Use Of Ultrasonic Sensors Research Articles

Traffix : Efficient Traffic Control using IoT

This paper aims to alleviate traffic congestion brought on by antiquated, ineffective traffic management systems that are based on a predefined countdown. Long red light delays are the result of these traditional systems, which have a predefined countdown regardless of the actual traffic on a given road. Our system makes sure that time set for the traffic lights reflects the traffic density in real time, which ensures efficient use of time. In order to do this, we first compute the traffic density, which is ascertained by combining image processing methods along with the use of ultrasonic sensors. The Raspberry Pi then processes this data and then manages the time set for the traffic light. Furthermore, the use of SQL Alchemy ensures that this processed information is stored to the cloud, where it may be utilized in events of sensor failure or system malfunction. Index Terms—Image Processing, Raspberry Pi, Traffic Congestion, Ultrasonic sensors

Simulation of Vehicle Distance Detection for Traffic Order

The use of ultrasonic sensors, especially HC-SR04, in microcontroller projects is expanding thanks to its ability to accurately detect distance. In this final project, the HC- SR04 is connected to an ESP32 to measure the distance of an object and provide feedback in the form of sound when the object approaches the sensor within a certain distance. The HC-SR04 sensor works by emitting ultrasonic waves and measuring the time it takes for the waves to reflect back to the sensor. The ESP32, as the microcontroller connected to the sensor, processes this time data to calculate the object's distance from the sensor. When the distance of the object is below a predetermined threshold, the ESP32 will activate the buzzer as a sound signal. This implementation can be applied in various systems, for this test we used it on the zebra crossing system automatically. The test results show that this system is able to detect distance with sufficient accuracy and provide a fast and consistent sound response according to changes in object distance.

IoT Based Smart Shoe for Visually Impaired

IoT based Smart shoe system for visually impaired is a system made with the help of ultrasonic sensors, GPS and GSM module paired to an Arduino UNO board. Internet of things is all about making physical objects communicate with other objects or even with humans. Sightless people face great difficulty to travel independently. They must depend on others in many aspects of their life. The Major problem is when they walk on the road. With a stick in hand, they cannot detect every obstacle that comes in their way. The Smart shoe design provides a long-term solution for the blind to walk on roads independently. The smart shoe will help the Blind person to reach his destination independently. It is built using IoT Technology in which the shoe will be embedded with various sensors, Microcontroller, and buzzers. The shoe warns the user by making noise with the buzzer when he/she walks in front of an obstacle. The smart shoe communicates and coordinate with each other to ensure that the user does not collide with any obstacle in his way. Visually Impaired People face issues while travelling outdoors, this paper presents a literary review of overcoming such issues by making wearable sensors by planting them on shoes using IOT (Internet of Things). Use of ultrasonic sensors and buzzer to notify the end- user regarding upcoming obstacles.

Non-contact Measurement Using Ultrasonic Technology for Human Anthropometric: A Narrative Review

Introduction: Stunting is a public health priority in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, the validity and reliability of anthropometric measurement tools become critical for early stunting detection in children. 
 Objective: This article aims to review the use of ultrasonic sensors in human anthropometric and body measurements.
 Methods: We conducted a narrative review of articles regarding the ultrasonic sensor for measuring anthropometrics in the human body between 2016 and 2022. We focused particularly on the use of ultrasonic sensors in children’s anthropometrics, body size, and body measurements.
 Results: According to the findings, the majority of non-contact measurements using ultrasonic sensors were applied to adults, though several studies also involved pregnant women to measure foetus size. These studies showed that ultrasonic sensors were beneficial as they served as accurate, reproducible, affordable, and easy-to-use tools.
 Conclusion: Future studies are warranted to understand the significance of the non-contact measurements for children’s anthropometrics, especially for early stunting detection.

