Use Of Such Waste Research Articles

PROSPECTS FOR THE INTEGRATION OF QUARTZ-FELDSPAR CONCENTRATE OBTAINED FROM KAOLIN ENRICHMENT INTO CERAMIC PRODUCTION PROCESSES

ABSTRACT. The paper examin es the potential use of quartz feldspar concentrate obtained as a result of kaolin enrichment to meet the growing demand for quartz feldspar materials, which are essential components in the production of ceramic tiles, sanitary ceramics and other products. The research methodology includes laboratory tests of the chemical composition of kaolin enrichment waste and analysis of the possibility for obtaining marketa ble quartz feldspar concentrates using flotation and electrostatic separation methods. The result s showed that high quality concentrates (possessing the necessary physical and chemical properties) that are suitable for ceramic production can be obtained by flotation of such waste. The use of such waste contributes to reducing waste volumes and ensuring a stable supply of raw materials for the ceramics industry.

Waste Tetra Pak containers and its use in construction materials

This work studies the incorporation of Tetra Pak packaging waste into construction materials. The results show a multifunctional use of such waste, since not only the mechanical properties are improved (without the need to recycle or modify the packages), but also environmental pollution is reduced by not dumping them in landfills. In addition, a valuable alternative based on the use of gamma rays for the treatment and recycling of waste materials is studied, which presents important advantages over traditional methods as it does not generate by-products or harmful residues.

Analysis of the Impact of Sludge and Slag Waste on the Basic Properties of Cement Mortars

Abstract The article examined the influence of two additives, which are post-production waste from metallurgical processes, on the basic properties of cement mortars. Sludge and slag waste were used for testing. Both wastes were examined in terms of their chemical composition using a spectrometer, their specific density and grain composition were determined. As part of the tests, a series of standard mortars were made and the results obtained for modified mortars were compared to them. The produced cement composites used waste in amounts of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the cement mass, used as a substitute for standard sand. After preparing the standard mortar and mortars containing additives for each series, consistency tests were performed using the flow table method. After an appropriate maturing time, flexural and compression tests were performed for all mortar series after 7 and 28 days of maturing, as well as water absorption tests. The research shows that the addition of these two wastes thickens the fresh cement mortar (from 0.62 to 15 %). The use of such waste also results in a decrease in flexural strength after 7 and 28 days (for sludge from 5 to 21% and for slag from 2 to 11%). Natomiast wytrzymałość na ściskanie zapraw zmalała o 11% w przypadku dodatku 20% szlamu oraz niemal taka sama co zaprawy normowej po dodaniu 20% żużla.

Design approach for the sustainable synthesis of sulfonated biomass-derived hydrochars and pyrochars for the production of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural

The sustainable synthesis of carbon-based sulfonated acid catalysts from biomass is of paramount importance from the perspective of sustainability. However, the traditional pyrolysis method leads to low solid yields and poor carbon stability. A cascade synthesis is here proposed, combining hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis, to produce a “high-quality” carbon-based precursor, followed by its sulfonation to increase the pristine acidity. The proposed multi-step preparation is effective when each step is optimized, primarily the hydrothermal carbonization, which should be carefully optimized. A chemometric approach was employed to optimize the hydrochar synthesis, using microcrystalline cellulose as starting feedstock. The identified optimal reaction conditions were applied to the hydrothermal carbonization of hazelnut shells, which is a more complex but cheaper feedstock, and the obtained hydrochars were pyrolyzed to produce pyrochars. The most promising chars were sulfonated and tested as heterogeneous acid catalysts in the aqueous conversion of fructose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, a promising platform chemical of great industrial interest, obtaining maximum yields of about 40 mol%. These promising results pave the way for the use of such wastes as efficient acid catalysts for the synthesis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, contributing to ensure the biomass circular exploitation.

