Use Of Topical Fluorides Research Articles

Effectiveness of CO2 laser conjugation with topical fluoride for caries prevention through improved enamel microhardness

Background: Dental caries is a major global health problem. According to Basic Health Research 2018, the prevalence of caries in Indonesia reached 45.3%, therefore preventions are needed to reduce the prevalence of caries. One of the preventions that can be done is the use of CO2 lasers combined with topical fluoride. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of CO2 laser conjugation with topical fluoride for caries prevention. Methods: In this article review, a method of finding theories and research articles was implemented using the keywords "CO2 laser, topical fluoride, enamel caries, microhardness, prevention" on sites Google Scholar and PubMed. Results: From the article search, 8 journals that met our requirements were found, included in them are 3 literature reviews and 5 research articles. Discussion: In several studies, it was found that a CO2 laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm is effective to reduce the solubility of hydroxyapatite crystals on the enamel surface under acidic conditions. Meanwhile, the use of topical fluoride can also reduce demineralization and increase enamel remineralization through physical and chemical prevention. However, the effect of topical fluoride is partial and depends on its constant presence in the oral cavity. Conclusion: CO2 laser with the application of topical fluoride can work synergistically in increasing the microhardness of the enamel as an effort to prevent caries.

Water fluoridation between public health and public law: an assessment of regulations across countries and their preventive medicine implications.

Among health professionals and health policymakers concern is growing as to the difficulty of balancing the prevention of dental caries through cost-effective interventions and the need to limit unnecessary exposure of the population, and especially children, to environmental chemicals. In this respect, the use of water fluoridation to prevent tooth decay epitomizes the dilemma by raising questions relevant to both public health and public law, ranging from the balance of public health and medical self-determination, the division of powers between local or national authorities over water fluoridation, and the need to avoid the adverse effects of socioeconomic inequalities as well as both under- and over-exposure. We carried out a narrative review by searching the relevant literature about the laws and rules related to drinking water fluoridation at the community level in the US, UK, and Europe, in order to discuss how the issue is handled from both a public health and public law perspective. Sources of data for this review were the biomedical and legal literature retrieved by searching online databases, and websites of public health and legal institutions. We found that water fluoridation is still largely adopted throughout the US, while in the UK and particularly in the European Union only a minor part of the population is subject to it. In addition, the recommended and maximum allowed amounts of fluoride in drinking water are being adapted to the public health recommendations and the new regulations, within an evolving evaluation of the epidemiologic evidence and the risk assessment currently in progress by two major regulatory agencies, the US National Toxicology Program - NTP and the European Food Safety Authority - EFSA. Under a comparative public law perspective, the three investigated legislations are facing a reassessment of their policies and regulations, to allow for effective and safe public health measures in the field of water fluoridation and more generally for a preferred use of topical fluoride for caries prevention. A consistent trend across these legislations is the choice to centralize at the national level regulatory and management issues related to water fluoridation, and to carefully balance benefits for dental caries prevention in children and the potential risks of systemic overexposure associated with excess fluoride intake, by promptly responding to the evolving indications by the scientific community and the public health professionals.

The Evolving Microbiome of Dental Caries.

Dental caries is a significant oral and public health problem worldwide, especially in low-income populations. The risk of dental caries increases with frequent intake of dietary carbohydrates, including sugars, leading to increased acidity and disruption of the symbiotic diverse and complex microbial community of health. Excess acid production leads to a dysbiotic shift in the bacterial biofilm composition, demineralization of tooth structure, and cavities. Highly acidic and acid-tolerant species associated with caries include Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, and Scardovia species. The differences in microbiotas depend on tooth site, extent of carious lesions, and rate of disease progression. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics not only reveal the structure and genetic potential of the caries-associated microbiome, but, more importantly, capture the genetic makeup of the metabolically active microbiome in lesion sites. Due to its multifactorial nature, caries has been difficult to prevent. The use of topical fluoride has had a significant impact on reducing caries in clinical settings, but the approach is costly; the results are less sustainable for high-caries-risk individuals, especially children. Developing treatment regimens that specifically target S. mutans and other acidogenic bacteria, such as using nanoparticles, show promise in altering the cariogenic microbiome, thereby combatting the disease.

