Use Of Tabs Research Articles

Therapeutic Antibodies: An Overview.

Polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations have been used for several decades for treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and for treatment of some infections and intoxications. This has demonstrated the importance of Igs, also called antibodies (Abs) for prevention and elimination of infections. Moreover, elucidation of the structure and functions of Abs has suggested that they might be useful for targeted treatment of several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The development of technologies for production of specific monoclonal Abs (MAbs) in large amounts has led to the production of highly effective therapeutic antibodies (TAbs), a collective term for MAbs (MAbs) with demonstrated clinical efficacy in one or more diseases. The number of approved TAbs is currently around hundred, and an even larger number is under development, including several engineered and modified Ab formats. The use of TAbs has provided new treatment options for many severe diseases, but prediction of clinical effect is difficult, and many patients eventually lose effect, possibly due to development of Abs to the TAbs or to other reasons. The therapeutic efficacy of TAbs can be ascribed to one or more effects, including binding and neutralization of targets, direct cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or others. The therapeutic options for TAbs have been expanded by development of several new formats of TAbs, including bispecific Abs, single domain Abs, TAb-drug conjugates, and the use of TAbs for targeted activation of immune cells. Most promisingly, current research and development can be expected to increase the number of clinical conditions, which may benefit from TAbs.

Using the Earth’s Natural Potential for Heating a Building

Abstract It is known the fact that buildings become one of the major energy consumers. In order to ensure thermal comfort in buildings, more and more complex heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems have been used over time, which are currently large primary energy consumers. At the same time, today, the main source of energy production is still the burning of fossil fuels, which is the process leading to significant emissions of greenhouse gases. That is why the current European Union directives enforce both reducing buildings energy consumption with 20% before 2020 and using an amount of 20% of renewable energy. One of the heating systems that best respond to the need to reduce the energy consumption of buildings is the low-temperature radiant heating system., This is the reason why the present paper presents a research project that concerns the use of TABS heating/cooling systems that harness the renewable geothermal energy of the ground provided by a ground-air heat pump in Romania. The experimental research building is one of the research laboratories of the Research, Development, Innovation Institut of Transilvania University of Brasov-Romania In the first cold season of activity for heating the experimental building (2017-2018), the system provided a thermal enegy of 48 MWh, covering 48 % from the amount of the heating load. During the monitored period, the average COP for heating of the heat pump was 4,6. The research will continue to take place, results regarding the economy for cooling the building in the warm season and for the year’s transition periods being expected to follow.

Passive Control and Enhancement of Low Reynolds Number Slot Jets Through the Use of Tabs and Chevrons

Liquid microjets are emerging as candidate primary or secondary heat exchangers for the thermal management of next generation photonic integrated circuits (PICs). However, the thermal and hydrodynamic behavior of confined, low Reynolds number liquid slot jets is not yet comprehensively understood. This investigation experimentally examined jet outlet modifications—in the form of tabs and chevrons—as techniques for passive control and enhancement of single-phase convective heat transfer. The investigation was carried out for slot jets in the laminar flow regime, with a Reynolds number range, based on the slot jet hydraulic diameter, of 100–500. A slot jet with an aspect ratio of 4 and a fixed confinement height to hydraulic diameter ratio (H/Dh) of 1 was considered. The local surface heat transfer and velocity field characteristics were measured using infrared (IR) thermography and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. It was found that increases in area-averaged Nusselt number of up to 29% compared to the baseline case could be achieved without incurring additional hydrodynamic losses. It was also determined that the location and magnitude of Nusselt number and velocity peaks within the slot jet stagnation region could be passively controlled and enhanced through the application of outlet tabs of varying geometries and locations.

Flow Characteristics of Free Jet Flow from Orifice Nozzle with Small Notches

Jet flow from an orifice nozzle is applicable to mixing and entraining of ambient fluid effectively because of a large shearing stress layer with a large velocity gradient at the jet edge due to the vena contracta effect, but the sudden contraction at the nozzle exit accounts for a large flow resistance. The centerline velocity increases in the x direction from the nozzle exit and reaches to the maximum of 1.2uce (where, uce is the nozzle exit maximum velocity) at x/d0≈2 (where, d0 is the nozzle exit diameter), this may be also effective to enhance the heat transfer performance of impinging jet. In order to reduce the flow resistance remaining a good mixing performance caused by the vena contract effect, use of a cone orifice nozzle has been considered. Moreover, to increase the turbulence for improvement of mixing properties the use of tab, lib, and notch for orifice nozzle is thought. In this study, the effects of use of a notch for the orifice nozzle on the flow characteristics are examined experimentally. Hot wire measurements were conducted to demonstrate the spreading or mixing performance of the notched orifice nozzle having a reduced flow resistance of the nozzle and an increasing turbulent intensity more than that for a conventional orifice nozzle.

Testing the usability of access structures in a health education brochure

In health education, the design of written materials is seldom subject to experimental tests. Using insights from cognitive-ergonomic literature on usability we tested a brochure against three stepwise improved versions. Effects were assessed of pictorials that flagged references in the brochure text, the use of tabs and colour coding of these pictorials and tabs, on finding information in the brochure. One hundred Dutch adults from the general population were videotaped while looking up search items. Dependent measures relating to search effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction and learnability were extracted. Results showed a general inferiority of the original brochure. The presence of coloured tabs and pictorials contributed to a more usable brochure design, although errors were still made. It is concluded that this kind of research may provide valuable insights for more effective health education material design and thus contributes to the effectiveness of health education practice.

Influence of nozzle asymmetry on supersonic jets

The flowfield and noise-generation charactaristics of jets from a series of nonaxisymmetric nozzles have been investigated at supersonic pressure ratios. Detailed acoustic measurements have revealed a strong azimuthal vari- ation in the far-field components of screech and mixing noise. A phase-conditioned schlieren technique has been used to determine the screech modes and the characteristics of the time-mean flowfield. A variety of flow prop- erties has been revealed, including mean jet vectoring, spreading enhancement, and screech suppression. A two- dimensional screech mode has been observed in contrast with the toroidal and helical modes of the reference jet. ODIFICATION of nozzle geometry by introduction of azimuthal asymmetry is a technique for controlling de- velopment of high-speed jets. Applications of this technique include thrust vectoring, mixing enhancement, and noise re- duction. A series of nonaxisymmetric nozzles with azimuthally varying lip position has been investigated for the control of subsonic jets.1'2 The supersonic performance of these nozzles is discussed in this paper. The dynamics of supersonic jets with imbedded shocks and high-amplitude pure-tone screech have been studied by a number of investigators since the pioneering work of Powell.3 Several noise-control techniques involving the use of tabs and baffles have been investigated. Norum4 tested a variety of asymmetric nozzles and had some success in alleviating the screech feedback loop. Krothapalli et al.5 clarified the relevant mechanisms in low-aspect-ratio rectangular jets. Phase-averag- ing techniques were used by Yu and Seiner6 to determine the instability modes of axisymmetric jets. The present level of understanding of supersonic axisymmetric jets is detailed in the review by Seiner. This study was directed at both the gross flowfield char- acteristics and the modes and magnitudes of screech instabili- ties in supersonic jets from asymmetric nozzles. A detailed mapping of the acoustic far field was obtained from anechoic chamber tests. Phase-conditioned flow visualization tech- niques were used to clarify jet instability modes and the mean flowfield. The noise measurements are explained in the context of the visualization results, and a phenomeno- logical grouping is used to categorize broadly the variety of observations.