Use Of Temperature-dependent Properties Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Material Flow Behavior in Friction Stir Welding Using Laminar and Turbulent Models

Friction stir welding has been quite successful in joining aluminum alloy which has gained importance in almost all industrial sectors over the past two decades. It is a newer technique and therefore needs more attention in many sectors, flow of material being one among them. The material flow pattern actually helps in deciding the parameters required for particular tool geometry. The knowledge of material flow is very significant in removing defects from the weldment. In the work presented in this paper, the flow behavior of AA6061 under a threaded tool has been studied. The convective heat loss has been considered from all the surfaces, and a comparative study has been made with and without the use of temperature-dependent properties and their significance in the finite volume method model. The two types of models that have been implemented are turbulent and laminar models. Their thermal histories have been studied for all the cases. The material flow velocity has been analyzed to predict the flow of material. A swirl inside the weld material has been observed in all the simulations.

Sharp Interface Numerical Modeling of Solidification Process of Pure Metal / Sposób Modelowania Numerycznego Procesu Krzepnięcia Z Ostrym Frontem

The paper is focused on the study of the solidification process of pure metals, in which the solidification front is smooth. It has the shape of a surface separating liquid from solid in three dimensional space or a curve in 2D. The location and topology of moving interface change over time and its velocity depends on the values of heat fluxes on the solid and liquid side of it. Such a formulation belongs to a group called Stefan problems. A mathematical model of the Stefan problem is based on differential equations of heat conduction and interface motion. This system of equations is supplemented by appropriate initial and boundary conditions as well as the continuity conditions at the solidification interface. The solution involves the determination of temporary temperature field and interface position. Typically, it is impossible to obtain the exact solution of such problem. This paper presents a mathematical model for the two-dimensional problem. The equation of heat conduction is supplemented with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Interface motion is described by the level set equation which solution is sought in the form of temporary distribution of the signed distance function. Zero level of the distance field coincides with the position of the front. Values of the signed distance function obtained from the level set equation require systematic reinitialization. Numerical model of the process based on the finite element method (FEM) is also presented. FEM equations are derived and discussed. The explicit time integration scheme is proposed. It helps to avoid solving the system of equations during each time step. The reinitialization procedure of the signed distance function is described in detail. Examples of numerical analysis of the solidification process of pure copper within the complex geometry are presented. Results obtained from the use of constant material properties are compared with those obtained from the use of temperature dependent properties.

Heat transfer enhancement with the use of nanofluids in radial flow cooling systems considering temperature-dependent properties

Heat transfer enhancement capabilities of coolants with suspended metallic nanoparticles inside typical radial flow cooling systems are numerically investigated in this paper. The laminar forced convection flow of these nanofluids between two coaxial and parallel disks with central axial injection has been considered using temperature dependent nanofluid properties. Results clearly indicate that considerable heat transfer benefits are possible with the use of these fluid/solid particle mixtures. For example, a Water/Al 2O 3 nanofluid with a volume fraction of nanoparticles as low as 4% can produce a 25% increase in the average wall heat transfer coefficient when compared to the base fluid alone (i.e., water). Furthermore, results show that considerable differences are found when using constant property nanofluids (temperature independent) versus nanofluids with temperature dependent properties. The use of temperature-dependent properties make for greater heat transfer predictions with corresponding decreases in wall shear stresses when compared to predictions using constant properties. With an increase in wall heat flux, it was found that the average heat transfer coefficient increases whilst the wall shear stress decreases for cases using temperature-dependent nanofluid properties.

Analysis of Interfacial Cracks in a TBC/Superalloy System Under Thermomechanical Loading

In thermal barrier coatings (TBC) residual stresses develop during cool down from processing temperature due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the different layers (substrate, bond coat, and TBC). These residual stresses can initiate micro-cracks at the bond coat/TBC interface and can lead to debonding at the bond coat/TBC interface. The effect of voids or crack-like flaws at the interface can be responsible for initiating debonding and accelerating the oxidation process. Effect of oxide layer growth between bond coat and ceramic layer (TBC) can be modeled as volume increase. In this work we represent this change in volume as an induced pressure across the interface. Mixed-mode fracture analysis of a thin circular delamination in an-axisymmetrically multi-layer circular plate is developed. Geometrical nonlin-earity is included in the analysis, since we have a large deflection case. The elastic deformation problem of a circular plate subjected to a clamped boundary condition at the edge of the delamination, an out of plane pressure load, and a compressive stress due to thermal mismatch between different layers, was solved numerically using a Rayleigh–Ritz method. The strain energy release rate was evaluated by means of the path-independent M-integral. The numerical results of this problem based on the energy method were verified using finite element method. Both methods correlate well in predicting the energy release rate for Mode I and Mode II, deflection, and postbuckling solutions. The energy release rates G, for both Mode I and Mode II using virtual crack extension method, were evaluated. The specimen was cooled down from processing temperature of 1000°C to 0°C. The variation of the properties as a function of temperature was used for analysis. It was found that the use of temperature dependent properties in contrast to constant properties provides significantly different values of J-integral and G.

Analysis of interfacial cracks in a TBC/superalloy system under thermal loading

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) provide thermal insulation to high temperature superalloys. Residual stresses develop in TBCs during cool down from processing temperatures and subsequent thermal cyclic loading due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the different layers (substrate, bond coat, and TBC). These residual stresses can initiate microcracks at the bond coat/TBC interface and can lead to debonding at the bond coat/TBC interface. The highest residual stresses occur at the interfaces. The effect of voids or crack like flaws at the interface can be responsible for initiating debonding and accelerate the oxidation process. The effect of interfacial microcracks has been investigated using the fracture mechanics approach. In particular, J-integral and the energy release rate G, for both mode I and mode II using the virtual crack extension method were evaluated. Two types of specimens were studied. The specimens were cooled down from processing temperature of 1000°C to 0°C. The variation of the properties as a function of temperature were used for the analysis. It was found that the use of temperature dependent properties in contrast to constant properties provide significantly different values of J-integral and G. For the stepped-disc specimen with an edge crack, crack growth is only due to mode II, while for the cylinder specimen with an internal crack, crack growth is due to mixed-mode loading. An important implication of this result is that edge delaminations in a disk specimen may only grow due to mode II conditions under pure thermal loading. Shear fracture characteristics of interfacial crack thus become important in the failure of the TBC.