Pallet Recognition for Forklift

Abstract: Pallet recognition is an important task in warehouse operations that involves identifying and classifying pallets based on their size, shape, and colour. The efficient and accurate recognition of pallets is crucial for ensuring the smooth and safe movement of goods within a warehouse. In recent years, advancements in computer vision technology have paved the way for the development of automated pallet recognition systems that can be integrated with forklifts. This paper introduces a system for pallet recognition on forklifts using Raspberry Pi and ultrasonic sensors. The proposed system utilizes ultrasonic sensors to measure the distance between the forklift and the pallet, providing valuable information for the pallet recognition system. The system is designed to accurately identify and classify pallets based on their size. The use of ultrasonic sensors provides a costeffective and easily scalable solution, allowing the system to be used in a variety of warehouse environments. The accuracy of the proposed system is evaluated through testing on a variety of pallet types, and the results indicate a high level of accuracy in identifying and classifying pallets. The system is also designed to be user- friendly and can be easily integrated into existing forklifts.

Smart parking for smart cities: a novel approach to reducing frivolous parking zone determination

Internet of things (IoT) infrastructures are rapidly expanding, which will lead to an unanticipated rise in demand for smart cities. The concept of a "smart city" has recently gained traction in urban planning circles. An IoT based smart parking system is the focus of this article, and it allows a motorist to locate a car park and an available parking space in an indoor metropolis, all from the comfort of their own vehicle. Additional efforts are made to reduce the time spent defining parking zones. Reduced fuel use helps to cut down on pollution, as well as avoid needless travel through congested parking lots, which can help to reduce unlawful parking and alleviate traffic congestion in the city we all live in. These innovations include automobile particular identification via radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, unoccupied slot detection through the use of ultrasonic sensors, and cost calculating based largely on parking duration. The technology we've used is unique in that it runs on separate parts of the system for the hardware and the software.

AUTONOMOUS MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEM: INTEGRATING ADVANCED SONAR-BASED TRACKING FOR PRECISE DETECTION

The objective of this project is to develop and build an automated system for detecting and neutralizing missiles. This system is specifically engineered to identify and track the target (missile) while it maneuvers in various directions. The automated target destruction system tracks the missile's trajectory and engages it by precisely aligning and firing onto the target. This system comprises an advanced sonar-based object tracking system that continuously monitors the target. Once the target is detected, it transmits the precise location of the target to a Central Control System. The Central Control System initiates the movement of the firing mechanism towards the target (missile). After correcting the orientation, it transmits the control command to the firing system in order to launch an attack on the target. This project utilizes an ultrasonic radar system and a DC geared motorpowered firing device that is connected to a Microcontroller based control unit. We choose the use of ultrasonic sensors due to their ability to cover a greater detecting distance and detect targets under various illumination circumstances, including both day and night. Microcontroller programming is accomplished using the Embedded 'C' language. This article has undergone processing in order to minimize human labor and fully automate the missile system. This results in reduced human error and more precision in system processing. This survey outlines the many approaches to automating the missile guidance system using maneuverable actuators. The diverse concepts pertaining to the automation system and the design modules will facilitate the exploration of multiple approaches in relation to the automation system.

Sistem Monitoring Ketinggian Air Tangki Tanaman Hidroponik Berbasis Website

The application of hydroponics in the agricultural sector is very effective for maximizing limited land in urban environments (urban farming). This one farming system requires extra supervision to get quality crop yields. One aspect to which farmers must pay attention is monitoring the water level in the tank so that the water discharge needed by hydroponic plants is properly fulfilled. In order to provide convenience to farmers in carrying out this monitoring, this research is designed to monitor the water level of the tank based on a website. The use of ultrasonic sensors in this study is as a distance sensor. Sensor data that has been obtained from the ultrasonic sensor is then processed by the Arduino Uno and sent to the NodeMCU ESP8266 to be sent to a database that is connected via the internet network so that it can be used by users anywhere and anytime through websites connected to the internet. The level of accuracy of the data on the website is 100% according to the reading results from the Arduino IDE application and a ruler as a comparison measure.