Modification of edible chitosan/polyethylene glycol films fortified with date palm fruit waste extract as promising antimicrobial food packaging materials for fresh strawberry conservation

In light of the global concern that calls for the safe disposal of waste polluting the environment and its exploitation in adding many distinctive products that can be used practically, this study was conducted to clarify how to make the best use of such waste. Therefore, the presented research aims to eliminate these residues and use their extracts as antimicrobial materials that can be used for films/membranes preparation for food and fruit preservations with low economic feasibility. Based on that, the aim of our work was planned to prepare films of date palm fruit waste extract (DPFW) loaded chitosan (Cs)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) composite. The extract was added to the polymers mentioned above with three different concentrations to prepare three film samples (DPFW-1@Cs/PEG), DPFW-2@Cs/PEG and DPFW-3@Cs/PEG). All these films were compared with those prepared without DPFW (DPFW-0@Cs/PEG). The film solutions films were cross-linked using glyoxal as a crosslinker before films formation. The finding illustrated that, the surface structure of DPFW-loaded Cs/PEG became rough, and the extract was remarkably seen on the surface of Cs/PEG films. In addition, the water contact angle for all fabricated films revealed that the films are hydrophobic in nature. The thermal stability of Cs/PEG films were enhanced with the addition of DPFW. The DPFW extract displayed an impressive suppression effect against the identified pathogens in antimicrobial experiments. As fresh strawberries were preserved using Cs/PEG film loaded with DPFW for 10 days, it was discovered that the strawberry wrapped in the extract-containing films maintained their freshness superior to those wrapped in unloaded material. Such films have a wide range of potential applications in food packaging to extend the longevity of freshly prepared goods due to their simplicity and solid biocidal ability. The present research's findings imply that DPFW-3@Cs/PEG material can be successfully used to pack perishable fruits and vegetables.

Sustainable Restoration of Depleted Quarries by the Utilization of Biomass Energy By-Products: The Case of Olive Kernel Residuals

The combustion of biomass has a neutral atmospheric CO2 fingerprint, because the overall produced CO2 emissions are balanced by the CO2 uptake from the plants during their growth. The current study evaluates the environmental impact of the biomass ash wastes originating from the combustion of olive-kernel residuals for electricity production in accordance with Directive EE/2003. Additionally, the study investigates the potential use of such waste in the restoration of depleted calcareous aggregate quarries in the frame of the circular economy, as a substrate or as a soil amendment. Olive-kernel residual ash, obtained from a 5 MW operating electricity power plant, was mixed with soil and tested for its adequacy for use as a substrate or soil amendment in a depleted calcareous aggregate quarry. The positive effects of the olive-kernel residual bottom ashes in the availability and the mobility of major and trace elements were assessed in both batch and column experiments. The effect of biomass ash in soil amelioration was assessed via pot experiments, by examining the growth of two plant species Cupressus sempervirens (cypress) and Dichondra repens (alfalfa). The environmental characterization of the olive-kernel residual bottom ash indicates that the water-leachable concentrations of controlled elements are, generally, within the acceptable limits for disposal as inert waste in landfills. However, the bottom ash was found to contain significant amounts of K, Ca and Mg, which are macro-nutrients for the growth of plants, serving as a slow-release fertilizer by adding nutrients in the soil. The application of bottom ash in the alkaline soil had a minor positive effect in plant growth while the addition of the ash in the acidic soil exhibited considerable effect in the growth of Dichondra repens and Cupressus sempervirens due to the release of nutrients and to the pH conditioning. Olive-kernel residual bottom ash has been proved to be appropriate as a soil amendment, and as a soil substrate for the restoration of depleted quarries, decreasing the requirement for commercial inorganic fertilizers.

Evaluation of Agricultural Waste Management Mechanism in Iran

The unfavourable situation of waste management in Iran can be seen in different sectors, and agriculture is not excluded from these sectors. The wastes of the agricultural industry can be used in a beneficial way in various agricultural applications and other industrial processes. However, the cost of collection, processing, and transportation can be much higher than the income from the beneficial use of such waste. Incineration of crop residues creates numerous environmental problems. The most important side effects of burning crop residues include the emission of greenhouse gases that lead to global warming, air pollution, and things like soil degradation, loss of soil fertility, loss of beneficial microorganisms, intensification of soil erosion, etc. In the current research, which is a review based on library sources, the mechanism of agricultural waste management in Iran has been evaluated. There are other consequences of such actions. The criteria for action are laws regarding the burning of product residues in Iran, the most important of which are the Waste Management Law and the Clean Air Law. Among these methods are sustainable management methods for product residues, including compost production, biochar production, and waste management at the production site.