Advances in professionally applied topical fluoride in prevention of dental caries: a narrative review

Fluoride is a double-edged sword. The early optimum exposure during formative years yields preventive effect, however exposure beyond permissible level may exhibit discrete pitting to corroded appearance of enamel. The above review highlighted the advancements in fluoride administered topically. A critical appraisal was done of the latest findings related to the use of topical fluorides by probing through databases such as PUBMED, EBSCO and SCOPUS. Thus fluoride delivered topically should be advocated for prevention of dental caries.

The Use of Fluorides in Public Health: 65 Years of History and Challenges from Brazil.

Untreated dental caries is the most common disease globally and fluoride use at the population level is crucial for its control. To investigate the economic and political conditions under which the trajectory of population-based fluoride use has occurred is key for a more comprehensive view on its current and future challenges. The objective was to give a brief history and summarize the information on the use of fluorides at the population level in Brazil from 1952 to 2017 and to point to current and future challenges. A critical overview was undertaken based on country-level analyses comprising political and economic conditions. The analytical approach adopted a set of premises applicable to the study of capitalist democracies. Fluoride methods of systemic and topic use began to be employed in Brazilian public health programs in the 1950s and in a combined way from 1974. Differences in political and economic contexts were highlighted for four periods: the first interventions from 1952 to 1974, when the fluoridated water law was approved; the expansion after 1974 until 1988, when a new constitution was enacted; the following time until 2010; and the final period. From the 1980s to 2008, water fluoridation coverage increased progressively, consolidating as a major strategy of systemic use in spite of inequalities among territories. Activities aimed to promote access to topical fluoride use increased and maintained stability until 2014, when they dropped sharply. Regulation of fluoride dentifrice’s quality remained insufficient. It was hypothesized that the strengthening of conservative liberalism and the increase in fiscal austerity observed in recent years might produce serious constraints on public investment and limit access to fluorides. To reduce inequities and promote benefits for all, including the most vulnerable groups, policies based on egalitarian and social justice theoretical perspectives are needed more than ever.

Seasonal Variations in the Groundwater Fluoride of Swarna River Basin in Southern India: A GIS-based Study.

ABSTRACTObjectives:The study aimed (1) to assess fluoride concentration of groundwater along the Swarna river basin in Udupi District; (2) to investigate variations in fluoride concentration with respect to rainfall status in Udupi district; and (3) to develop a spatial distribution map for the groundwater fluoride concentration in Udupi district.Materials and Methods:Water samples were procured from 30 different sampling points across three time zones in a year: pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon. The samples thus collected were analyzed for fluoride ion concentration using fluoride ion selective electrodes (Orion™). Mean determination readings at each time zone were calculated. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was done to analyze whether there was a difference in the concentration of fluoride over different time zones.Results:The mean (SD) pre-monsoon concentration was 0.25 (± 0.07) ppm, whereas the mean monsoon and post-monsoon concentrations were 0.26 (± 0.09) and 0.57 (± 0.23) ppm, respectively. There was a significant increase in post-monsoon fluoride levels when compared with the pre-monsoon and monsoon levels.Conclusion:The groundwater fluoride concentration in the Swarna river basin was found acceptable for human consumption at all the sampled sites and across all time zones. As the fluoride concentration was found to be lower than the recommended values for dental caries prevention at most of the sampling sites, use of topical fluorides needs to be encouraged.

