Use Of Video Surveillance Research Articles

Watching the guards: Ensuring compliance with fundamental rights at the external borders

AbstractThe essay deals with the enhancement of the legal framework for informal readmissions at internal borders enshrined in the proposal on an amended Schengen Border Code, which in turn requires enhancement of bilateral police cooperation. It focuses on the impact of the new rules on the prohibition on police controls equivalent to border checks to highlight that the case‐law of the Court of Justice on the matter creates a huge grey area which is critical for the ideal of a border‐check‐free Union. Increased use of video surveillance and other technologies also faces the legal bottleneck of prohibition on police controls having equivalent effects to border checks, as well as raising serious concerns on fundamental rights. It is argued that the situation resulting from these amendments to the Schengen Border Code should be considered in terms of an impending rule of law crisis at internal borders. [Correction added on 19 July 2024 after first online publication: The Abstract section was previously omitted and has been included in this version.]

Rule of law backsliding within the EU: The case of informal readmissions of third‐country nationals at internal borders

AbstractThe essay deals with the enhancement of the legal framework for informal readmissions at internal borders enshrined in the former Schengen Border Code (now Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders), which in turn requires enhancement of bilateral police cooperation. It focuses on the impact of the new rules on the prohibition on police controls equivalent to border checks to highlight that the case‐law of the Court of Justice on the matter creates a huge grey area which is critical for the ideal of a border‐check‐free Union. Increased use of video surveillance and other technologies also faces the legal bottleneck of prohibition on police controls having equivalent effects to border checks, as well as raising serious concerns about fundamental rights. It is argued that the situation resulting from these amendments to the former Schengen Border Code should be considered in terms of an impending rule of law crisis at internal borders.

Video-nadzor i zaštita podataka o ličnosti u Republici Srbiji

The aim of the paper is to provide a comparative overview of the normative regulation of video surveillance at the level of the European Union and the normative regulation of video surveillance in the Republic of Serbia. All issues in the field of personal data protection arising from the use of video surveillance, both in the public and private sectors, are inextricably linked to normative solutions in the European Union. The author concludes that the use of video surveillance in the Republic of Serbia is not fully and systematically regulated, which creates a number of problems, among which the violation of citizens' rights stands out as the biggest.

Biometrija, video nadzor i tehnologije prepoznavanja lica u Republici Hrvatskoj

The paper aims to point out some of the key issues of modern society in the context of data protection in the way of ensuring public safety. The use of video surveillance, biometrics and facial recognition technology is placed in the context of the Republic of Croatia, and the largest part of the work is devoted to these issues.

Real Time Accident Detection from Closed Circuit Television and Suggestion of Nearest Medical Amenities

The prevalence of automobile accidents as a major cause of violent deaths around the world has prompted researchers to develop an automated method for detecting them. The effectiveness of medical response to accident scenes and the chances of survival are influenced by the human element, underscoring the need for an automated system. With the widespread use of video surveillance and advanced traffic systems, researchers have proposed a model to automatically detect traffic accidents on video. The proposed approach assumes that visual elements occurring in a temporal sequence correspond to traffic accidents. The model architecture consists of two phases: visual feature extraction and temporal pattern detection. Convolution and recurrent layers are employed during training to learn visual and temporal features from scratch as well as from publicly available datasets. The proposed accident detection and alerting system using Convolution Neural Network models with Rectified Linear Unit and Softmax activation functions is an effective tool for detecting different types of accidents in real-time. The system of accident detection, integrated with the alerting mechanism for prompt medical assistance achieved high accuracy and recall rates.

Constitutional Law Regulation of the Use of Digital Technologies in Video Surveillance over Elections and Referendums

Elections and referendums are the main ways of free expression of the will of Russian citizens concerning political and other issues of importance to society. The significance of these forms of citizen participation in the life of Russian society presupposes the existence of legislative mechanisms for their regulation. At the same time, the introduction of modern technologies that make it possible to exclude the possibility of falsifications and other violations of election and referendum procedures is of particular importance. Video surveillance is one of the digital technologies that can increase the confidence of citizens in these methods of their free expression. The paper is devoted to constitutional law regulation of the use of digital technologies in video surveillance over elections and referendums. The paper considers in detail a set of regulatory and legal sources, on the basis of which the use of video surveillance systems in voting premises at polling stations is regulated. The author analyzes legislative acts that explain the specifics of the use of video surveillance during elections and referendums, mainly federal laws, as well as resolutions of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, the author dwells on the prospects and effectiveness of the use of modern digital technologies in the implementation of video surveillance over the course of elections and referendums.