Phosphate rock waste in the production of cement tile

One of the main concerns of the mining industry is the large amount of waste generated in mineral extraction and processing. Besides causing environmental impacts, these environmental liabilities occupy extensive areas and can lead to problems in their disposal. The use of such waste in civil construction has shown promise through several research. This paper proposes the incorporation of waste rock (WR) from a phosphate mine in the production of cement tiles as a partial replacement for Portland cement. Physical and chemical tests characterized the WR. The cement tiles were developed with the replacement of cement by WR with a content of 25% at temperatures of 400 °C and 600 °C. Hydraulic tiles were developed by replacing cement with WR at a content of 25%. The pieces were produced with WR without heat treatment and treated at temperatures of 400 °C and 600 °C. The tiles were evaluated according to some parameters, such as visual and dimensional analysis, water absorption, acid attack, and strength. As a result, all tiles presented strength above 3.5 MPa, within limits required by the standard. The tiles calcined at 600 °C showed the best pigmentation. The heat treatment did not influence the strength, although it helped in the pigmentation process. Therefore, it was possible to obtain cement tiles pigmented using mine waste with reduced Portland cement consumption, adequate strength, and aesthetically suitable.

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ КОМПЛЕКСНОЇ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ТЕХНОГЕННИХ ВІДХОДІВ

This article provides information on the possibility of integrated use of phosphogypsum, metal sludge and red bauxite sludge in the manufacture of construction products.
 The aggravation of the ecological and economic situation in Ukraine requires the development of new efficient technologies for processing and use of man-made industrial waste from the chemical industry. Such technologies should ensure their maximum degree of use in the manufacture of construction products. The choice of technology for the preparation, processing and use of industrial waste depends on a number of factors, namely the chemical-mineralogical and particle size distribution and method of production. Although such wastes are mostly used as aggregates, their overall use remains low. The share of their use in the manufacture of construction products is only 10 - 12%.
 It has been established that in the presence of open dumps phosphogypsum and red bauxite sludge are a source of pollution of the surrounding areas. 
 Large-scale use of phosphogypsum is hampered by its specific features: the presence in its composition of phosphoric and sulfuric acid and water-soluble harmful compounds of phosphorus and fluorine. Therefore, before using phosphogypsum, it is necessary to neutralize harmful impurities and reduce the concentration of acid residues. The most effective method of using phosphogypsum, fine powders of sludge steel SHH-15 and red bauxite sludge is the integrated use of such waste, resulting in metal-phosphate and metal-ash-phosphate binder.
 Key words: industrial waste; building materials; complex binder.

Issues of Biodegradable Components in Municipal Solid Waste: Short Overview of the Problem and its Possible Solution in Ukraine

Abstract The paper focuses on the problem of biodegradable waste in municipal solid waste in Ukraine. More then 60% of the total municipal solid waste mass in Ukraine is biodegradable waste. At present, this waste group is almost completely dumped on waste disposal sites and landfills that lead to “resource value” loss and to environmental problems. The work presents a classification of the group of biodegradable waste in municipal solid waste as well as quantitative characteristics of the group and the results of data variability analysis. Methane emission and disruption of the natural cycles of nutrients, in particular carbon, are considered as the environmental problems, related to such waste disposal on the waste dumps. Based on the biodegradable waste classification, the main possible ways of the problem solution that will help to achieve a “zero waste” goal for this group are presented. Efficient use of such waste as recyclable material resources is possible in case of easily-decomposed organic waste separation at the waste generation moment.

