Use Of Vitamin B6 Research Articles

Modulatory effect of vitamin B6 on sex hormone receptors, thyroid, and kisspeptin/kiss1r system in the uterus of pseudopregnant bitches.

This study evaluated whether the treatment of pseudopregnancy in bitches with vitamin B6 modulates uterine expression of receptors for progesterone (PR), oestrogen (ERα), androgen (AR), thyroid hormone (TRα) and the kisspeptin/Kiss1r system. Eighteen pseudopregnant bitches were treated for 20 days in groups receiving placebo (n = 6); cabergoline (5 μg/kg/day; n = 6); or vitamin B6 (50 mg/kg/day; n = 6). Blood was collected on the 1st day of drug administration and 120 h later to measure serum prolactin (PRL). After treatment, they were ovariohysterectomized and uterine fragments were collected for histomorphometry and immunohistochemical evaluation of PR, ERα, AR, TRα, Kiss1 and Kiss1r. After 120 h of cabergoline or vitamin B6 treatment, PRL levels were reduced in the bitches, confirming the antiprolactinemic effect of these drugs. Furthermore, regardless of treatment, the animals exhibited uterine histomorphometry consistent with dioestrus. The PR showed strong immunostaining in all regions and an increase in scores was observed for this receptor in animals treated with vitamin B6 in deep glands. In contrast, ERα and Kiss1R receptors showed weak to no immunostaining in all uterine regions and no changes between groups. Regarding AR, most animals treated with vitamin B6 showed increased trends in the deep gland and myometrium marking scores. In contrast, in both vitamin B6 and cabergoline treatments, a reduction in TRα marking scores was observed compared to the control group. In addition, on the endometrial surface, a reduction was observed in the marked area of Kiss1 after administration of cabergoline when compared to the pseudopregnant control group. These findings shed valuable insight into the use of vitamin B6 as a drug with actions similar to cabergoline in reducing PRL and uterine modulation in bitches.

Efficacy of vitamins B1 and B6 as an adjunctive therapy to lithium in bipolar-I disorder: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

BackgroundThe use of adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder is increasingly considered to increase the efficacy of standard treatments. In this randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the effect of vitamins B1 and B6 in separate treatment arms on mood symptoms, cognitive status, and sleep quality in hospitalized patients with bipolar disorder in manic episodes. MethodIn addition to receiving standard lithium treatment, participants (N = 66) were randomized to one of three conditions: 100 mg of vitamin B1, 40 mg of vitamin B6, or placebo. Outcomes were assessed one and 8 weeks of daily treatment, including the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale (PSQI), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). This study was performed between December 2020 and September 2021 based on the registration code number IRCT20200307046712N1. ResultsVitamin B6 had a significant effect (P value < 0.025 as significant) on mood improvement compared to placebo (F (1, 27.42) = 30.25, P < 0.001, r = 0.72), but vitamin B1 had no significant effect on mood improvement compared to Placebo (F (1/35.68) = 4.76, P = 0.036, r = 0.34). The contrasts between groups on PSQI showed a significant effect (P value < 0.025 as significant) of vitamin B6 over placebo for sleep status improvement (F (1/32.91) = 16.24, P < 0.001, r = 0.57) and also a significant effect of vitamin B1 over placebo (F (1/41.21) = 13.32, P < 0.001, r = 0.49). ConclusionsThe use of vitamin B6 as an adjunctive therapy to lithium can be associated with the improvement of mood symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder in the midst of a manic episode.