Video nadzor i veštačka inteligencija - uticaj na pravo na privatnost i prava intelektualne svojine

The protection of individual privacy is increasingly questioned in the context of today's high-tech video surveillance by using superior technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (smart cameras and video surveillance systems, biometrics and facial recognition) which is capable of analyzing a huge amount of data, identifying links between that data and de-anonymizing them. Technology is synonymous with evolution. Yet, the advantages of using new technology are combined with great risks. The use of video cameras for surveillance raises important privacy issues. Biometric remote identification can only be performed under certain safeguards, in the context of a justified interest and with respect for the principle of proportionality. In recent years, facial recognition technology has become increasingly widespread, and highly controversial, as it is omnipresent (at airport check-in lines, police departments, pharmacies, etc.). While it may add a sense of security and comfort for businesses implementing it, such technology has been widely criticized by privacy advocates, especially for its built-in racial bias and potential for abusive use. "Real-time" biometric identification of individuals in public-accessible spaces for law enforcement purposes is seen as highly intrusive on the rights and freedoms of the individuals concerned, but it also evokes a sense of constant surveillance and indirectly discourages the exercise of freedom of assembly and other fundamental rights. Another important issue is the use of video surveillance in a context where it can cause problems in terms of intellectual property. The unauthorized use of recordings may affect confidential business operations. Trade secrets and confidential information are often an essential part of a company's intellectual property portfolio. Thus, companies have to take extra steps to ensure that images captured by cameras are stored securely and accessible only to authorized personnel. Cameras can capture images of artistic works, performances, exhibitions, and uncontrolled access can lead to infringement of copyright and related rights. As captured videos can be uploaded to platforms, such use of intellectual property can lead to copyright infringement, especially when the video entails the use of copyrighted material without the owner's permission, which constitutes an infringement of intellectual property rights.

Primena video-nadzora u situacionoj prevenciji vršnjačkog nasilja u beogradskim srednjim školama

Video surveillance is a technique of formal surveillance widely used as a visible security measure in the context of situational prevention in schools. One of the usages is related to the prevention of bullying as a school security risk. This paper presents the results of research in 19 Belgrade secondary schools that was focused on the current state of the video surveillance system in these schools and whether this technique is effective in situational prevention of bullying. Data on the current state of the system were collected using the observation method, while data on the effectiveness were collected based on interviews with 44 members of the Teams for protection in these schools. The research findings show that all included schools use video surveillance, but that in half of them there are problems with insufficient coverage of the school facilities and/or defective equipment. The prevailing opinion among the members of the Teams for protection is that video surveillance is effective in situational prevention of bullying, emphasizing its two advantages. The first one is the deterrent effect, based on the presumption that students will make a decision not to start or to continue prohibited behavior if there is a risk of being detected and caught. The second advantage relates to the detection of cases of prohibited behavior, in which the possibilities of collecting evidence, reconstructing the course of the incident and identifying the offenders are outlined. The general conclusion of the research is that the use of video surveillance has potential for situational prevention of physical bullying, but only provided that the school facilities are well covered and that video surveillance is used in combination with other techniques of formal surveillance, especially the surveillance by teachers and security staff.

AI and Machine Learning for Remote Suspicious Action Detection and Recognition

There is little question that the unchecked rise in population is to blame for the alarming increase in crime rates seen in industrialized and developing nations. As a direct consequence of this, there has been an increase in the number of calls for the use of video surveillance to address concerns about ordinary life and private property. As a consequence of this, we need a system that is capable of accurately recognizing human activity in real-time. Researchers have lately investigated machine learning and deep learning as potential methods for identifying human activities. To prevent fraud, we devised a technique that employs human activity recognition to examine a series of occurrences, evaluate whether or not a person is a suspect, and then take appropriate action. This system used deep learning to assign labels to the video based on human behavior. We can detect suspicious behavior based on the categories mentioned above of human activity and time duration by utilizing machine learning, which achieves an accuracy of around one hundred percent. This research article will detect suspicious behavior using optimal, effective, and quick methods. Using popular public data sets, the experimental findings described here highlight the approach's remarkable performance while only requiring a small amount of computational complexity.

