Useful Rule Of Thumb Research Articles

Useful Rule of Thumb

Useful Rule of Thumb

Two‐dimensional hypercoordinate chemistry: Challenges and prospects

AbstractPlanar hypercoordinate compounds are fascinating but challenging to be realized. The difficulty in stabilizing and fabricating such compounds prevent us from in‐deep understanding these compounds and exploring potential applications. Molecular‐level insights on underlying mechanism for the formation of viable hypercoordinate compounds is the key towards the development of this field. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this direction. Regular polygons ALCN (A and L are central and ligand atoms, CN is coordination number) are generally applicable models used to derive the unified mathematical relations between the radii of constitute atoms and the angles of regular polygons as exemplified by two typical examples Gr14LCN and TMBCN (Gr14 is Group 14 element, TM is transition metal, B is boron). Effective schemes and some useful rule of thumb are proposed towards the architecture of 2D hypercoordinate crystals ALx (x is composition ratio). A set of design flow chart and several effective design strategies and principles are suggested for 2D‐HyperMaters. Potential diverse applications of 2D‐HyperMaters are discussed and summarized. Grand blueprint for planar hypercoordinate chemistry is drew. Finally, future prospects of 2D‐HyperChem is outlooked.This article is categorized under: Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures

Mock Up Website “Conato Bakery” Dengan Menerapkan Prinsip Usability

In the increasingly developing digital era, website design has become one of the key elements for online business success and provides a satisfying experience for users. The usability principle is a concept related to the extent to which a website can be easily used by its users.Usability principles include Effective, Efficient, Interesting, Easy to learn and easy to remember. By applying the usability principle, a website can be effective in achieving its goals. Then there is the method used, namely the User Experience Lifecycle, which is a framework that can be applied when you want to develop a product (Prototype, Hardware and Software). There are four stages in this method, namely Analysis, Design, Implementation and Evaluation. The heuristic evaluation method is a process in which experts use rules of thumb to measure the usability of a user interface in independent search and problem reporting. The results are discussed using UX analysis methods.In designing the design has been created in a site map and innovations are adapted to solving problems. In implementation, namely implementing the design results into a web design which has its own function and evaluation applies existing usability principles.

Terrifying Memory: An Interview with Carey Perloff

Terrifying Memory: An Interview with Carey Perloff

An Approximation Scheme for Data Monetization

The unprecedented rate at which data are being generated has led to the growth of data markets where valuable data sets are bought and sold. A salient feature of this market is that a data‐buyer (agent) is endowed with multidimensional private information, namely, her “ideal” record that she values the most and how her valuation for a given record changes as its distance from her ideal record changes. Consequently, the revenue‐maximization problem faced by a data‐seller (principal), who serves multiple buyers, is a multidimensional mechanism‐design problem, which is well recognized as being difficult to solve. Our main result in this paper is an approximation scheme that guarantees a revenue within as close a positive amount from the optimal revenue as desired. The scheme generates a posted‐price menu consisting of a set of item–price pairs—each entry in the menu consists of an item, that is, a set of records from the data set, and the price corresponding to that item. As a trade‐off, the length of the menu resulting from the scheme increases as the desired guarantee gets closer to zero. For convenience in practice, data‐sellers may want the ability to limit the length of the menu used by the scheme. To facilitate this, we extend our analysis to obtain a general approximation guarantee corresponding to a menu of any given length. We also demonstrate how the seller can exploit buyers' preferences to generate intuitive and useful rules of thumb for an effective practical implementation of the scheme.

Optimization-Based Economical Flexural Design of Singly Reinforced Concrete Beams: A Parametric Study.