Blasting waste recycling at mines in Mongolia

Industrial wastes accumulated at mining enterprises, including synthetic waste, pose a threat to the environment. The article substantiates the approach to the disposal of industrial waste during blasting operations in the quarries of mining enterprises. The essence of the campaign is the reuse of waste for the production of plastic supports and the creation of an air gap during the preparation of blast wells. Such a simple technological solution involves the creation of plastic supports for the formation of an air space in the lower part of the well during blasting operations in quarries by recycling and reusing industrial waste. The air gap in the dry blast well allows you to control the detonation process and change the explosion pulse, which, along with the use of such waste, reduces the negative impact of mining operations on the environment. The testing and application of this technology at Erdenet Mining Corporation in Mongolia for more than 5 years has shown that this approach allows you to manage blasting operations from the point of view of environmental impact, to replace imported air cylinders, and to reduce the use of explosives on average 400–500 tons. Moreover, the company receives a net profit of more than 150 thousand dollars per year. Thus, the recycling of industrial waste during blasting allows a company to receive not only economic benefits, but also solves many environmental problems.The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 21-18-00500 Institutional Engineering of the Arctic Monotowns–Modernization and Sustainable Development.

Use of fibre waste as a binder

Introduction.The need for a more efficient and varied use of waste from the pulp and paper industry dictates the need to search for new directions for the use of such waste in construction materials science technologies.Materials and methods.In the studies the fibre waste of the Perm Cardboard LLC company with a moisture content after washing of 300% by weight was used. Currently, many issues of theory and practice the production of materials from the fibre waste are not entirely solved, resulting in a number of provisions borrowed from the theory of the production of concrete mineral aggregates, as well as the production of pulp and paper industry.Results.Due to its chemical and material composition, the possibility of using the fibre waste in construction materials science technologies as an independent air binder is shown. The studies have established that the initial moisture content of the fibre waste as a binder affects the final quality indicators of a dry material. Thus, the lowest dry material density of 350 kg/m3 is observed at the initial humidity of the mixture in the range of 650% by weight. At a density of 350 kg/m3, the hygroscopicity of the material is 4.3%, the shrinkage from 10 to 25%. The drying time of the product is within 11 hours. A leveling high shrinkage is achieved by introducing light aggregates with a rough surface during the molding process.Discussion and conclusions.The obtained data on the structure, the composition of the fibre waste, as well as the dependence and regularities of the behavior of a highly concentrated dispersed system of the ‘fibre waste-water’ type show the possibility of using the fibre waste for the production of thermal insulation materials, both as a main component and in a composition with aggregates as an independent air binder. At the same time, the final density indicators of thermal insulation products are within the limits established by regulatory documents.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ТЕХНОГЕНИХ ВІДХОДІВ В ГАЛУЗІ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

Another aggravation of the ecological and economic situation in Ukraine makes it necessary to develop new efficient technologies for processing and use of industrial man-made waste from the heat and chemical industries. Such technologies should ensure their maximum degree of use in the production of high-quality efficient construction products. The choice of technology for the preparation, processing and use of industrial waste depends on such factors as their chemical-mineralogical and particle size distribution and method of production. Although such wastes are mostly used as aggregates, their overall use remains low. The share of their use in the manufacture of construction products is 5-12%, and the manufacture of products requires additional energy consumption. The paper considers the possibility of using industrial waste not only due to their activation, but also due to the use of their multifunctional properties. When the inactivated ash is introduced into the concrete mixture, it increases the plasticity of such a mixture and at the same time the microfiller promotes the formation of a stronger contact zone by increasing the degree of crystal chemical similarity of tumors. Excessive amounts of ash in ash-containing materials lead to increased porosity and reduced rate of accumulation of strength over time, which impairs performance, including frost and corrosion resistance. Large-scale use of phosphogypsum is hindered by its specific features: physical state, high humidity, the presence of phosphoric and sulfuric acid and water-soluble harmful compounds of phosphorus and fluorine. Therefore, before using phosphogypsum, it is necessary to remove or neutralize harmful impurities and reduce the concentration of acid residues. Harmful impurities can be bound and acid residues can be neutralized by adding quicklime to the solution. Lime simultaneously neutralizes acids and binds water-soluble harmful impurities. The most effective method of using phosphogypsum, fly ash and fine powders of steel sludge SHH-15 is the integrated use of such waste, resulting in a complex metal-ash-phosphate binder (MАРВ).