REGULATION OF THE USE OF CCTV AS A CRIME PREVENTION TECHNIQUE

Having been used for a number of years as part of the security apparatus of banks and stores, closed circuit television (CCTV) is increasingly becoming more prevalent on the streets of South Africa. CCTV monitoring takes place in a number of cities, including Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Pietermaritzburg. (My own interest in this matter derives from my involvement in the Justice Monitoring Project (JUMP), the brainchild of Prof Michael Cowling, which tasked students in 2004 to inter alia monitor theuse of CCTV evidence obtained from the camera network which is run as a joint venture of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and Business Against Crime in Pietermaritzburg.) Whilst it has been argued that CCTV cameras can make a meaningful contribution to enhancing the safety of our city streets, the question arises: at what cost? This paper seeks to examine this question in the context of a discussion of the use of CCTV as a law enforcement technique. The focus of the note will be on data collection rather than data collation, and the issue of admissibility of video evidence will not be dealt with. CCTV may be briefly described as a television system wherein signals are not publicly distributed and images are not broadcast. Instead, such images are transmitted from cameras to particular monitors serving a limited area. In the context of cameras located within a city, the images transmitted are primarily of pedestrians walking or transacting on the streets. As Froomkin has noted, whilst moving about in public is not truly anonymous, one at least enjoys the idea, largely consonant with reality in a city environment, of being able to move about with anonymity. This freedom is naturally threatened by privacy-destroying technology such as CCTV. It is evident that the use of such technology involves trying to balance the competing values of safety and privacy. As more cities make use of video surveillance, it appears as if privacy is on the losing side. Whilst this trend is understandable given the standard contradistinction between the tangible harms inherent in security concerns as opposed to the intangible harms occasioned by infringement on privacy, whether it is justifiable is another matter altogether. Spencer has raised a number of concerns about the tangible/intangible division as a framework for decision-making, namely (i) that the framework is incomplete and locks into short-term benefits and consequences rather than taking account of the long-term effects on privacy; (ii) that by embedding the decision in a concrete factual context the decision will inevitably be weighted in favour of preventing tangible harms; and (iii) that the tangible/intangible dichotomy is not as clear-cut as it may seem, since security proposals often serve intangible goals such as allaying fear, whilst privacy intrusions can have tangible consequences such as disrupting or inhibiting behaviour.

Automatic Detection of Traffic Accidents from Video Using Deep Learning Techniques

According to worldwide statistics, traffic accidents are the cause of a high percentage of violent deaths. The time taken to send the medical response to the accident site is largely affected by the human factor and correlates with survival probability. Due to this and the wide use of video surveillance and intelligent traffic systems, an automated traffic accident detection approach becomes desirable for computer vision researchers. Nowadays, Deep Learning (DL)-based approaches have shown high performance in computer vision tasks that involve a complex features relationship. Therefore, this work develops an automated DL-based method capable of detecting traffic accidents on video. The proposed method assumes that traffic accident events are described by visual features occurring through a temporal way. Therefore, a visual features extraction phase, followed by a temporary pattern identification, compose the model architecture. The visual and temporal features are learned in the training phase through convolution and recurrent layers using built-from-scratch and public datasets. An accuracy of 98% is achieved in the detection of accidents in public traffic accident datasets, showing a high capacity in detection independent of the road structure.

Academics perception of public areas video surveillance in smart cities

The growing trend of the urban population looks for the formation of the concept of Smart Cities, based on the principles of sustainable development, which will meet the needs of people who live in them. The city must develop its public service infrastructure to provide all the requirements for the population. One of the requirements, people living in cities is the security of public areas managed by the city. The system of video surveillance, public areas should contribute to the personal safety of citizens, children and traffic, reducing the rate of crime and more efficient operation of public services. This research aims to examine academics' opinions (perceptions) about the impact of security cameras on increasing security within the concept of Smart Cities. The research had conducted on the territory of Serbia through an online survey. The obtained data were processed statistically by Chi-square and T-test, ANOVA method, multiple regression and correlation using SPSS application. The research indicates that academics much more believe in the contribution of video surveillance, reducing the crime rate, than studies of the effectiveness of the use of video surveillance shows. Video camera monitoring accelerates the reactions of competent services, but video camera recordings have not always been accepted as evidence in court.