In the past, many studies have been conducted on the optimization of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. These studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of different optimization techniques to obtain an economical design. However, the use of optimization techniques to an obtain economical design is not so practical due to the difficulty in applying most of the optimization techniques to achieve an optimal solution. The RC beam is one of the most common structural elements encountered by a practising design engineer. The current study is designed to highlight the potential of the Solver tool in MS Excel as an easy-to-use option for optimizing the design of simply supported RC beams. A user-friendly interface was developed in a spreadsheet in which beam design parameters from a typical design can be entered and an economical design can be obtained using the Evolutionary Algorithm available in the MS Excel Solver tool. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed optimization tool, three examples obtained from the literature have been optimized. The results showed that up to 24% economical solution can be obtained by keeping the same material strengths that were assumed in the original design. However, if material strength is also considered as a variable, up to 44% of the economical solution can be obtained. A parametric study was also conducted to investigate the effect of different design variables on the economical design of simply supported RC beams and to derive useful rules of thumb for their design and proportioning, with the objective of cost minimization. The results of the parametric study suggest that the grade of the reinforcing steel is one of the most influential factors that affect the cost of simply supported RC beams. Practicing engineers can use the trends derived from this research to further refine their optimal designs.

Falling into the Gaps, Together: On Peer Review as Intellectual Accompaniment

Falling into the Gaps, Together: On Peer Review as Intellectual Accompaniment

Minimizing the Cost of PHEV Usage with Price Sensitive Charging Strategies

Electric cars sales have been rising almost steadily over the past decade. Uncontrolled charging has recently emerged as the main detrimental factor to this otherwise environmentally friendly and paradigm shifting technology due to the incurred impact on the energy grid. In addition, people are usually hesitant in allowing their vehicles to be controlled by external units; therefore, controlled charging strategies that offer users the option to have some control over their vehicles seems to be a sensible choice moving towards a gasoline-free vehicles market. This work investigated two price-sensitive charging strategies that allowed users to control the charging of their vehicle in order to receive cost benefits. These strategies were of a parametric nature; thus, the analysis focused on providing useful rules of thumb to guide users in choosing the most suitable strategy and the relevant parameters according to their driving profiles. The results show that when driving less than 40 km/h on average and employing a price-sensitive charging strategy with the proposed optimized parameters, electric car users may obtain 30–40% of the running cost reduction.

Useful Rule of Thumb

Useful Rule of Thumb

An Approximation Scheme for Data Monetization

The unprecedented rate at which data is being generated has led to the growth of data markets where valuable datasets are bought and sold. A salient feature of this market is that a data-buyer (agent) is endowed with multi-dimensional private information, namely her ``ideal'' record that she values the most and how her valuation for a given record changes as its distance from her ideal record changes. Consequently, the revenue-maximization problem faced by a data-seller (principal), who serves multiple buyers, is a multi-dimensional mechanism-design problem, which is well-recognized as being difficult to solve. Our main result in this paper is an approximation scheme that guarantees a revenue within as close a positive amount from the optimal revenue as desired. The scheme generates a posted-price menu consisting of a set of item-price pairs -- each entry in the menu consists of an item, i.e., a set of records from the dataset, and the price corresponding to that item. As a tradeoff, the length of the menu resulting from the scheme increases as the desired guarantee gets closer to zero. For convenience in practice, data-sellers may want the ability to limit the length of the menu used by the scheme. To facilitate this, we extend our analysis to obtain a general approximation guarantee corresponding to a menu of any given length. We also demonstrate how the seller can exploit buyers' preferences to generate intuitive and useful rules of thumb for an effective practical implementation of the scheme.

Useful Rule of Thumb

The Major Gifts ReportVolume 20, Issue 6 p. 4-4 Articles Useful Rule of Thumb First published: 07 May 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/mgr.30964Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume20, Issue6June 2018Pages 4-4 RelatedInformation

Morgan's Canon: Is it still a useful rule of thumb?

AbstractFor over 100 years, Morgan's Canon has served as the criterion for distinguishing what appears to be complex cognitive processes shown by animals from simpler associative learning processes (Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning). Morgan's () canon states “In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development.” In the present article, several examples are provided in which complex human‐like processes are proposed to have been demonstrated but the judicious use of Morgan's Canon suggests that simpler mechanisms may be sufficient to account for the behavior. The use of Morgan's Canon is not meant to reduce behavior to its lowest common denominator but rather to challenge investigators to develop procedures that can distinguish between simple behavioral principles and the more complex processes that cannot be explained in terms of genetics or simple conditioning. Whatever the results of these experiments, they should help identify the underlying processes and mechanisms involved.