AI BASED LAKE CLEANING ROBOT

Recently, water pollution has become a global problem. Water resources such as lakes, rivers and lakes are polluted due to the accumulation of domestic, industrial, medical and sewage. The AI Based Lake Cleaning Robot project addresses this issue by providing an efficient and environmentally friendly remote pool cleaning machine. This project has two operating modes which are Manual or Android operating modes and default mode. In manual mode the device is used by the user, the android app is used to control the device to collect garbage. In automatic mode, AI technology that assists the wireless fidelity camera and ultrasonic sensors are used, the camera captures a real-time image of a liquid body and sends it to the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for image analysis and CNN will control the boat's performance. The device is equipped with a waste bin. The device is designed to detect any obstacles through the use of ultrasonic sensors to avoid damage. A pool cleaning robot reduces a man's effort by performing an automatic cleaning process. The use of this function can be done in rivers, lakes, lakes and other areas of water to clean up surface water waste.

Piston ring oil film thickness measurements in a four-stroke diesel engine during steady-state, start-up and shut-down

Internal combustion engine research predominantly focuses on routes to lower emissions to meet various emission legislation. Lower emissions can be achieved with increased fuel efficiency and less lubricant throw off/lubricant combustion in the piston ring zone. These are all dependent on the oil film that forms between the liner and piston components. This article details the use of ultrasonic sensors to study the lubricant film thickness between the engine liner and piston rings/skirt in a fired diesel two-cylinder YTR engine. The testing regime covered a series of engine speeds and loading levels and found the minimum oil film thickness to vary from 1 to 3.5 μm. Spectrograms (time-varying ultrasonic amplitude spectra) have shown a residual oil film on the liner, first present after the skirt moves above the sensor that peaks at 440 μm, which then dissipates until the next oil control ring passage. Start-up and shut-down captures have visualised the build-up and reduction of the film thickness, in which during start-up typically a 2-s interval between the first ring passage and a consistent film thickness was seen. Whilst the shut-down tests showed a lesser variation, anticipated to be due to the oil pump already operating and is, therefore, less subjective to a reduction in engine speed providing a threshold of oil remains on the liner. Measurements like this help to describe how lubrication occurs in the piston ring zone and hence can optimise component design and an oil injection schedule.

IoT based Smart Shoe for Visually Impaired

IoT based Smart shoe system for visually impaired is a system made with the help of ultrasonic sensors, GPS and GSM module paired to an Arduino UNO board. Internet of things is all about making physical objects communicate with other objects or even with humans. Sightless people face great difficulty to travel independently. They must depend on others in many aspects of their life. The Major problem is when they walk on the road. With a stick in hand, they cannot detect every obstacle that comes in their way. The Smart shoe design provides a long-term solution for the blind to walk on roads independently. The smart shoe will help the Blind person to reach his destination independently. It is built using IoT Technology in which the shoe will be embedded with various sensors, Microcontroller, and buzzers. The shoe warns the user by making noise with the buzzer when he/she walks in front of an obstacle. The smart shoe communicates and coordinate with each other to ensure that the user does not collide with any obstacle in his way. Visually Impaired People face issues while travelling outdoors, this paper presents a literary review of overcoming such issues by making wearable sensors by planting them on shoes using IOT (Internet of Things). Use of ultrasonic sensors and buzzer to notify the end-user regarding upcoming obstacles. Keywords: Arduino UNO, IOT, Sensors, Buzzer, GPS and GSM module.

Sistem Kendali Level Ketinggian Air Berbasis Fuzzy Control Menggunakan Simulink

Today's technology shows very significant developments in automation systems. Filling water in a tank is a process that is widely used in the oil industry. The process of filling and draining water in a closed water tank will raise difficulty for the operator to control the water level in the tank. Therefore, we will create a system to control the water level using a fuzzy controller. To get the value of fuzzification from the difference in the value of the set point and defuzzification connected to the motor pump. Fuzzy design system was obtained by making methods, fuzzification, defuzzification, and rules. The use of ultrasonic sensors during the experiment caused a spike in value because the ultrasonic sensor had not detected water but had no significant effect on the response to altitude levels. When the valve is opened, the controller has an effect on the resulting response. The more the valve is opened, the worse the response will be but the system remains stable. The fuzzy output will be connected to the PLC which will be connected to the Kepserver and tank to regulate the flow rate to the tank. Matlab is connected with PLC devices using Kepserver. The best performance is found in the 2× reduction valve opening response test with a fuzzification range of 8000-24000 while the performance value of time rise is 66.458 s, settling time is 110 s, steady state error is -2%, and overshoot is 9%.