The effects of vitamin B6 on the nutritional support of BCAAs-enriched amino acids formula in rats with partial gastrectomy

Total parenteral nutrition with the formula of amino acids enriched branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) could promote patients' recovery after gastrointestinal surgery. Previous studies reported that vitamin B6 could promote amino acid metabolism and enhance protein synthesis. The aim of this study was to determine if the addition of vitamin B6 to BCAAs-enriched formula can enhance postoperative nutritional status and intestinal function in rats undergoing partial gastrectomy, and the appropriate compatibility concentration of vitamin B6. Fifty-six male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=8 per group): (I) Control, (II) BCAAs-enriched formula group (BCAA), (III) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (50mg/L), (IV) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (100mg/L), (V) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (200mg/L), (VI) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (500mg/L), and (VII) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (1000mg/L). All animals were performed partial gastrectomy and placed a jugular vein catheter. During enteral nutrition, blood and urine samples were repeatedly collected. Gastrocnemius muscle and small intestine were also collected at the end of experiment. The addition of vitamin B6 to BCAAs-enriched formula improved negative nitrogen balance after gastrectomy compared to the BCAAs-enriched formula group at POD1 (first postoperative day) and POD3 (third postoperative day), and 100mg/L was an appropriate concentration of vitamin B6 to enhance the effects of BCAAs-enriched formula. The 3-methylhistidine/creatinine in BCAA plus vitamin B6 groups were significantly lower than that in the BCAA group at POD3. Moreover, BCAA plus vitamin B6 group significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers compared to the BCAA group. Transcriptome sequencing, GO and KEGG enhancement analysis also showed that BCAA plus vitamin B6 group showed muscle organ development and PI3K/AKT pathway enhancement compared to BCAA group. Moreover, AKT/mTOR/4EBP1 pathway was activated in BCAA plus vitamin B6 group. In addition, the results also showed that BCAA plus vitamin B6 decreased D-lactate, and exerted synergistic effects on intestinal morphology. The addition of vitamin B6 to BCAAs-enriched formula could improve nitrogen balance, promote muscle protein synthesis through AKT/mTOR/4EBP1 pathway, and alleviate intestinal mucosa damage after partial gastrectomy in rats. Overall, the results from this pre-clinical study support the use of vitamin B6 as an ingredient to BCAAs-enriched formula, and 100mg/L may be an optimal concentration for rats.

Endothelio- and cardioprotective effects of vitamin в6 and folic acid in modelling methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia

The endotelio- and cardioprotective effects of vitamin B6 (2 mg/kg) and folic acid (0.2 mg/kg) upon modeling of methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia via methionine intragastric administration at a dose of 3 g/kg were studied. It was shown that the combined use of vitamin B6 and folic acid allows on the background of a significant reduction in homocysteine concentrations normalizing the endothelial dysfunction coefficient and the parameters of maximum left ventricular pressure in response to intravenous administration of adrenaline. The research was partially supported by the grant of the President of the Russian Federation №MD-4711.2015.7.

Vitamin B6 in Health Supplements and Neuropathy: Case Series Assessment of Spontaneously Reported Cases

In the literature, vitamin B6 has been linked to the development of polyneuropathy. Most often, these complaints were seen when taking high doses of vitamin B6 for a long time. Evidence as to whether a lower dosage range of vitamin B6 (< 50mg/day) can also induce neuropathy is scarce. We aim to comprehensively describe the cases of neuropathy associated with vitamin B6 received by the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb and to assess the case series concerning the use of vitamin B6 and neuropathic complaints. We describe the number and nature of the reported cases, including suspect product, dosage, duration of use, and vitamin B6 serum levels. In addition, we describe the causality for the individual cases (Naranjo Probability Scale) and for the entire case series (Bradford Hill criteria). In total, 90 reports on products containing vitamin B6 included at least one adverse drug reaction in the standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA®) query (SMQ; broad) 'peripheral neuropathy'. The amount of vitamin B6 in the products varied between 1.4 and 100mg per tablet. The serum vitamin B6 level was known in 36 cases (88-4338nmol/l), and the mean serum vitamin B6 level was 907nmol/l. However, no statistical correlation between dosage and vitamin B6 blood levels was found. Causality assessment of the case series of 90 reports to Lareb shows it is plausible for the vitamin B6 supplements to have caused complaints such as neuropathies. This is especially the case with higher dosages and prolonged use, but dosages < 50mg/day also cannot be excluded.