Central line-associated bloodstream infections and catheter dwell-time: A theoretical foundation for a rule of thumb

Many clinicians know from experience and medical epidemiological literature that the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) increases rapidly with a prolonged catheter dwell-time, but how this infection risk increases over time remains obscure. In this manuscript, a clinically useful rule of thumb is derived, stating that the risk of CLABSI increases in a quadratic fashion with the increase in catheter dwell-time. The proposed rule of thumb could be considered a quick and effortless clinical tool to rationally predict the pattern of CLABSI risk with an increasing catheter dwell-time

Analysis of the moments of the sensitivity function for resistivity over a homogeneous half-space: Rules of thumb for pseudoposition, offline sensitivity and resolution

It is instructive to consider the sensitivity function for a homogeneous half space for resistivity since it has a simple mathematical formula and it does not require a priori knowledge of the resistivity of the ground. Past analyses of this function have allowed visualization of the regions that contribute most to apparent resistivity measurements with given array configurations. The horizontally integrated form of this equation gives the sensitivity function for an infinitesimally thick horizontal slab with a small resistivity contrast and analysis of this function has admitted estimates of the depth of investigation for a given electrode array. Recently, it has been shown that the average of the vertical coordinate over this function yields a simple formula that can be used to estimate the depth of investigation. The sensitivity function for a vertical inline slab has also been previously calculated. In this contribution, I show that the sensitivity function for a homogeneous half-space can also be integrated so as to give sensitivity functions to semi-infinite vertical slabs that are perpendicular to the array axis. These horizontal sensitivity functions can, in turn, be integrated over the spatial coordinates to give the mean horizontal positions of the sensitivity functions. The mean horizontal positions give estimates for the centres of the regions that affect apparent resistivity measurements for arbitrary array configuration and can be used as horizontal positions when plotting pseudosections even for non-collinear arrays. The mean of the horizontal coordinate that is perpendicular to a collinear array also gives a simple formula for estimating the distance over which offline resistivity anomalies will have a significant effect. The root mean square (rms) widths of the sensitivity functions are also calculated in each of the coordinate directions as an estimate of the inverse of the resolution of a given array. For depth and in the direction perpendicular to the array, the rms thickness is shown to be very similar to the mean distance. For the direction parallel to the array, the rms thickness is shown to be proportional to the array length and similar to the array length divided by 2 for many arrays. I expect that these formulas will provide useful rules of thumb for estimating the centres and extents of regions influencing apparent resistivity measurements for survey planning and for education.

Radial viscous fingering of hot asthenosphere within the Icelandic plume beneath the North Atlantic Ocean

The Icelandic mantle plume has had a significant influence on the geologic and oceanographic evolution of the North Atlantic Ocean during Cenozoic times. Full-waveform tomographic imaging of this region shows that the planform of this plume has a complex irregular shape with significant shear wave velocity anomalies lying beneath the lithospheric plates at a depth of 100–200 km. The distribution of these anomalies suggests that about five horizontal fingers extend radially beneath the fringing continental margins. The best-imaged fingers lie beneath the British Isles and beneath western Norway where significant departures from crustal isostatic equilibrium have been measured. Here, we propose that these radial fingers are generated by a phenomenon known as the Saffman–Taylor instability. Experimental and theoretical analyses show that fingering occurs when a less viscous fluid is injected into a more viscous fluid. In radial, miscible fingering, the wavelength and number of fingers are controlled by the mobility ratio (i.e. the ratio of viscosities), by the Péclet number (i.e. the ratio of advective and diffusive transport rates), and by the thickness of the horizontal layer into which fluid is injected. We combine shear wave velocity estimates with residual depth measurements around the Atlantic margins to estimate the planform distribution of temperature and viscosity within a horizontal asthenospheric layer beneath the lithospheric plate. Our estimates suggest that the mobility ratio is at least 20–50, that the Péclet number is O(104), and that the asthenospheric channel is 100±20 km thick. The existence and planform of fingering is consistent with experimental observations and with theoretical arguments. A useful rule of thumb is that the wavelength of fingering is 5±1 times the thickness of the horizontal layer. Our proposal has been further tested by examining plumes of different vigor and planform (e.g. Hawaii, Cape Verde, Yellowstone). Our results support the notion that dynamic topography of the Earth's surface can be influenced by fast, irregular horizontal flow within thin, but rapidly evolving, asthenospheric fingers.