Aesthetic management of fluorosis

With increasing awareness and aesthetic concerns, the number of people seeking professional dental help for improvement in the appearance of their dentitions and for smile makeovers are on rise. Dental fluorosis, tetracycline staining, localised and chronological hypoplasia, and both amelogenesis and dentinogenesis imperfecta can all produce a cosmetically unsatisfactory dentition. The aetiology of intrinsic discolouration of enamel may sometimes be deduced from the patient's history, and one factor long associated with the problem has been a high level of fluoride intake. Optimal use of topical fluorides leads to a decrease in the caries prevalence but may show an increase in the prevalence of fluorosis staining because of metabolic alterations in the ameloblasts, causing a defective matrix formation and improper calcification. A 28 yr female patient was screened at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at desh bhagat dental college, mandi gobindgarh, Punjab. She wanted us to remove and/or minimise the noticeable brown/yellow staining of his teeth. She requested the least invasive and most cost-effective treatment to change his smile. Various treatment modalities are present for the treatment of fluorosis stains. This report discusses the microabrasion technique in the patient having dental fluorosis.

Protocol for a family-centered behavioral intervention to reduce early childhood caries: the MySmileBuddy program efficacy trial

BackgroundAlthough largely preventable through diet management and topical fluoride use, early childhood caries (ECC) often progresses to severity that necessitates surgical repair. Yet repair often fails to mitigate caries progression. Needed is an effective behavioral intervention to address underlying behavioral causes.MethodsThis randomized controlled trial will evaluate the efficacy of a behaviorally focused, family-centered intervention, the MySmileBuddy Program (MSB Program), to reduce ECC progression in high-risk preschoolers in New York City. Recruitment will target 858 children ages 24–71 months with ECC and their parents from primary care medical and dental clinics. The study aims to assess the MSB Program’s efficacy to: (1) decrease ECC progression measured 12-months post-randomization; and (2) enhance adoption of a low cariogenic diet and twice-daily fluoridated toothpaste use compared to control group. Potential causal pathways (mediators and moderators) will be explored. The MSB Program equips community health workers (CHWs) with an app that facilitates multilevel risk assessment and provides motivational interviewing-based counseling to inform parents about the caries process, develop personalized goals, and create family-level action plans to achieve targeted behaviors. Social support from CHWs (4 interactions during the 6-month intervention, supplemented by up to 4 in-person/remote contacts throughout the 12-month study period, based on need) is bolstered by automated text messages. Participants will be randomized to a Control Group (paper-based educational handout plus toothbrushes and fluoridated toothpaste for the child) or Intervention Group (MSB Program, two tooth-brushing observations with feedback and instruction, and toothbrushes and toothpaste for the entire family). All children will receive visual ICDAS dental examinations and parents will complete study measures at baseline and 12-months. An incentive up to $150 plus round-trip transit cards ($5.50 value) will be provided.DiscussionThis study hypothesizes that the MSB Program can reduce ECC progression in a high-risk population. Sufficient incentives and a focus on establishing rapport between participants and CHWs are anticipated to mitigate recruitment and retention challenges. If successful, this study will advance the long-term goal of reducing pediatric oral health disparities by demonstrating the efficacy of an acceptable and feasible intervention that shifts attention from dental repair to behavioral risk mitigation.Trial registration: Trial registration was completed on 4/13/2021 through the U.S. National Library of Medicine ClinicalTrials.gov website (Identifier: NCT04845594).

A case-control study of topical and supplemental fluoride use and osteosarcoma risk

BackgroundA relationship between fluoride and osteosarcoma has been hypothesized but not validated. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no published studies examining topical fluoride or dietary fluoride supplements and osteosarcoma risk. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between ever or never use of topical and dietary fluoride supplements and osteosarcoma. MethodsThe authors performed a secondary data analysis on data from 2 separate but linked studies. Patients for Phase 1 and Phase 2 were selected from US hospitals using a hospital-based matched case-control study design. Case patients were those who had received diagnoses of osteosarcoma, and control patients were those who had received diagnoses of other bone tumors or nonneoplastic conditions. In Phase 1, case patients (N = 209) and control patients (N = 440) were those seeking treatment at orthopedic departments from 1989 through 1993. In Phase 2, incident case patients (N = 108) and control patients (N = 296) were identified and treated by physicians from 1994 through 2000. This analysis included all patients who met eligibility criteria and on whom the authors had complete data on exposure, outcome, and covariates. The authors used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of topical fluoride use and supplemental fluoride use with osteosarcoma. ResultsThe adjusted odds ratios were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.60 to 1.46) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.46 to 1.33) for topical fluoride and supplemental fluoride, respectively. ConclusionsNeither topical nor dietary fluoride supplements are associated with an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma. Practical ImplicationsSupplemental and topical fluorides used in the dental office and in over-the-counter products are not related to an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma.

Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries.

Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries.

Dental service coverage and oral health promotion community actions in primary care in Brazil between 2003 and 2019

ObjectiveThis study analyzes the Brazilian experience regarding the implementation of collective actions of supervised tooth brushing in schools, use of topical fluoride and coverage of dental consultations in public primary dental service based on the transformations of the political context from 2003 to 2019. MethodThis was a retrospective study of the Brazilian case between 2003 and 2019, regarding the collective actions of supervised tooth brushing, topical fluoride strategies, access to dental consultations in public primary care services and the coverage of exclusively private dental plans, estimating the trend of indicators. ResultsFrom 2003 to 2010, the coverage of the first consultation reached 13.3%. Supervised tooth brushing and topical fluoride strategies increased 4.5% and 1.4%, respectively. The use of fluoride mouthwash remained stable. From 2011 to 2019, most of public dental services indicators decreased. Private dental insurance plans increased in both periods. ConclusionThe Brazilian case disclosed an expansion of the public dental sector. In political situations of greater austerity and economic crisis, there is an upsurge and also setbacks in the coverage of public dental consultations and collective actions aimed at oral health promotion in the public sector; however, an expansion was observed in the private sector.

Dental caries: The reverse gear – Comparative synergistic remineralizing potential of sodium fluoride mouthrinse with xylitol and essential oils: An In situ study

Background: With the universal use of topical fluorides, there has been a decrease in the prevalence of dental caries, but still the quest is on for a better topical agent which can provide a superior remineralizing effect. Aims: The present in situ study was to evaluate the remineraliizing efficacy of sodium fluoride mouth rinse and two experimental mouth rinses xylitol sodium fluoride, essential mouth rinses. Materials and Methods: Partially demineralized human enamel slabs were used in the study; five enamel slabs were embedded in each of the Hawley's appliances worn by nine participants enrolled in the study. The participants were divided equally into three groups. Each group used one of the experimental mouthrinses. Hence, in each mouthrinse group, there were 15 demineralized enamel slabs in each appliance used by three participants in each mouthrinse group. The study was conducted for a period of 14 days, after which the enamel slabs were retrieved and analyzed using quantitative wavelength-independent microradiography with the assistance of image processing. Results: Analysis of the samples showed a statically significant increase in the amount of remineralization with xylitol sodium fluoride mouthrinse. The order of increase in the remineralization was as follows: xylitol sodium fluoride > sodium fluoride > essential oil sodium fluoride > baseline demineralization (control). Conclusion: The xylitol sodium fluoride mouthrinse can prove to be a great weapon in reversing the initial dental caries. Essential oil mouthrinses are known for their antigingivitis and anti-inflammatory properties, and their efficacy in synergistically acting with sodium fluoride in remineralizing dental caries is questionable under in vivo conditions.