Utilization of Iron Sand Waste and Bottom Ash as Alternate Concrete-making Materials

Purpose: This Research to know whether the waste of iron sand and bottom ash can be used as substitute aggregate looks at the percentage of bottom ash and iron sand waste as fine aggregate for concrete production. The use of such waste as a material for making concrete will reduce waste that can pollute the environment. Methodology: The planned concrete compressing strength is fc '= 20 Mpa and the materials to be used are cement, water, sand as fine aggregate and gravel as coarse aggregate. This Research used 25 cylindrical concrete specimens with a variety of ages 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The process is divided into 6 stages: preparation, aggregate testing, planning (mix design), test specimen production, concrete curing and testing specimens. Results: The results of this Research stated that bottom ash and iron sand waste could be used as a substitution of fine aggregate for making concrete. Based on several tests, the ratio of iron sand waste and bottom ash which is the closest to the gradation of zone 2 (ideal zone) is the percentage of the iron sand waste mixture of 40% - 60% bottom ash that enters zone 2 (rather rough). Suggestions for further Research are to use coarse aggregate whose size varies and use admixture in concrete mixtures. Applications/Originality/Value: Expectations from this Research can provide benefits, among others, can reduce the environmental impact of waste to the surrounding community and provide information for the dive the world community, especially the construction of the benefits and usefulness of iron sand waste and bottom ash as a building material.

Composite materials based on non-recyclable polyethylene

In this paper, the possibilities of creating composite materials based on cross-linked polyethylene (XPE) were investigated. The environmental benefit of recycling such polyethylene is to free up space for buildings that are now occupied by landfills. The influence of polyethylene, previously considered non-recyclable, on the strength characteristics of concrete is shown. In the course of the work, waste from the existing chemical industry was used, with varying particle sizes (0.5-15 mm). The analysis of patent information on the utilization of polyethylene in construction materials. Using mathematical planning methods, the compositions of composite materials are optimized. The volume of solid waste of non-recyclable plastic is more than 1.3 billion tons. Its decay period in the natural environment is more than 400 years. There is no world experience in the use of such waste, so the problem of its disposal is more than relevant. Thanks to the results obtained, it is possible to significantly reduce the degree of environmental pollution by waste of chemically cross-linked polyethylene, and get a new composite material for construction, a wide range of applications. The economic justification of the developed technology being introduced into mass production is presented.

Unexplored alternative use of calcareous sludge from the paper-pulp industry in green geopolymer construction materials

Calcareous sludge is an alkaline waste produced by the paper pulp industry that is commonly disposed of in land-fill. However, recent studies and the European regulations discourage such practice. This work investigates an alternative and innovative way to recycle and reuse this waste, as filler, in the production of green geopolymeric mortars intended for applications in construction. This is the first time that this calcareous sludge is used to produce novel waste-based materials, in both construction and geopolymer technology. The novel alkali-activated mortar also uses biomass fly ash – another slightly investigated waste stream – to substitute the metakaolin (70 wt% substitution) and the manufacture process is performed at ambient conditions. All of that reduces the overall process footprint. The implemented mix design is aimed at maximising the waste incorporation and improving the material properties, such as workability and mechanical performance. The main results demonstrate that 10 wt% of calcareous sludge can be efficaciously used as filler in the geopolymeric mortars, generating up to 30% improvement in the mechanical resistance. This alternative use of such wastes will contribute to increase the sustainability of the novel construction materials also granting environmental advantages and a financial surplus for the industry.

