expert evaluations encompassing both parameter specifics and overall service quality, determination of individual parameter impact coefficients on service efficiency, service evaluations based on specific parameters, and a synthesis of both objective and subjective data to summarize outcomes. In-depth analysis was conducted on the presentation creation features inherent to each cloud service, leading to the identification of evaluation parameters encompassing functionality, usability, cost-effectiveness, unique attributes, and overall user impression. Each parameter was assigned an impact factor to gauge its significance within the overall assessment of a given cloud service. The culmination of expert evaluations culminated in the recognition of Prezi, Canva, and Google Slides as highly effective tools. This determination is grounded in their extensive functionality, provision of free accounts, and user-friendly interfaces. Analysis of domain ratings further highlighted the popularity of Sway, Canva, and Prezi, underscoring the pronounced demand for these platforms among users. The evaluation methodology proposed within this study holds potential for application to other cloud services designed for educational content creation. By fostering effective organization of educational activities across diverse subject domains, this approach contributes to the enhancement of the educational process as a whole.

Design and Evaluation of an Asynchronous VR Exploration System for Architectural Design Discussion Content

Design discussion is crucial in the architectural design process. To enhance the spatial understanding of 3D space and discussion effectiveness, recently, some systems have been proposed to support design discussion interactively in an immersive virtual environment. The entire design discussion can be archived and potentially become course materials for future learners. In this paper, we propose an asynchronous VR exploration system that aims to help learners explore content effectively and efficiently anywhere and at any time. To improve effectiveness and efficiency, we also propose a summarization-to-detail approach with the application space by which students can observe the visualization of spatial summarization of actions and participants’ dwell time or the temporal distribution of dialogues and then locate the important or interesting region or dialogue for further exploration. To further explore the discussion content, students can call the preview to see the time-lapse animation of the object operation to understand the change in models or playback to view the discussion details. We conducted an exploratory user study with 10 participants to evaluate user experience, user impression, and effectiveness of learning the design discussion course content using our asynchronous VR design discussion content exploration system. The results indicate that the interactive VR exploration system presented can help learners study the design discussion content effectively. Participants also provided some positive feedback and confirmed the usefulness and value of the system presented. Our applications and lessons learned have implications for future asynchronous VR exploration systems, not only for architectural design discussion content, but also for other applications, such as industrial visual inspections and educational visualizations of design discussions.

Influence of a passive exoskeleton on kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings during a lifting task

It was found that the Auxivo LiftSuit reduced the load on the back and hip muscles when lifting heavy loads, but its effect on lower body kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings was unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of this passive lift-exoskeleton design, on lower body kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings during lifting of heavy loads. Twenty healthy subjects performed lifting of heavy loads with and without the exoskeleton under surveillance of a motion capture system. Medium and maximum level adjustments of the exoskeleton, as well as no exoskeleton use were analyzed. Our results indicate significant reduction (p <.01) in pelvis segment tilt and hip flexion ROM with the exoskeleton at maximum level adjustment in males during lifting. Lumbosacral flexion moment ranges were significantly decreased (p <.013) with the exoskeleton at maximum and medium level adjustment in males during lifting. The general user impressions were mostly positive, with participants reporting that it was easier to perform the task with the exoskeleton than without it (p <.0.001), and preferring and recommending the exoskeleton for the task. Although our findings may suggest negative effects of the Auxivo LiftSuit in males and females due to a ROM restriction and loose fit, respectively, it does not mean that the Auxivo LiftSuit is not useful for lifting tasks. Further design improvements are required to allow full range of motion of hips and pelvis, as well to provide better adjustment and level of support in female users.

The Use of Games in Citizen Science Based on Findings from the EyeWire User Study

The article addresses the use of games for citizen research. Following the results of the EyeWire user research, the authors attempt to answer the question of the impact of introductory game training on task performance, identify the areas with the most significant effect on participants’ performance, and assess users’ impressions and level of engagement in the proposed working model. A survey method was used to investigate user impressions. Fixation data were obtained from eye-tracking studies. The research shows, that users with experience with computer games do better in scientific discovery games. The main reasons to engage in this type of project are the need for learning development and self-development. The results indicate a significant cognitive strain on users, notably in the initial phase of solving tasks independently. It infers the conclusion that this should be considered when designing such programs and the pace of introducing the user to its functions should be adjusted.

Procedural Modeling Based Shape Grammar as a Key to Generating Digital Architectural Heritage

Digital architectural heritage content creation for virtual worlds nowadays is one of the most important challenges with the ever-increasing expenses of manual content development. Procedural modeling approaches have become a key tool for automating the design and reconstruction of structures and urban environments to disseminate them through appropriate multimedia approaches. This study presents a general architectural modeling system that combines the full generative power of shape grammars with the ease of use and flexibility of procedural modeling parameters which allows for the creation of heritage buildings that adhere to shape grammars. To evaluate the system, we conducted an initial user study with 20 participants from the Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan to assess the user experience, user impression, and effectiveness of the system. Participants’ feedbacks were encouraging, indicating that the proposed approach could be effective and beneficial in assisting the creation of digital architectural heritage urban virtual content.

Chat agents respond more empathetically by using hearsay experience.

As the responses of chat dialogue systems have become more natural, the empathy skill of dialogue systems has become an important new issue. In text-based chat dialogue systems, the definition of empathy is not precise, and how to design the kind of utterance that improves the user's impression of receiving empathy is not clear since the main method used is to imitate utterances and dialogues that humans consider empathetic. In this study, we focus on the necessity of grasping an agent as an experienceable Other, which is considered the most important factor when empathy is performed by an agent, and propose an utterance design that directly conveys the fact that the agent can experience and feel empathy through text. Our system has an experience database including the system's pseudo-experience and feelings to show empathetic feelings. Then, the system understands the user's experiences and empathizes with the user on the basis of the system's experience database, in line with the dialogue content. As a result of developing and evaluating several systems with different ways of conveying the aforementioned rationale, we found that conveying the rationale as a hearsay experience improved the user's impression of receiving empathy more than conveying it as the system's own experience. Moreover, an exhaustive evaluation shows that our empathetic utterance design using hearsay experience is effective to improve the user's impression about the system's cognitive empathy.