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR SUSPICIOUS VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

The use of video surveillance for security purposes had received significant attention as a result of its versatility and compactness of usage in places like stores, malls, banking halls, and schools among others. Recently, the increase in insurgence and the use of vehicles as ammunition payloads, especially to soft targets have given rise to the need for automatic detection and tracking of suspicious vehicular movements. This paper presents a method for detecting suspicious vehicular movement. In this approach, the pixels of moving vehicles were extracted in wavelet subband differencing of video clips. The system uses field measurements and surveillance camera parameters to detected suspicious vehicular movements. As a result, the presented system provides a reliable automatic suspicious detecting machine. The experimental results were validated with speed limiters installed vehicles. Thus, the system is suitable for detecting suspicious movement.

Fall Prevention and Injury Reduction Utilizing Virtual Sitters in Hospitalized Patients: A Literature Review.

Falls and fall-associated injuries continue to occur in hospitals worldwide. Video monitoring using virtual sitters is a novel, cost-effective concept that has emerged as an intervention to address falls and maintain safety for hospitalized patients. This literature review examines the evidence regarding hospital-associated falls and fall-related injuries when video monitoring and virtual sitters were included as an intervention. Ten observational studies and two quasi-experimental studies (N = 12) were identified for inclusion from the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Overall, current evidence is focused on fall rates and cost savings. Eight studies demonstrated a fall reduction and the remaining three showed no statistical difference in fall rates with the use of video surveillance or virtual sitters. Cost savings for these interventions are based on the transition from 1:1 observation to virtual sitters; all 12 studies reported decreased overall costs transitioning to virtual sitters. Small sample size and limited studies are the primary limitations of current published evidence. As the novel clinical practice evolves and more hospitals are equipped with video capability, future research with virtual sitters should include expanded patient populations, a focus on fall-related injuries, and examinations of staff safety.

Применение средств видеонаблюдения для обнаружения пожара

Introduction. The fire safety of the protected object is determined by the possibility of reliable fire detection. Insufficiently effective operation of the fire alarm system can lead to the death of people, unacceptable material and other damage. The video surveillance system, being one of the main links of the engineering security system, monitors emergency situations in real time and, in particular, a breakout of fire at the protected object. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state and trends in the development of video surveillance equipment aimed at improving the fire safety of protected objects. Tasks include regulatory justification of the use of video surveillance in fire alarm systems, review of methods of fire detection by video surveillance and improving their effectiveness under the influence of interfering factors, as well as evaluation of the effectiveness of video surveillance in fire protection systems. Methods. The methods of the system analysis and probability theory are used. Results and discussion. The requirements of regulatory documents for detectors with a video detection channel for their effective operation in fire alarm systems are considered. The main directions of development of means and methods of application of video surveillance in fire protection systems are defined. It is shown that reducing the risk of non-detection of fire to an acceptable level can be achieved by increasing the probability of effective operation of the fire alarm system, as well as by increasing the positive impact of the video surveillance system, which is a part of the complex security system of the object. Conclusions. Video surveillance significantly increases the efficiency of fire detection. It allows you to get a visual picture of the state of the protected object, which has such a high information content that no other security means can provide. The use of video surveillance equipment in fire alarm systems, as well as their integration with industrial and fire automation systems is one of the main reserves for increasing the fire safety of facilities. Keywords: video surveillance, fire detector with video detection channel, fire alarm, video analytics, fire protection

Video-nadzor u funkciji prevencije kriminala u otvorenim javnim gradskim prostorima

The problem addressed in this paper is related to the role that video surveillance plays in preventing security breaches, and primarily in preventing crime in open urban public spaces. Therefore, the basic assumption is that video surveillance has a positive effect on the prevention and reduction of crime in the above-mentioned spaces - which are generally available to all, unlimited and free of charge, and which are "covered" by video surveillance. Based on the analysis of the content of relevant literature, the author researched and presented the relevant concepts of open urban public spaces, and pointed out key security issues, especially undesirable and/ or sanctioned acts that may endanger the security, public order and/or peace of these spaces. Further, the mechanisms for the prevention of security breaches were presented, and especially video surveillance conducted by public institutions and the private sector. The use of video surveillance brings both benefits and limitations that the author noticed, and presented as also an important goal of this paper. Considering all the above, the expected result of the work is a clear presentation of the role of video surveillance in open public urban spaces, and a clear distinction of what are the benefits and what are the limitations that this type of surveillance brings.