Power calculation for causal inference in social science: sample size and minimum detectable effect determination

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the statistical concepts used in power calculations for experimental design. It provides detailed definitions of parameters used to perform power calculations, useful rules of thumb and different approaches that can be used when performing power calculations. The authors draw from real-world examples to calculate statistical power for individual and cluster randomised controlled trials. This paper provides formulae for sample size determination and minimum detectable effect (MDE) associated with a given statistical power. The paper is accompanied by the sample size and MDE calculator©, a free online tool that allows users to work with the formulae presented in Section 4.

Revealing of photon-number splitting attack on quantum key distribution system by photon-number resolving devices

Quantum cryptography allows distributing secure keys between two users so that any performed eavesdropping attempt would be immediately discovered. However, in practice an eavesdropper can obtain key information from multi-photon states when attenuated laser radiation is used as a source of quantum states. In order to prevent actions of an eavesdropper, it is generally suggested to implement special cryptographic protocols, like decoy states or SARG04. In this paper, we describe an alternative method based on monitoring photon number statistics after detection. We provide a useful rule of thumb to estimate approximate order of difference of expected distribution and distribution in case of attack. Formula for calculating a minimum value of total pulses or time-gaps to resolve attack is shown. Also formulas for actual fraction of raw key known to Eve were derived. This method can therefore be used with any system and even combining with mentioned special protocols.

Okun's Law in Australia

This paper examines the dynamic behaviour of the Okun coefficient using quarterly data (1980Q3–2014Q1). It is found that a rise in labour productivity and a fall in output can increase unemployment. A 1 per cent reduction in the unemployment rate requires only a 2.4 per cent increase in real output growth above the average growth rate, but during recessions this figure increases to 4.53 per cent. The probability of observing a higher coefficient was limited to recessionary periods. Given that recessions are now less frequent, Okun's law continues to be a useful rule of thumb in Australia.

Shortcut assessment of alternative distillation sequence schemes for process intensification

Finding good process schemes is a difficult task due to its search among multiple alternatives. In literature, several methods are successfully implemented as computer tools, but their use is limited to their developers. There are several useful rules of thumb and heuristics providing useful guidelines, but sometimes these are contradictory. Some authors tried to rank the various alternatives, defining heuristic equations to provide a quantitative parameter to choose among possible solutions. In this paper, mathematical model of distillation columns is simplified, assuming infinite number of stages. The resulting proposed equation has a great similarity to one of the previous heuristic ones. A simple equation not relying on heuristics and easy to use in calculation is provided to evaluate the distillation sequence energy efficiency (DSE) for each alternative. This allows to quantify the advantages derived from process intensification for a given feed composition. The proposed equation is dimensionless, as the Carnot efficiency is used instead of the temperature difference between distillate and bottoms. On the other hand, intermediate results provide also useful information. For instance, the Carnot efficiency of each column indicates when a heat pump or enhanced distillation would be useful. The recovery efficiency for each particular compound allows an easy comparison between alternatives, considering variations on the feed composition. The new equation is verified comparing its results with cases already solved in literature using different methods. The results show that all the methods in literature are able to provide the best sequence, except the heuristics-based ones that are not providing an overall sequence evaluation. The novelty of the proposed DSE method resides in its ease of application, compared to nowadays available methods, and requires only the feed composition and products boiling points.

Too many digits: the presentation of numerical data

Emperor Joseph II: My dear young man, don't take it too hard. Your work is ingenious. It's quality work. And there are simply too many notes, that's all. Just cut...