The effect of prototypicality on webpage aesthetics, usability, and trustworthiness

The user expects webpages of specific categories to have a look-and-feel specific to that category. For example, unlike university homepages, online-shop webpages typically feature relatively little text, a long grid-like structure listing products, and numerous functional elements for product search, filtering, and recommendation. Ensuring that a webpage meets user expectations makes it highly prototypical and improves the user impression of the webpage. Despite the potential impact on users, the concept of webpage prototypicality has not been fully explored or extensively employed in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). This paper addresses this gap by conducting a user study with 1530 participants to investigate webpage prototypicality. The study revealed a strong correlation between prototypicality and webpage visual aesthetics, perceived pre-use usability, and trustworthiness. Notably, the direct effect of prototypicality on trustworthiness outweighed the indirect effects through aesthetics and usability. Overall, prototypicality, aesthetics, and usability collectively accounted for 29% to 68% of the variance in trustworthiness, depending on a webpage category. These findings underscore the importance of embracing prototypicality within the field of HCI, encouraging its wider adoption.

Mining Opinions on a Prominent Health Insurance Provider from Social Media Microblog: Affective Model and Contextual Analysis Approach

Social media plays a significant role in enhancing communication among organizations, communities, and individuals. Besides being a mode of communication, the data generated from these interactions can also be leveraged to assess the performance of an institution or organization. People may evaluate public companies based on the opinions of their users. However, user-supplied information is brief and written in natural language. In addition to being brief, the process of sending messages or engaging in other social media interactions contains a great deal of context information. This multiplicity of context can be utilized to conduct a more in-depth analysis of user opinion. This study presents a new approach to opinion mining for social media microblogging data by applying an affective model and contextual analyses. The affective model is applied for sentiment analysis to measure the degree of each adjective from user opinion by evaluating adjectives according to their varying levels of pleasure and arousal. The contextual analysis in this paper is modeled based on topic, user, adjective, and personal characteristics. The contextual analysis has four main features: (1) Temporal keyword sentiment context, (2) Temporal user sentiment context, (3) User impression context, and (4) Temporal user character context. Our affective model outperformed 75.6% the accuracy and 74.98% of F1-score, rather than SVM. In the experiment, the contextual analysis performed graph visualization of output results for each query feature for future development. Feature one to four successfully processes the query to produce a visualization graph.

First-Hand Impressions: Charting and Predicting User Impressions of Robot Hands

Designing robotic hands has been an active area of research and innovation in the last decade. However, little is known about how people perceive robot hands and react to being touched by them. To inform hand design for social robots, we created a database of 73 robot hands and ran two user studies. In the first study, 160 online users rated the hands in our database. Variations in user ratings mostly centered on the perceived Comfortableness , Interestingness , and Industrialness of the hands. In a second lab-based study, users evaluated seven physical hands and had similar ratings to results from the online study. Furthermore, we did not find a significant difference in user ratings before and after the users were touched by the hands. We provide regression models that can predict user ratings from the hand features (e.g., number of fingers) and an online interface for using our robot hand database and predictive models.

A Case Series Study of the Utilization of 50-letter and Flick Type Transparent Communication Boards in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The transparent communication board (TCB) is a communication tool that is commonly employed by individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Both the 50-letters and flick type TCB are prevalent in Japan. The purpose of this case study was to compare and investigate the speed of letter transmission and the subjective user impression associated with the use of the 50-letters and flick type TCB in ALS patients. The study included four ALS patients and four caregivers, who acted as communication partners. Participants used the 50-letters and flick type TCB at intervals ranging from one week to 90 days. They received video instructions on how to use each type of TCB and tried to transmit a total of 18 Japanese letters. We measured the time taken to transmit each word and the number of errors. Additionally, the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing their subjective impressions of the TCB. Compared with the 50-letters type, the ALS patients and their partners tended to make fewer errors and preferred the flick type of TCB. However, the 50-letters type was easier to use to communicate if the patient and partner were not familiar with the flick type sequence. Our data suggest that the age of the patient and their partner, as well as the amount of experience using a smartphone, should be considered when choosing a TCB.

On the Importance of User Backgrounds and Impressions: Lessons Learned from Interactive AI Applications

While EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approaches aim to improve human-AI collaborative decision-making by improving model transparency and mental model formations, experiential factors associated with human users can cause challenges in ways system designers do not anticipate. In this article, we first showcase a user study on how anchoring bias can potentially affect mental model formations when users initially interact with an intelligent system and the role of explanations in addressing this bias. Using a video activity recognition tool in cooking domain, we asked participants to verify whether a set of kitchen policies are being followed, with each policy focusing on a weakness or a strength. We controlled the order of the policies and the presence of explanations to test our hypotheses. Our main finding shows that those who observed system strengths early on were more prone to automation bias and made significantly more errors due to positive first impressions of the system, while they built a more accurate mental model of the system competencies. However, those who encountered weaknesses earlier made significantly fewer errors, since they tended to rely more on themselves, while they also underestimated model competencies due to having a more negative first impression of the model. Motivated by these findings and similar existing work, we formalize and present a conceptual model of user’s past experiences that examine the relations between user’s backgrounds, experiences, and human factors in XAI systems based on usage time. Our work presents strong findings and implications, aiming to raise the awareness of AI designers toward biases associated with user impressions and backgrounds.