DESIGNING A CONSTRUCTIVE GUIDANCE SYSTEM WITH REAL TIME OBJECT DETECTION FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED

This paper proposes an effective device for visually impaired person in order to have betterment in their routine life. The spread of visually impairment is very sensitive issue worldwide. Here we develop a Smart system for visually impaired, that make use of ultrasonic sensor and camera.The most point of this work is to plan a voice-based cautioning framework for the outwardly impeded individuals. Visually impaired individual’s finds navigation difficult as they struggle every day in performing actions for bypassing obstacles and hurdles in their regular life. In order to help visually impaired people navigate safely and quickly this system is proposed. Ultrasonic sensor is set on the exhibition which is utilized for impediment location with separate sign. The camera is set to detect the object before the outwardly impeded individuals and alarm them utilizing APR voice module. This system prevents the visually impaired people accidents and identifies the object in front of them. The scope of the work is extracting the object’s image and processing them in the knowledge base and interpret the captured one. Assistive Innovation for individuals with outwardly disabilities is anticipated to develop at a quick pace and affect the lives of people having visual impedance and the elderly ways previously is not possible. KEY WORDS: SURF-Speedup Robust Feature, VPN- Visual Handling Unit, NCS-Neural Compute Adhere, APR-Apache Portable Runtime.

Development of a Prototype Autonomous Electric Vehicle

The paper presents an Autonomous Electric Vehicle with obstacle avoidance system. This research work made use of ultrasonic sensors, the principle of distance measurements and calculations as well as detecting obstacle on its path. The device consists of three ultrasonic sensors that detect object for each left, right and front of the vehicle, based on developed and installed codes in the Arduino microcontroller and displays the range using ISIS Proteus 8 electronic modelling software. The minimum and maximum range of object detections is 2cm to 400cm respectively. However, the measured distance was from 25cm to 150cm and the corresponding calculated distances using oscilloscope waveforms are 28.10cm and 148.3cm. The difference between the measured and calculated distance was 5.4% on average. GPS navigates the vehicle autonomously to its destination using an algorithm for navigation based on reactive behavior. The vehicle is powered by rechargeable batteries (4 lithium ion batteries) which are charged using external power source by connecting into electricity grid. Furthermore, a solar panel has been utilized as a secondary source of power to charge the batteries. This reduces the dependency of the vehicle on external power sources. The vehicle is capable of moving for about 20m to and fro and avoiding obstacle on its path.

Development of a Prototype Autonomous Electric Vehicle

The paper presents an Autonomous Electric Vehicle with obstacle avoidance system. This research work made use of ultrasonic sensors, the principle of distance measurements and calculations as well as detecting obstacle on its path. The device consists of three ultrasonic sensors that detect object for each left, right and front of the vehicle, based on developed and installed codes in the Arduino microcontroller and displays the range using ISIS Proteus 8 electronic modelling software. The minimum and maximum range of object detections is 2cm to 400cm respectively. However, the measured distance was from 25cm to 150cm and the corresponding calculated distances using oscilloscope waveforms are 28.10cm and 148.3cm. The difference between the measured and calculated distance was 5.4% on average. GPS navigates the vehicle autonomously to its destination using an algorithm for navigation based on reactive behavior. The vehicle is powered by rechargeable batteries (4 lithium ion batteries) which are charged using external power source by connecting into electricity grid. Furthermore, a solar panel has been utilized as a secondary source of power to charge the batteries. This reduces the dependency of the vehicle on external power sources. The vehicle is capable of moving for about 20m to and fro and avoiding obstacle on its path.