Profile of adverse drug reactions in multiple drug resistant tuberculosis patients at drug resistant-tuberculosis center - Miraj, Maharashtra

Background: Drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has been an emerging global public health threat and area of serious concern on to global efforts of TB control initiative. Objectives: To elucidate the profile of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with antitubercular treatment regime for DR-TB. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, record-based, observational type of epidemiological study was conducted on multi DR (MDR)-TB patients. The sample size includes, total of 468 patients were admitted in DR-TB center Miraj during year 1st July 2013 to 30th June 2015. A structured pro forma was designed and utilized to collect the data that include variables on ADR profile of diagnosed MDR-TB cases on supervised DOTS-Plus regimen under programmatic management of DR-TB under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program. The data were analyzed into frequency percentage distribution and presented in tabular form. Results: Out of total 468 MDR-TB patients, 12.82% were reported with ADRs. Out of total 109 ADRs, gastrointestinal upset was maximum, 5.98% followed by psychosis 4.91%, hearing impairment 2.99%, and rest were in between 0.21% and 1.49%, respectively. Max, 56.67% ADRs were seen in undernourished patients with major involvement pertained to central nervous system. Around, 50% ADRs were managed by symptomatically, whereas others were managed by changing the antitubercular drug (33.33%), use of vitamin B6 and use of antidepressant. Conclusion: Early detection, management and reporting of ADRs remain key factors in the management of MDR-TB with remarkable relevance to prevent emergence threat of global MDR-TB.

Comparison of Different Contrast Agents in Detecting Cardiac Right-to-Left Shunt in Patients with a Patent Foramen Ovale during Contrast-Transthoracic Echocardiography.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of two different contrast agents to detect cardiac right-to-left shunting in patients with a patent foramen ovale during contrast transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography. Eighty-four patients who had migraines or experienced cryptogenic stroke were prospectively enrolled. Contrast echocardiography of the right portion of the heart was performed using an injection of either (i) 8 ml of agitated saline, 1 ml of blood, and 1 ml of air (ASB) or (ii) 4 ml of vitamin B6 and 6 ml of sodium bicarbonate solution (VSBS). All patients underwent contrast echocardiography with different contrast agents successively before undergoing transesophageal echocardiography. The diagnostic sensitivity of VSBS and ASB for cardiac shunting diagnosis was 94.23% and 78.85%, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity in the VSBS group was significantly higher than that in the ASB group (χ2 = 5.283, P = 0.022). The observed semiquantitative shunt grading suggests that the positive rate in the VSBS group was higher than that in the ASB group (Z = −1.998, P = 0.046). The use of vitamin B6 and sodium bicarbonate solution as a TTE contrast agent yielded a high sensitivity compared with ASB. However, further trials with large sample size are required to confirm this finding.

Chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy and vitamin B6: a controlled population-based study.

Vitamin B6 intoxication can result in a sensory ataxic neuropathy, but the association with a milder predominantly sensory or sensorimotor phenotype in chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP) remains unclear. A total of 381 patients with CIAP and 140 healthy controls were prospectively included. In a standardized fashion the use of vitamin B6 containing supplements and vitamin B6 levels were compared between patients and controls. On follow-up, patients were questioned about cessation of supplement use and the impact on the symptoms of polyneuropathy. Vitamin B6 levels in patients (median: 99 nmol/l, range: 38-2,967 nmol) were not significantly higher than in controls (median: 109 nmol/l, range: 41-2,373 nmol/l, p = 0.58), nor were daily dose, cumulative dose or duration of supplement use. However, more patients (31%) than controls (22%) used vitamin B6 containing supplements (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.7, p = 0.032). Follow-up of patients confirming the cessation of supplements showed slow progression of symptoms in 64%, stabilization in 26%, and regression in 10%. On the basis of our prospective case-control study and review of the literature, an association between CIAP and vitamin B6 exposure or elevated vitamin B6 levels appears unlikely.