Minimum intervention dentistry for the management of caries in older adults: a review of the literature

##Statement of the problem The population is ageing and the proportion of older adults retaining their natural teeth is increasing. This means that there are increasing numbers of older adults at risk of and from dental caries for longer. This challenges traditional concepts of care delivery for older adults. With advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of dental caries, there is increasing evidence to support a shift from traditional mechanical ‘drill and fill’ techniques to the management of dental caries biologically as a complex ecological process. Minimum intervention dentistry (MID) has become an increasingly mainstream model of caries management, which minimises the need for treatment that destroys dental tissues. In contrast to traditional management of caries, MID focuses on prevention and risk reduction, while surgical intervention is limited to cases where it is absolutely necessary. This paper reviews the evidence to support adoption of MID, particularly for older adults in Ireland. ##Purpose of the study To review the evidence regarding aspects of MID for caries management among older adults. ##Materials and methods A structured search strategy was undertaken using PubMed, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library, with additional searching of reference lists. A total of 25 articles were deemed relevant to this literature review. The data was extracted and tabulated. The outcomes and quality of the studies were reported narratively. Weaknesses and clinical implications are discussed. ##Conclusions MID can be recommended for older adults. This review supports the use of topical fluorides in varnish, rinses and high-fluoride toothpaste to prevent dental caries in older adults, and the restoration of caries adopting the atraumatic restorative technique (ART). There was insufficient evidence regarding the effectiveness of oral health education. No studies were identified looking at the effectiveness of caries removal techniques, the resin infiltration technique, or the repair rather than replacement of restorations for older patients.

Use of Fluoridated Dentifrices among Children: Are We in the Right Direction?

Abstract Introduction Use of topical fluorides in dentifrices has always been an important tool in prevention of dental caries in young children. Due to the easy availability of various low and high fluoride dentifrices, the parents have no clear understanding about their correct age-appropriate use in children. This study was undertaken to evaluate and understand the trend and current practices among the end user. Materials and Methods A total of 173 children aged 4 to 6 years were enrolled in the study from schools located in two different geographical areas of the Chandigarh city; group 1 (n = 90) from a peri-urban slum cluster: (Govt. Primary School, Indira Colony, Mani Majra, n = 51); Govt. Middle School, Mani Majra (n = 39); group 2 (n = 83) from an urban private city school (Ankur, Punjab University, Sector 14) using cluster sampling method. Two examiners using type IV examination examined all the children aged 4 to 6 years present using a preinstructed close-ended questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS Software Version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). Results The data regarding the knowledge of fluoride in pastes showed that 85% of the children were using high fluoride pastes, 10% were using nonfluoride pastes, and 5% were using low fluoride pastes. In group 1, none of the users were aware about the benefits/risk of using fluoride toothpastes and only 22% were aware in group 2. Only 27% of children in group 1 dispensed the correct amount of dentifrice for this age group i.e., a pea head size versus 67% in group 2; a half brush length was dispensed by 61.5% in group 1 and 28% in group 2, and just a smudge by 11.5% in group 1 and 5% in group 2. Forty one percent children in both the groups had a history of having intentionally consumed the toothpaste. The toothpaste was dispensed to the child by parent in 89% of cases in group 2 and only 50% in group 1 and 88% parents claimed to always supervise the child while tooth brushing versus only 53% in group 1. Majority of the respondents’, i.e., 97% in group 1 and 63% in group 2 had never been explained about the correct method of use of fluoride paste in children. Conclusion Knowledge about fluoridated toothpastes is low among the population. The children in peri-urban slums areas are exposed to the high fluoride pastes from very early in life and there is no other toothpaste which is brought home except for those which are commonly used among the members. In the city schools; however, a small percentage of population uses low fluoride pastes in children, possibly due to a greater awareness and access to information, but has no clear idea about their limitations and benefits of age-appropriate use. Till appropriate guidelines are available for the country, a safe practice to follow is tailoring individual need based protocol. The children in peri-urban slums areas need to be educated more on the health practices and importance of use of fluoride dentifrices and the children in the city schools need to be guided more on the age appropriate use of high and low fluoride dentifrices.