Development of Intelligent Car-Parking System

In this modern world, the paradigm of smart cities has gathered major popularity. Thanks to the evolution of microcontroller, the notion of smart city seems more convincing. This paper proposes an algorithm that helps users to find a free parking space for cars automatically. Microcontrollers and sensors have already made a huge impact on learning and predictive analysis. The widespread affirmation gave a new life to this open source hardware component which potentially became a big challenge to many industrial products and new interests in electronic system and prototyping.This paper deals with effective parking solution which involves the use of ultrasonic sensor, atmega series, wireless signal module, cloud server and decrease the time spent for searching parking spaces. IoT based new parking platform enable to connect, analyze and automate data gathered from devices and execute smart parking possible. The proposed system not only reduces manpower but also reduces traffic congestion, and facilitating secure parking system within a limited area.

Hardware simulation of lane keeping assist based on sensor fusion

PurposeSafety is one of the most crucial factors in transportation due to so many factors, including human-error, that might result in various small to fatal accidents. This is why lane keeping assist (LKA) is an important system that needs to be developed. LKA will prevent the vehicle from moving to another lane because the driver is negligent to maintain the direction of the vehicle.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, LKA works using camera and ultrasonic sensors. The data coming from these two types of sensors are then fused to determine how should the car reacts to some certain situation so that it stays on the lane. The sensor fusion method was used to further ensure the car's safety.FindingsThe results of the hardware simulation show that LKA can successfully avoid the car from getting off the lane with safety index of 95% for high-speed mode and 100% for medium and low-speed mode; meanwhile on the use of ultrasonic sensor, the speed of the car is adjusted to the distance of the car's side disturbance.Originality/valueThis research has succeeded in simulating a sensor fusion–based LKA system.

Review on robot following human using body area structure to detect the innominate miscellaneous

In the fast growing world the technology got improved by the machine equipment. It can do all the activities which humans can do. This robot follows the human’s full structure. It can be used in military, medical etc. The robot can be safeguard for the humans in the defense field. In proposed system the robot follows the human and protects the border security of the nations from the attack. Before implementing the systems the research is undergoes about the human to human communication how the message is get transfer and the performance according to that. The signal from the human is received by the robot by the use of ultrasonic sensor. The robots can response according to the sensor signal. When the signal is received the activities of the robot is fully controlled by the human. The metal detector sensor is placed within the robot. These robot can moves around the border signal when it detects the under placed bomb it transmit the signal and gives the alter to them. The signals are transmitting in the area of network the signal can be transmit to the better distance. We have done the design simulation using proteus software and shows the interaction of the signal between the robots and the humans.

IoT: smart garbage monitoring using android and real time database

Every single day, garbage is always produced and sometimes, due to the unbalance between high volume produced and the garbage volume transported to the landfill; it then leads to the buildup. To prevent any negative impact on environment, a system is needed to support the waste management process. Smart Garbage Monitoring System consists of two parts: portable garbage can and monitoring application using android smartphone. The use of ultrasonic sensor, GPS and GSM Module on the garbage can aims to provide the data on the garbage and send it to the real time database, in which the data will be processed by the monitoring application on smartphone to determine the time of garbage transport purposely to prevent any buildup. The system doesn't need a server to process, because the entire process of will be run by android application on a smartphone. Test results showed the capability of the system in monitoring the garbage can with the minimum distance between the wastes by three meters. The information on the height level of garbage can be synchronized in real time to smartphone, with an average delay on the EDGE network of 4.57 seconds, HSPA+ of 4.52 seconds and LTE of 3.85 seconds.

Intelligent Autonomous Robot Supporting Small Pets in Domestic Environment

Abstract In this contribution, we present preliminary results of the student project aimed at the development of an intelligent autonomous robot supporting small pets in a domestic environment. The main task of this robot is to protect a freely moving small pets against accidental stepping on them by home residents. For this purpose, we have developed the mobile robot which follows a pet and makes an alarm signal when a human is approaching. A pet is recognized in images with the use of a convolutional neural network. Walls and obstacles are detected with the use of ultrasonic sensors. A control system of the robot is implemented with the use of the Jetson TX2 platform. Preliminary tests of the robot demonstrate not only usefulness of our solution but also further directions for its development.