Results of Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial to Assess the Effect of Vitamin B6 on Managing of Nausea and Vomiting In Pediatrics with Acute Gastroenteritis

Background:Gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infections are the most common childhood diseases. Despite the common use of vitamin B6 to control vomiting in children with gastroenteritis, no study has been performed in this field. This study aimed to assess the value of vitamin B6 in the prevention of vomiting in patients with mild to moderate gastroenteritis.Methodology:This study was a double blind controlled clinical trial on 96 children with mild to moderate gastroenteritis with age range of 6 months to 12 years admitted in Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups of 48 subjects matched for age, sex and symptoms of dehydration. Vitamin B6 was given in case group and control group was given placebo. The severity of dehydration and vomiting in patients before and after treatment were evaluated by a physician. All data were recorded in the questionnaire and results in the two treatment groups were compared by using SPSS software (Version 15, Chicago, IL, USA).Results:The mean ± SD age of patients whom underwent Vitamin B6 treatment was 2.9±2.4 versus 2.5±2 in placebo group. Significant difference between mean age, gender, and severity of dehydration in children of two groups wasn’t observed. After treatment in both treatment groups, 40 patients (83.3%) had mild dehydration, and 8 patients (16.7%) had moderate dehydration. Vomiting was noted in 28 patients (58.3%) after treatment with vitamin B6 and in 37 patients (77.1%) after treatment with placebo. The mean frequency of vomiting after treatment with vitamin B6 was 1.7±1.3 times and in the control group (treated with distilled water) was 1.5±0.77 time, but no significant difference between the severity of dehydration, controlling vomiting and the mean frequency of vomiting was observed in both groups (P>0.05).Conclusion:It seems that the use of oral vitamin B6 treatment has no benefit and impact compared with the placebo. Thus, use of vitamin B6 in the prevention of vomiting due to acute mild to moderate gastroenteritis is not only scientifically, but in the present study it was proved to be ineffective. This work was done on a comparative basis and further researches are recommended.

Nested case control study to analyze suspected cases and their related factors of allargic reactions to parenterally administered Dengzhan Xixin

To assess if adverse drug reactions (ADR)s to parenterally administered Dengzhan Xixin are allergic in origin. Hospital information system (HIS) data from 20 hospitals in China were used to carry out a nested case control design study. Included were patients who received dexamethasone for suspected allergic reactions after receiving parenterally administered Dengzhan Xixin. These were compared with non-allergic reaction people. Single factor logistic regression and multiple factor logistic regression were used to analyze data. Condition on admission, allergic history, dosage, disease status and drug combinations were taken into account in cases of suspected allergic reactions. After analysis we found that the condition on admission had a significant effect, P = 0.008 3, OR value = 5.642 on suspected cases of allergic reactions. Using vitamin B6 injection or ambroxol at the same time as parenterally administered Dengzhan Xixin were significant, P = 0.000 2 and 0.016 7, OR value = 9.545 and 3.194, risk factors in this group. Based on this current research, condition on admission as well as the concomitant use of vitamin B6 or ambroxol may be the risk factors in suspected cases of allergic reactions. However, further research for verification is required. This study can provide guidance for safe clinical practice in using parenterally administered. It can also provide a new method for the pharmcovigilance of parenterally administered Dengzhan Xixin.

Supplement use during an intergroup clinical trial for breast cancer (S0221)

The use of supplements during chemotherapy is controversial, partly due to the potential effect of antioxidants on reduced efficacy of chemotherapy-related cytotoxicity. We examined supplement use among breast cancer patients registered to a clinical trial (SWOG 0221) before diagnosis and during treatment. Patients (n = 1,467) completed questionnaires regarding multivitamin and supplement use at trial registration (baseline) to capture use before diagnosis. Of these patients, 1,249 completed a 6-month followup questionnaire to capture use during treatment. We examined the use of vitamins C, D, E, B6, B12, folic acid, and calcium at these timepoints, as well as physician recommendations regarding supplement use. The use of vitamins C, E, folic acid, and calcium decreased during treatment, while the use of vitamin B6 increased. Five hundred seventy four patients (51 %) received no physician recommendations regarding supplement use. Among the remaining 49, 10 % were advised not to take multivitamins and/or supplements, 7 % were advised to use only multivitamins, and 32 % received recommendations to use multivitamins and/or supplements. Among patients who took vitamin C before diagnosis, those who were advised not to take supplements were >5 times more likely not to use of vitamin C during treatment than those not advised to stop use (OR = 5.27, 95 % CI 1.13–24.6). Previous non-users who were advised to take a multivitamin were nearly 5 times more likely to use multivitamins during treatment compared to those who received no recommendation (OR = 4.66, 95 % CI 2.10–10.3). In this clinical trial for high-risk breast cancer, supplement use generally decreased during treatment. Upon followup from the clinical trial, findings regarding supplement use and survival outcomes will better inform physician recommendations for patients on adjuvant chemotherapy.