Under which conditions are changes in the treatment of people under involuntary commitment justified during the COVID-19 pandemic? An ethical evaluation of current developments in Germany

The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges in psychiatric hospitals, particularly in the context of the treatment of people under involuntary commitment. The question arises at various points in the procedure for and process of involuntary commitment whether procedural modifications or further restrictive measures are necessary to minimise the spread of COVID-19 and protect all people involved from infection.In the light of current developments in Germany, this article examines under which conditions changes in the treatment of people under involuntary commitment are ethically justified in view of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among others, we discuss ethical arguments for and against involuntary commitments with reference to COVID-19, the use of different coercive interventions, the introduction of video hearings, an increased use of video surveillance and interventions based on the German Infection Protection Act.We argue that strict hygiene concepts, the provision of sufficient personal protective equipment and frequent testing for COVID-19 should be the central strategies to ensure the best possible protection against infection. Any further restrictions of the liberty of people under involuntary commitment require a sound ethical justification based on the criteria of suitability, necessity and proportionality. A strict compliance with these criteria and the continued oversight by external and independent control mechanisms are important to prevent ethically unjustified restrictions and discrimination against people with the diagnosis of a mental disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic.

State of the art of consumer video surveillance standards in Russia and abroad

In recent years, video surveillance technology has been developing. The use of video surveillance has spread from national and social welfare to everyday life, and a number of consumer-grade video surveillance products have been created. However, there is a problem where the domestic market is still in a non-standard stage. Consumer-grade video surveillance system does not have specific standards, which seriously affect the consumer awareness of the consumer-grade video surveillance products. This article presents a video surveillance system and reveals the standards of an existing video surveillance system.

La efectividad puesta a prueba. Funciones y limitaciones de la videovigilancia del espacio público

La videovigilancia urbana creció exponencialmente en Argentina en los últimos diez años como resultado de la articulación de dos procesos simultáneos: un afianzamiento de políticas orientadas a la prevención situacional del delito y la incorporación de los municipios como actores relevantes en el gobierno de la seguridad. El creciente número de cámaras de seguridad y la disponibilidad de grabaciones de video en la vía pública ha generado debates y controversias en torno a los usos potenciales de estas tecnologías, su efectividad en la reducción del delito y los riesgos para la privacidad. El artículo presenta resultados de una investigación empírica sobre el uso de la videovigilancia en un municipio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Desde una perspectiva socio-técnica, se indaga en los modos en que las tecnologías interactúan con los actores humanos delineando posibilidades y límites en los usos y funciones de estos sistemas de monitoreo urbano.

Mediators in emergency services: what missions according to the staff?

Violence in emergency services has become a central issue in the daily work of hospital employees. While the use of video surveillance and the training of professionals in conflict management are the most common methods used, there are few cases using the setting up of a third part such as a mediator. We conducted a qualitative study with professionals to examine their representations associated with mediation. Semi-directive interviews were conducted with professionals from four emergency units. The topics discussed in interviews were the definition of mediation and the missions that the mediators should fulfil. The content of 38 semi-directive interviews was analysed according to the inductive approach of the grounded theory. A content analysis was made, followed by an analysis aiming to bring out types and convergences/divergences. Professionals were not aware of the definition of mediation and of its missions. They linked to it an instrumental theme, making mediation a tool for conflict prevention and management, a tool for communication with patients about their care, and about the organisation of emergency unit. The upcoming presence of mediators was seen as an help. A potential competition between professionals and mediators in the tasks performed was identified. The study shows a favourable opinion towards mediation. It has allowed to identify obstacles to the well-functioning of the missions assigned to mediators. One of the challenges is the integration of this new actor, the mediator.