Waste plastic fiber as stabilizer in sub-base sand layer for road construction project

Pollution dilemma due to plastic bottle waste disposal and buildup is a growing and persistent problem in Malaysia. Clearly, innovate use of such wastes through recycling application in engineering must be found. This research was aimed to utilize waste plastic fiber in problematic road construction project that can be both economical and environmentally friendly. Additionally, it has the potency to increase the mechanical strength of commercial sand through the CBR parameter of the road pavement sub-grades. The sand usually possesses low CBR value which on its own may not be entirely suitable for the road construction works unless additive or stabilizer was added. In this study, the specimen used as additive to the sand involved 5 mm wide × 10 mm wide plastic fiber which was obtained from shredded waste plastic bottles. There were several percentage of waste plastic fibers that had considered in the research apart from the control specimen namely at 0 %, 0.1% and 0.5% in conjunction with 5 % cement and water at optimum moisture content level. Several laboratory tests had been prescribed namely characterization tests, compressibility test and CBR test. The result shows that as the percentage of waste plastic fiber increased, the CBR value also increased indicating positive relationship between the two variables.

Advances on research in the use of agro-industrial waste in biosurfactant production.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules produced by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. Unlike chemically synthesized surfactants, biosurfactants present advantages, such as biodegradability, low toxicity, high selectivity and activity under extreme temperature, pH and salinity conditions, as well as a low critical micelle concentration. Moreover, they can be produced from agro-industrial waste and renewable sources. Their structural diversity and functional properties mean that they have potential applications in various industrial processes as wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, foaming agents, food additives and detergents, as well as in the field of environmental biotechnology. However, opportunities for their commercialization have been limited due to the low yields obtained in the fermentation processes involved in their production as well as the use of refined raw materials, which means higher cost in production. In an attempt to solve these limitations on the commercialization of biosurfactants, various research groups have focused on testing the use of inexpensive alternative sources, such as agro-industrial waste, as substrates for the production of different biosurfactants. In addition to enabling the economical production of biosurfactants, the use of such waste aims to reduce the accumulation of compounds that cause environmental damage. This review shows advances in biosurfactant production carried out using different waste materials or by-products from agro-industrial activities.

Use of Reclaimed Rubber Cell in Highway Pavement: An Experimental Research

With the rapidly growing number of vehicles around the world, the disposal of the waste and discarded tyres is a serious concern worldwide. There are few investigations reported in the literature w.r.t. the use of the regenerated rubber derived from the waste tyres in the construction of pavements. The highway construction forms a potential sector for the use of such waste whereby the problem of its disposal will get eliminated on one hand and reduce the environmental concern on the other hand. The use of such waste is found to improve the performance and strength of the pavement. This paper presents the limited experimental investigations on the use of innovative reinforcement in the form of rubber cell derived from the regenerated or reclaimed tyres in the pavement application. The rubber cell derived is similar to conventional geocell. The experimental study entails the use of the rubber cell placed within the conventional granular sub-base (GSB) of the conventional flexible pavement through a model pavement. The laboratory model tests were conducted with the help of the test tank of dimensions (1 m × 1m × 1m). The sub-base was placed above the weak subgrade in a test tank. The results of the laboratory model tests indicates the better performance of the pavement with the use of the rubber cell in the sub-base as compared to the performance of the pavement with conventional granular subbase without rubber cell reinforcement. The study confirms the effective utilization of the discarded tyres as a reinforcing material in the pavements.

Combustion of Coal Flotation Wastes and Woodworking Wastes in Blends and Suspensions

The utilization of flammable wastes in composite fuels for boiler combustion is discussed. The combustible materials considered are coal flotation wastes, long-flame coal, sawdust, and cardboard. These components undergo combustion in the form of a bed of dry mixture or as aqueous suspensions. The following characteristics are determined: the minimum ignition temperature, the delay time of gaseous or heterogeneous ignition, the maximum temperature in the combustion zone, and the calorific value of the fuels. Sawdust-based compositions may be recommended for kindling and to minimize the ignition time. The heat liberation in the combustion chamber may be significantly increased by using mixtures of sawdust, coal slurry or filter cake, and coal dust. The use of such wastes as industrial fuels is very promising.