Exotemplating synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon materials with hierarchically porous structure and their application for lysozyme adsorption

Nitrogen-doped carbon materials with hierarchically porous structure were prepared by employing meso-/macroporous titania (MMT) as exotemplate with the use of Vitamin B6 (VB6) as both the carbon precursor and the nitrogen source for elemental doping. The synthesized materials were characterized by N 2 sorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained N-doped carbon materials have a multi-scaled porous hierarchy with pore sizes ranging from micropores, mesopores to macropores, and their morphology can be easily tuned through a simple adjustment of the weight ratio of VB6 to MMT. The different chemical state (pyridine-like N, quaternary N and oxidized N) and the content of nitrogen were analyzed by XPS. The prepared materials were used as the adsorbents for lysozyme. The effect of nitrogen doping on the lysozyme adsorption capability was investigated by comparison of the lysozyme adsorption behavior on the nitrogen-doped and nitrogen-free carbon materials with a similar pore structure. It was found that the nitrogen-containing carbon had higher adsorption capacity of lysozyme than that of the nitrogen-free carbons.

The role of vitamin B6 in the prevention of haematological toxic effects of linezolid in patients with cancer

Linezolid is the first approved synthetic oxazolidinone with activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. However, haematological toxic effects of linezolid frequently limit its prolonged use, especially in patients with poor marrow reserves such as those with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Previous authors have reported that administration of vitamin B6 with linezolid reversed pancytopenia in two patients. This is an open-label study of 31 patients with cancer who received linezolid at 600 mg twice daily and vitamin B6 at 50 mg/day for at least 2 weeks mean therapy duration and they were matched to 62 control patients who received linezolid without vitamin B6 to determine whether the concomitant use of vitamin B6 attenuates the haematological toxicity of linezolid in patients with cancer. Patients were matched according to age, underlying disease, duration of therapy, creatinine level and use of chemotherapy. We found no significant differences in the rate of haematological toxic effects between the two patient groups. The rate of thrombocytopenia was 13% in the vitamin B6 group and 15% in the control group (P = 0.82). Also, the rate of leucopenia was 7% versus 5%, respectively (P = 0.75). None of the patients in the vitamin B6 group had anaemia compared with 5% in the control group. Vitamin B6 given at 50 mg/day may have an impact on anaemia but did not prevent linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia or leucopenia in cancer patients.

Carpal tunnel syndrome: current theory, treatment, and the use of B6.

To present the current state of the science of pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, including the use of pyridoxine (B6). Selected research articles, texts, Websites, personal communications with experts, and the authors' own clinical experience. Much is yet to be learned about carpal tunnel syndrome. While the basic treatment of NSAIDs and nighttime splints seems universally accepted, much controversy remains. The use of vitamin B6 as a treatment is one such controversy requiring further investigation. Current treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome should include NSAIDs, nighttime splinting, ergonomic workstation review, and vitamin B6 200 mg per day.

Is there any new information since your ???Question the Experts??? in the August 1985 issue (p. 249) about the use of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementation in patients on MAOIs?

Is there any new information since your ???Question the Experts??? in the August 1985 issue (p. 249) about the use of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementation in patients on MAOIs?

Carpal tunnel syndrome and vitamin B6.