Survey of the Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water Sources and Determination of DMFT Index in 9-12 Years Old Students in Garmsar City, Semnan, Iran

Background: Among all health issues, oral health is the first issue. This important matter, is now more pronounced in childhood, and is of significance concern to the Ministry of Health, Department of Education is also involved. DMFT index (decayed, missing, filled teeth) is the most important quantitative criterion for measuring tooth health. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine DMFT index in 9 - 12 year old students in Garmsar City and factors affecting their caries status and also to determine fluoride concentrations in drinking water in the studied area.Methods: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, 500 students (260 girls and 240 boys) were randomly selected from public schools to assess the DMFT index. Clinical examination for diagnosis of caries was performed based on WHO criteria. Examination of subjects was conducted in the classroom and under the light of the flashlight using the catheter and mirror of the dentistry. The data were collected by a dentist after an interview and clinical examination. A questionnaire concerning socio-demographic characteristics, oral health and dietary habits was filled out. Drinking water fluoride concentration was measured in 144 samples collected from 12 water supplies using the SPADNS method. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 software and presented as mean ± SD.Results: The mean DMFT was 2.63 ± 2.39 (boys 3.25 and girls 2.22). The mean number of decayed, filled, missing teeth was 3.19 ± 2.34, 1.66 ± 0.83 and1.7 ± 0.95, respectively. Of the subjects surveyed, 20% were healthy. The difference between the DMFT index and its component D was significant with gender, but was not significant in components M and F. The mean fluoride concentration of the drinking water was 0.67 ± 0.14 mg/L, which is less than the normal range (1 mg/L). There is significant relationship between dental caries and father job (P value < 0.008) and mother education (P value < 0.001), economic condition of families (P value < 0.000), snacks and sweets consumption (P value < 0.005) mouthwash frequency and brushing (P value < 0.05) with number of decay teeth.Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries in 9 - 12 year old students in Garmsar is higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) index. So, it is necessary to improve the existing dental services and to carry out preventive programs for students in the future. The primary public health measure for reducing oral infectious disease, from a dental perspective, is the use of topical fluorides (as toothpastes) and water fluoridation at appropriate levels of intake. The primary public health measure, from a nutrition perspective, is dietary balance and moderation in the adherence to dietary guidelines, food guides, and dietary reference intakes.

Topical fluoride use: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of undergraduate dental students of three Dental Colleges in South India.

For effective utilisation of topical fluorides in caries prevention, dental professionals should have adequate knowledge regarding its appropriate use. The decision regarding preventive treatments like topical fluorides is influenced by knowledge acquired during undergraduate training. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of undergraduate dental students in the use of topical fluorides. A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted from June to August 2015 following ethical clearance. Three willing Dental Colleges from 3 states of South India participated. Information regarding the knowledge, attitudes and practices of students in the use of topical fluorides was collected using a validated questionnaire. Nine hundred and seventy-two dental students (79.6% females, 20.4% males) participated. Freshers and preclinical batches had poor overall knowledge of fluorides, which did not show substantial improvement by internship. Self-applied topical fluoride use (fluoridated toothpaste) was seen in more than 90% of interns, and majority had "positive fluoride attitude." Having knowledge of topical fluorides and positive attitudes to topical fluorides did not result in "good oral self-care behaviour" nor appropriate clinical use of topical fluorides. Students who used topical fluorides for persons with history of caries had highest odds of brushing twice a day (OR=2.7, 95% CI=1.54, 4.12) and a "positive fluoride attitude" (OR=1.2, 95% CI=0.21, 1.57). Dental students showed deficiencies in their knowledge and understanding of topical fluorides. Dental education in India needs emphasis on topical fluorides across all years, with a special focus on caries risk-based topical fluoride use.