We reviewed 1075 patients presenting over a 12-year period with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. A total of 994 had a final diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. There were 444 male and 550 female patients with a mean age of 42 years. Three-hundred and ninety-five related symptoms to their job. Surgery was performed in 27 percent of the total diagnosed cases with approximately 97 percent relief of symptoms. Satisfactory alleviation of symptoms was obtained in 14.3 percent of patients treated conservatively prior to 1980, with one or a combination of splinting anti-inflammatory agents, job or activity change, and steroid injections. In 1980, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) was added as a method of conservative treatment. Satisfactory improvement was obtained in 68 percent of 494 patients treated with a controlled dosage (100 mg b.i.d.). While our findings were not the result of a controlled scientific study, we feel they suggest that regulated use of vitamin B6 may be helpful in treating many cases of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Vitamin B6 utilization in active and inactive young men

Two groups (22–37 yr) were studied to investigate the use of vitamin B6 with exercise. Four trained men (T) were confined and studied after they ran 10 and 5 miles/day, for two 4-wk periods. They were compared with six free-living inactive men (S) consuming the same diet that provided 4.2 mg of vitamin B6 each day. N-acetyl-L-methionine, was given (60 mg/kg) as a Vitamin B6 challenge on day 28 of each period, and 24-h urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) and methionine metabolites were determined before and after the challenge. Basal 4-PA excretion was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in T than in S. In T, postmethionine 4-PA was greater than basal, while in S, postmethionine 4-PA was lower. Compared with prechallenge, postchallenge metabolites decreased in T and increased in S. Basal 4-PA excretion provides no conclusive evidence of increased need for vitamin B6 in athletes: the postload excretion suggests that exercise may promote storage of the vitamin that is available for redistribution with increased need.

Vitamin B6 kills hepatoma cells in culture.

Data are presented which indicate that vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) can retard and eventually kill Fu5-5 rat hepatoma cells in culture. Additional studies indicate that the human kidney cell line 293-31, and a rat glial cell strain. C6, display growth characteristics similar to those of hepatoma cells when cultured in 5 mM pyridoxine-supplemented medium. However, the pyridoxine-supplemented culture medium had little effect on the growth of the human mammary cancer cell line MCF-7. The resistance of the MCF-7 cells to growth inhibition by vitamin B6 suggests that the vitamer pyridoxine must be metabolized by pyridoxal before it can act as a growth inhibitor. These findings suggest the potential use of vitamin B6 as an antineoplastic agent. Possible mechanisms by which vitamin B6 promotes this effect are presented.

High pyridoxine diet in the rate: Implications for clinical megavitamin therapy

Megavitamin therapy has found increased clinical application. Although the toxicity of fat soluble vitamins is well established, little has been learned of the actions and fate of massive doses of the water soluble vitamins. Current interest in the use of vitamin B6 in the treatment of homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency prompted us to explore its mode of action and metabolic side effects in the rat. Large amounts of pyridoxine in the diet had no effect on appetite but resulted in a 20% increase in body weight and 40% in liver weight of pair-fed controls. The fat/protein ratio and the percentage of each in liver was unchanged despite the increased liver weight. The weights of brain, pancreas and kidney were unaffected. There appeared to be an increase in peritoneal fat, however, the epiyimal fat pads were significantly smaller in the high-pyridoxine group becuase of smaller cell size. Concentrations of free amino acids were unchanged as were the activities of cystathionine synthase and cystathionase. Incorporation of 35S from both methionine and cystine into the proteins of various organs were also unchanged. In the rats on high-pyridoxine diets there was greater incorporation of 35S from cystine into reduced glutathione and less into oxidized glutathione. Since the amounts of pyridoxine consumed by the experimental group was of the order of magnitude as that currently used in the treatment of homocystinuria, further studies are needed before it can be assumed that massive doses of water soluble vitamins can be used with impunity.

THE SYNDROME OF MULTIPLE VITAMIN DEFICIENCY

Excerpt Good nutrition depends not only on the intake of sufficient amounts of all the substances required for normal metabolic processes but also on their adequate absorption, storage and utilizat...