Demineralized white spot lesions: An unmet challenge for orthodontists

White spot lesions (WSLs) are an all too common negative outcome of orthodontic treatment: a disheartening truth in an esthetically driven profession. WSLs are areas of enamel demineralization 100–150-µm deep, with an intact porous surface layer, which can progress until a complete inward collapse of the surface occurs. Their un-esthetic opaque appearance is potentially reversible, but irreversible once cavitated. Clinically detectable WSLs can occur as early as 1 month after fixed appliance placement. It is estimated that 50% of patients develop WSLs in at least one tooth by the end of orthodontic treatment. Although orthodontists have recognized this issue, the problem still persists. An immediate application of fluoride to a white spot lesion will cause a rapid surface remineralization, leaving deeper layers demineralized, so prevention of lesion progression is necessary for an ideal esthetic outcome. Aside from excellent oral hygiene, fluoride varnish, MI Paste, and smooth surface sealants are currently the primary methods of WSL prevention. There is an existing body of research related to the use of topical fluoride and calcium–phosphate pastes to prevent demineralization during orthodontic treatment, including at-home topical treatments. However, the self-reported compliance rate is approximately 50%. Professional fluoride varnish is thought to have the advantages of reducing demineralization without being technique sensitive. Other methods of WSL prevention are available, such as placement of sealants on facial surfaces of teeth, but preliminary research has shown conflicting results on their effectiveness. Regression of WSLs after treatment is attributed to gradual surface abrasion of tooth structure. Research has shown no improvement in WSLs when comparing non-invasive treatment methods such as MI Paste to routine oral hygiene practice. Success has been shown in treating arrested WSLs with a resin infiltration technique, but this is most useful on a small scale.

Residents' journal review

Residents' journal review

Evaluation and Comparison of Quantity and Pattern of Fluoride release from Orthodontic Adhesives: An in vitro Study

ABSTRACT Background Orthodontic treatment has gained popularity since beginning of era of dentistry. Now a day, everyone is conscious about their appearance, smile and function. During orthodontic treatment use of brackets and adhesives are common. The bonding of brackets will cause demineralization which requires the fluoridation. So the study has been undertaken to analyze the pattern of fluoride release by commercially available adhesive bonding material for the prevention of demineralization. Aim To evaluate and compare the clinical significance of quantity and pattern of fluoride release from three commercially available adhesives. Objectives To assess the pattern of fluoride release and quantity, to reduce the decalcification of enamel around orthodontic brackets and bands during treatment and to prevent further use of topical fluoride both office and self-use agents for prevention of demineralization/for remineralization. Materials and methods The comparison of quantity and pattern of fluoride release study involved commercially available bonding adhesives. They are: Group I—resin reinforced glass Ionomer light cure material (OrthoLC), Group II—fluoride releasing composite resin material (Excel) and Group III— conventional composite (Relay-a-bond) evaluated on 78 freshly extracted premolar teeth divided into three groups consisting 26 specimens in each group. The prepared specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C in an incubator for subsequent fluoride analysis using ORION ion selective electrode coupled with ionalyzer 901. Fluoride analysis made at 24 hours intervals for first 3 consecutive days and thereafter at the end of 10th, 17th, 24th and 31st day of bonding. The data obtained were tabulated and interpreted by statistical analysis using ‘t’ test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Observations and Results The quantity of fluoride release in groups I and II was significant even at the end of 31st day. The one-way AVOVA showed intra and inter group significance in the quantity of fluoride release. But group III with zero fluoride release with significant decalcification on enamel which requires external use of topical fluorides. The pattern of fluoride released was 3.06 ppm for group I and 2.01 ppm for group II and was declined sharply after 24 hours; and continued to decline in subsequent weeks. Mean quantity of fluoride release by group I was 15.08 ppm were as group II was 9.02 ppm over the test period of 31 days. At the end of 31st day the group I bonding adhesive was releasing considerable amount of fluoride compared to group II whereas group III was nil. At all the periods inter and intra group mean values were highly significant. And group III acted as base line or control group as it was non fluoride releasing material. Conclusion Both the fluoride releasing adhesive bond material are useful to reduce the risk of demineralization and further prevent the usage of topical fluoride application and reduce cost and clinical visiting time for both patient and clinician. How to cite this article Regalla RR, Jadav C, Babu DA, Sriram RRS, Sriram SK, Kattimani VS. Evaluation and Comparison of Quantity and Pattern of Fluoride release from Orthodontic Adhesives: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(1):99-102.

Asian use of topical fluorides

Asian use of topical fluorides